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Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal equilibrium on a constantly changing environment

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2
Q

Coronary artery

A

Carry blood enriched with oxygen and nutrients to the cells

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3
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

Sets the beat of the heart every 0.85 seconds. “Pace maker” of heart. Causes atria to contract and sends out impulses to the AV node

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4
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

Stimulates the ventricles to contract via the perkinje fibers buried deep in the heart muscle

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord. Works with peripheral nervous system to receive information from and give commands to muscles, organs and glands in rest of body

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made of sensory neurons

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells that transmit signals

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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry signals from external and internal stimuli to central nervous system

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry signals from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic, involuntary response to internal or external stimuli

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11
Q

Receptor

A

Structure at the end of a sensory neurons that receives information from the internal or external environment

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12
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Consists of a sensory neuron sends the information from the receptor to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the central nervous system

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13
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Consists of motor neuron, takes the information from the central horn of the spinal cord of the CNS to the effector

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14
Q

Effector

A

A muscle or gland that responds to the initial stimulus

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15
Q

Axon

A

Conducts impulses away from cell body

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive impulses and transmit them toward the cell body

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17
Q

Cell body

A

Receives impulses from dendrites

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18
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty neuroglia wrap around portions of some axons

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19
Q

Myopia

A

Near sighted

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20
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far-sighted

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21
Q

Presbyopia

A

Old eyes

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22
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability of lens at the front of the eye to thicken and focus on near objects

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23
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Located in the back of the eye on the retina and are stimulated by light

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24
Q

Rods

A

Respond to black and white and in dim light environments

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25
Q

Cones

A

Detect color

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26
Q

Auditory transduction

A

Process of converting sound waves into electrical signals which are then interpreted by the brain

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27
Q

External ear

A

Contains ear canal

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28
Q

Middle ear

A

Consists of eardrum a series of 3 bones attracted to each other called ossicles

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29
Q

Cochlea

A

Site of auditory transduction. Fluid filled structure which consists of two membranes with hair cells in between them

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30
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Reduced ability to hear due to a problem between the outside of the ear and the cochlea

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31
Q

Sensory deafness

A

Transmission of nerve impulses from the cochlea to the brain is impaired

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32
Q

Sound bytes

A

Boxes that transmit sound through the bones of the skull

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33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls posture and balance, coordinate subconscious muscular movement

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34
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls qualities of personality, intelligence, learning, perception, emotion

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35
Q

Brain stem

A

Regulates essential survival functions such as breathing and heartbeat

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36
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Sensory, motor and association areas

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37
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes information and relays is to cerebrum

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38
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Produces numerous hormones that affect target tissues directly or stimulate other endocrine glands

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39
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Transfers motor, sensory and cognitive info between brain hemispheres

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40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic control of most organs

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41
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates essential physiological processes such as blood pressure, heartbeat, breathing

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42
Q

Pons

A

Connects forebrain with medulla and cerebellum

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43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor association of thought, speech, motor cortex

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44
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch, sensory association, taste

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45
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, auditory association, interpretation of perceptions, smell

46
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision and visual association

47
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of nuclear division which creates new cells to replace or repair dead or damaged cells and also allow growth of an organism

48
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acids that carry the instructions to create all of the proteins needed to carry out the body’s functions

49
Q

Genes

A

Instructions of DNA coded in specific sequences of its structure

50
Q

Mutations

A

Mistakes in the copying or DNA

51
Q

Interphase

A

Portion of the cell cycle in which a cell carries out its work, grows, and duplicates chromosomes. G1, S, and G2 phases

52
Q

Checkpoints

A

Road blocks questioning whether the cell is prepared to progress further in the cycle and only allowing progression when conditions within and around the cell are favorable

53
Q

Prophase

A

Longer stages of mitosis. Long, thin chromatin threads shorten and thicken and become visible within in nucleus

54
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along center of cell

55
Q

Centromere

A

Attaches original chromosome and new copy

56
Q

Chromatid

A

Individual member of pair

57
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 together of pair

58
Q

Anaphase

A

Separate at centromere and each chromatid moves away towed opposite ends of cell

59
Q

Telophase

A

Two identical sets of daughter chromosomes move closer to the poles

60
Q

Cytokinesis

A

During telophase, cell division becomes complete as a cells remains material is divided and separated

61
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

In animals cells, cell pinches into two new cells from the outside

62
Q

Cell plate

A

In a plant cell, forms in the middle of the cells and spreads outward until the cytoplasm of the parent cell is separated

63
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Genes that code for growth factors which stimulate or jump start the cell cycle

64
Q

Oncogenes

A

Cancer causing genes which overstimulate cell division and allow the cell to override G1 checkpoint

65
Q

Tumor-suppressor

A

Genes code for proteins that inhibit cell cycle

66
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cellular suicide

67
Q

Tumor

A

Large mass of cells

68
Q

Benign tumor

A

Encapsulated and noninvasive to surround organ function

69
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Invasive, unencapsulated and at times able to spread to distant locations within the body

70
Q

Gametogensis

A

Spermatogensis and oogenesis

71
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Occurs in testes of males and is the process of taking one cell and ending with four cells that develop into sperm.

72
Q

Oogenesis

A

Occurs in ovaries of females and is very similar to spermatogenesis in males except the final product is three small cells called polar bodies and one large cell called an egg or ovum.

73
Q

Gametes

74
Q

Haploid

A

Gametes that contains half the genetic information for human cells

75
Q

Fertilization

A

When the sperm and egg combine

76
Q

Diploid

A

Fertilized egg with a whole set of genetic information

77
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Carry the same genes in the same locations but may have different alleles.

78
Q

Crossing over

A

During meiosis that shuffles alleles on the chromosomes during spermatogenesis and oogenesis

79
Q

Autosomes

A

First 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans

80
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Carry genes that determine sex

81
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate forms of the same gene

82
Q

Genotype

83
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical trait

84
Q

Punnett square

A

Diagram that uses the genotype of the parents to reveal the possible results of a genetic cross

85
Q

Homozygous

A

Individuals genotype has identical alleles for a gene

86
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who carries and is capable of passing on genetic mutation associated with a disease typically without showing symptoms

87
Q

Heterozygous

A

Individuals genotype has 2 different alleles for a gene

88
Q

Simple autosomal dominant-recessive trait

A

Trait inherited with a single gene that has dominant and recessive alleles

89
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Trait where an intermediate phenotype occurs

90
Q

Sex-linked trait

A

Trait with alleles carried on a sex chromosome

91
Q

Codominance-heterozygotes

A

Express both alleles

92
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Occurs when there is a partial or complete absence of one of the two X chromosomes

93
Q

Poly-X syndrome

A

Occurs when an extra chromosome ends up in the 23rd position

94
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A

Individulas possess male characteristics

95
Q

Jacobs syndrome

A

Individuals possess and extra Y sex chromosome

96
Q

Blastula

A

Single layered sphere of many cells arranged around a central cavity

97
Q

Gastrula

A

Process of morphogenesis begins and represents clusters of class starting to be distributed and beginning to develop shape

98
Q

Invagination

A

Blastula flattens and the cells gradually move into the hollow cavity of the blastula

99
Q

Species

A

Group of individuals that can breed and produce fertile offspring

100
Q

Key characteristics

A

Characteristics that distinguish one group of organisms from another

101
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Series of two choices of opposite characteristics to identify organisms

102
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Occurs during meiosis when the chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate

103
Q

Trisomy

A

Extra copy of chromosome

104
Q

Monosomy

A

Missing a copy of a chromosome

105
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change in a given population over time

106
Q

Fossil record

A

Done by looking at different fossils and evaluating the geologic time chart to see when the fossils first appeared

107
Q

Fossil

A

Organism that has been preserved in the earths exterior

108
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Done by looking at both embryonic stages in different vertebrate organisms and physical features of the adult vertebrate forelimbs in comparison with a common ancestor

109
Q

Biochemical evidence

A

Living organisms utilize like basic biochemical components.

110
Q

Cytochrome C

A

Highly conserved protein used during biochemical evidence

111
Q

Homologous

A

Structures simulate in form because of common ancestry. I.e. Dog legs and human legs

112
Q

Analogous

A

Structures similar in function and must also be different in form. I.e. Butterfly wings and bat wings

Biology (2 decks)

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