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Ethics and Responsibilities of Research > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Concept of Mentoring

A

Focuses on human relationships, commitments, and resources that help students find success and fulfillment in their academic and professional pursuits

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2
Q

Benefits of Mentoring to Mentors

A
  1. Keep abreast of new research
  2. Cultivate collaborators
  3. Identify and train assistants whose work is critical to completion of a research project or course offering
  4. Prepare the next generation of intellectual leaders in disciplines and society
  5. Enjoy the personal and professional satisfaction inherent in mentoring relationships
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3
Q

Visioning good mentoring

A

Think about the type of mentoring you have received

How it compares to others’

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4
Q

Mentor’s responsibilities elements

A
  1. engage students in ongoing conversations
  2. demystify graduate school for students
  3. provide feedback
  4. provide encouragement
  5. foster networks and multiple mentors
  6. look out for students’ interests
  7. treat students with respect
  8. provide a personal touch
  9. take the lead in raising difficult issues
  10. control quality
  11. set realistic expectations
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5
Q

Mentee’s responsibilities

A
  1. Cultivate productive mentoring relationships
  2. Set realistic expectations
  3. Let mentors know about you
  4. Let mentors known that you will be respectful and hardworking
  5. Clarify roles and responsibilities
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6
Q

How should mentoring begin?

A
  1. Clear understanding of mutual responsibilities
  2. Commitment to maintain productive and supportive research environment
  3. Proper supervision and review
  4. Research is to prepare trainees to become successful researchers
  5. Willingness to invest time
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7
Q

How should mentoring begin?

A
  1. Clear understanding of mutual responsibilities
  2. Commitment to maintain productive and supportive research environment
  3. Proper supervision and review
  4. Research is to prepare trainees to become successful researchers
  5. Willingness to invest time
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8
Q

Collaboration

A

Working with another to do something practical or to achieve a specific goal

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9
Q

Collaborative Research

A

Joint work on a research project that needs or benefits from many individuals, disciplines or organizations
Consultation, educational exchanges, shared access to resources or data, joint publications, hosting conferences

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10
Q

Team Science

A

Collaborators who refer to themselves as a team
Reflects work of an organized group of researchers with different skills and set roles
Not necessarily large-scale research

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11
Q

4 Types of Research Collaborations

A
  1. Collaboration across disciplines
  2. Collaboration with industry
  3. Collaboration with community partners
  4. Collaboration across national borders
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12
Q

Challenges of Collaborative Research

A
  1. Cultural Differences
  2. Increasingly complex roles and relationships
  3. Common, but not necessarily identical, interests
  4. Management requirements
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13
Q

Federal Regulations for Collaborative research

A
  1. Ownership and sharing of data in federally-sponsored research is regulated by the granting agency
  2. The PIs institution takes the lead in reviewing and approving joint work in collaborations with human subjects, animals or recombinant DNA
  3. US regulations typically govern
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14
Q

Professional Guidelines for Collaborative Research

A
  1. The OECD Global Science Forum
  2. The InterAcademies Partnership
  3. The 3rd World Conference
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15
Q

Good Collaborative Research Practices

A
  1. Regular and honest communication
  2. Written agreements
  3. Determine who is in charge of each part of the project
  4. Collaborator’s shared commitment to values and practices
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16
Q

How to Overcome Cultural Differences in Collaborative Research

A
  1. Do not ignore any responsibilities

2. Apply the most demanding option

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17
Q

Criteria for Authorship ICMJE

A
  1. Substantial contributions to concept or design of work, or the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data
    AND
  2. Drafting the work or revising it critically
    AND
  3. Final approval of the version to be published
    AND
  4. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work
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18
Q

First Author

A

Lead or primary author

Individual who earns the most credit by having taken primary responsibility for the intellectual core of the work

19
Q

Corresponding Author

A

Responsible for all aspects of the manuscript including:
Accuracy of data
Names listed as authors
Approval of final draft by all authors
Handling all correspondence and responding to inquiries

20
Q

Authorship Responsibilities

A
  1. All relevant work is cited
  2. All data are accurately and clearly presented
  3. Key underlying assumptions are stated
  4. Work is described in enough detail that it could be replicated
  5. Hazards are identified
  6. Conflicts of interests were disclosed
21
Q

Honorary Authorship

A

Practice to include someone as a co-author simply because they:

a. are the chair of the department or program
b. provided funding
c. leading researchers in the area
d. provided reagents
e. served as a mentor to the primary author

22
Q

Salami Publication

A

Practice of dividing one significant piece of research into a number of small experiments (least publishable units = LPUs), simply to increase the number of publications

23
Q

Duplicate Publication

A

Practice of publishing the same information a second time without acknowledging the first publication

24
Q

Premature Public Statements

A

Practice to make research results public before they have been carefully reviewed and properly prepared for publication

25
Q

Peer Review Process

A

Research drafts and article and submits it
Editor of the journal decides whether its a good fit for their journal
A group of experts determine the paper’s quality and tell the editor whether they should accept or reject it
Editor determines whether the article should be accepted, rejected or revised

26
Q

Objective of Peer Review

A

Quality Control

CANNOT determine fraud or validity of manuscript

27
Q

Types of Peer review

A
  1. Journal manuscript
  2. Grant proposal
  3. Literature review, personal review..
28
Q

Types of Peer Review by Anonymity

A
  1. Open Review
  2. Single-blind review
  3. Double-blind review
29
Q

Open review

A

the reviewer and the author know each others identity

30
Q

Single-blind review

A

Reviewer known the identity of the author by the author doesn’t know the identify of the reviewer

31
Q

Double-blind review

A

neither the reviewer nor the author know who the other is

32
Q

Ethical Issues of Peer Review

A
  1. Confidentiality
  2. Conflict of interest
  3. Professionalism
33
Q

Guidelines for Peer Review of Manuscripts

A
  1. Is it true?
  2. Is it new?
  3. It is interesting?
34
Q

Guidelines for Peer Review of Grant Proposals

A
  1. Why is it important?
  2. What contribution will it make?
  3. Why are the investigators qualified to do the research?
35
Q

Ethical Obligations of a Peer Reviewer

A
  1. Respect confidentiality
  2. Declare all potential conflicts of interest
  3. Act professionally
36
Q

What is the Abilene Paradox?

A

When groups take action that contradicts what the members of the group silently agree they want or need to do

37
Q

Mismanaged agreement

A

Failure to do what is needed to ensure that people are in agreement for the right reasons

38
Q

Action Anxiety

A

An intense uneasiness created when individuals think about taking action that they believe to be right as they foresee the results as negative instead of positive

39
Q

Negative Fantasies or Perceived Risk

A

Unpleasant visualizations of the harmful effects resulting from taking action, rather than the improvement to the situation if the individuals are honest about their opinions or preferences
Provide an excuse for not taking action

40
Q

Fear of Separation

A

Risk of being perceived by others as different and not a team player when individuals choose to say what they believe to be right in a given situation.

41
Q

Real Risk

A

Usually not the same as negative fantasies or perceived risk

42
Q

Confusion of Fantasy and Reality

A

Individuals have a tendency to give negative fantasies and perceived risk more weight than they deserve.

43
Q

Responsibilities of a Researcher in Society

A
  1. Speak out for what you believe to be right
  2. Do not give into action anxiety, negative fantasies and fear of separation
  3. Consider ultimate risks, the true negative consequences
  4. As a leader promote job security and the right to veto

Ethics and Responsibilities of Research (2 decks)

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