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Motor Development > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The conscious or unconscious engagement in perceptual, cognitive, and or motor activities before, during, and after performing skills

A

Attention

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2
Q

List the three characteristics of attention

A

Consciousness
Awareness
Cognitive effort

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3
Q

These theories of attention believe that there is a central reserve of resources for which all activities compete

A

Central resource theories

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4
Q

Whose theory states that attention capacity is a limited pool of resources that can be allocated to activities being performed

A

Kahneman 1973

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5
Q

These theories suggest that there are several resource pools that we can allocate attention

A

Multiple resource theory

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6
Q

In wickens theory the vision, limbs, and speech are part of which specific resource

A

Input and output

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7
Q

In wickens theory, the codes of processing information include

A

Verbal codes and spatial codes

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8
Q

The ability to perform two a tivites effectively at once is a procedure referred to as

A

Dual-task procedure

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9
Q

This multi- tasking theory states that there is a limitation to how much information can pass at one time

A

Filter or bottleneck theories

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10
Q

These theories state that there is a resource capacity limit. We may succeed in performing multiple task so long as resource capacity limits are not exceeded

A

Alternative or resource capacity theories

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11
Q

The directing of attention to specific characteristics of a performance environment is referred to as

A

Attentional focus

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12
Q

In terms of width, attentional focus may be

A

Broad or narrow

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13
Q

A hypothesis developed by wolfgang prinz stated that actions are best planned and controlled by their intended effects

A

Action effect hypothesis

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14
Q

This is the process of using visual attention to located relevant environmental cues

A

Visual search

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15
Q

It is not possible to make an eye movement without a shift in

A

Attention

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16
Q

People can direct attention over a wide or narrow area and this is referred to as

A

Attentional spotlight

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17
Q

According to Abernathy, more skilled players will become more attune to what visual stimulus is essential, and this minimal essential information “pops out” for the skilled player. Name the term Abernathy gave this

A

Minimal essential information

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18
Q

If it only takes a 90 mph fastball roughly .45s to reach home plate and it takes the batter roughly .10s to swing there leaves roughly .35s to decide if to initiate a swing and where to place the bat. This is an example of

A

Time constraint or a visual search

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19
Q

Is a visual search situational? Please provide a brief explanation

A

Yes. Focus broad or narrow? Environment ?

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20
Q

Name the law that states that there is a curvilinear relationship between arousal and performance

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

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21
Q

Names the series of neurons scattered throughout the brain stem which play a role in the state of alertness in the higher brain centers

A

Reticular activating system

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22
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is known as the pressor in the fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

What are the most acute acting hormones of the endocrine system on the fight or flight responses

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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24
Q

Athletes frequently refer to this optimal level of arousal as

A

The zone

25
Q

What is the ability to perform a skill, or engage in certain information processing activities without requiring attention resources referred to as

A

Automaticity

26
Q

This process is also known as humphreys law

A

The centipedes dilemma

27
Q

Is learning readily observable

A

No

28
Q

The individual processes that lead to a relatively permanent change in an individuals capacity for skilled motor performance are referred to as

A

Motor learning

29
Q

This theory of motor learning relies on the availability of feedback to guide learning

A

Adams closed loop theory

30
Q

The theory of motor learning that asks if it is possible to store a representation for every movement ever performed

A

Schema theory

31
Q

In the schema theory of motor learning the selection of parameter values is referred to as

A

Recall

32
Q

In the schema theory of motor learning the correctness of completed movement in terms of both amount and direction of error is called the

A

Response

33
Q

The term that is defined as an abstract memory structure that could be prepared in advance of a movement

A

GMP generalized motor program

34
Q

In Fitts three stages of learning, which state is characterized by a learners attempt to understand the nature of a particular motor skill using information from a variety of sources

A

The cognitive stage

35
Q

In Fitts three stages of learning which stage is characterized by when the movement pattern happens automatically

A

Autonomous stage

36
Q

In which model of motor learning does a learner “freeze out” some of the available degrees of freedom in order to simplify the movement

A

Neo-bernsteinian perspective

37
Q

What is the second stage of the gentiles two stage model

A

The fixation/diversification stage

38
Q

The ability to generalize learning is referred to as

A

Transfer

39
Q

Swinging a baseball bat versus singing a golf club is a classic example of this type of transfer

A

Negative transfer

40
Q

What type of transfer would we expect (based upon the body of literature) with balance

A

Neutral

41
Q

The theoretical view of transfer that states that transfer will occur if the underlying elements of the two skills are identical is known as

A

Identical elements theory

42
Q

The practice of having performers perform several skills during each training session in order to promote better transfer and retention is known as

A

Contextual interference

43
Q

What strategy would you use in order to keep performers from becoming reliant on feedback from their own sensory sources

A

Reduce the frequency of feedback

44
Q

When learners watch another individual perform the movement before attempting to replicate the movement themselves this is referred to as

A

Observational learning

45
Q

List one characteristic of an observer that has an affect on motor learning

A

Cognitive development
Physical development
Motivation of the learner
Confidence in the ability to perform the skill

46
Q

In terms of demonstration, the status, similarity, and age of the model appear to positively raise the (blank) directed to the model

A

Attention

47
Q

A demonstration with verbal cues meant to focus attention on the most important features of the skill being modeled is known as

A

Augmented information

48
Q

When a skill to be learned involves a high temporal component what type of demonstration often conveys more information

A

Auditory demonstrations

49
Q

(Blank) rehearsal is an effective strategy for increasing selective attention and recall skills, particularly in children with learning disabilities

A

Verbal rehearsal

50
Q

In general, is form or outcome a better measure for evaluating the effectiveness of a model?

A

Form (rather than simply outcome)

51
Q

In (blank) methods, the learner attempts to discover independently the optimal solution to the movement problem at hand

A

Discovery learning

52
Q

The time elapsed between a stimulus and the first change in EMG activity is the muscle that is identified as the primary mover is referred to as

A

Premotor time

53
Q

The slowing of reaction time due to the slowing of cognitive processes is referred to as

A

Central

54
Q

(Blank) mate be defined as the percentage of how often the performer is able to execute a particular skill, or how the performer is progressing on the learning of a novel skill

A

Performance errors

55
Q

The degree or consistency or variability associated with a performance

A

Variable error

56
Q

If a pitcher in the sport of baseball was consistently missing the strike zone to the left side of the plate this type of error is known as

A

Constant error

57
Q

Motion qualities without regard to force

A

Kinematics

58
Q

This tool evaluates the electrical activity produced by the skeletal muscles

A

EMG

59
Q

These diagrams can. E used to illustrate the change in both spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments during the course of movement sequence

A

Angle angle diagrams

Motor Development (1 decks)

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