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RUSVM Physiology 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulses in nervous system

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2
Q

Afferent nerve

A 
Information from tissues to CNS 
No dendrites (only sensory receptor), unipolar neuron
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3
Q

Interneurons

A

Between sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
Within the spinal cord
Usually multipolar neuron

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4
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Nerve impulse from CNS to peripheral tissue

Multipolar neuron

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system is under ___________ control of __________ muscle

A

Voluntary; skeletal

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6
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Information about external environment in form of touch, temp, sight, smell, taste

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7
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscle and joints

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8
Q

Interceptors

A

Monitor digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproduction

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9
Q

What two properties must a neuron have?

A

Excitability- ability to respond to a stimulus

Conductivity- ability to transmit a signal

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10
Q

What is the function of a neurotubule?

A

Intracellular transport of proteins and other substances in both directions between cell body and end the cell processes

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11
Q

What is a neurofilament?

A

Skeletal framework for the axon

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12
Q

Dendrite

A

Threadlike cytoplasmic projections which are actually extensions of the cell body
Conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body

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13
Q

A neuron axons originates from the____________

A

Axon hillock

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14
Q

What is the site called where the nerve impulse is initiated and lies immediately after axon hillock

A

Initial segment

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15
Q

The fine extensions at the end of an axon are _____________ which end in tiny swellings called ___________________________

A

Telodendron

Terminal buttons/boutons

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16
Q

The junction between end bulb and the axon/cell body/dendrite

A

Synapse

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17
Q

The lipid sheath surrounding a neuron is __________? Made up of ______________ cells in PNS and ____________ cells in CNS.
What is the purpose of this lipid sheath?

A

Myelin
Schwaan cells
Oligodendrocytes
Increase speed of nerve impulses

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18
Q

What are the functional segments of a neuron

A

Receptive segment
Initial segment -trigger zone for action potential
Conductive segment
Transmission segment

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19
Q

What facilitates slow axonal transport and what is being transported?

A

Peristaltic waves of axon membrane
Requires ATP

Transport of materials necessary to maintain axon and dendrites

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20
Q

What facilitates fast axonal transport and what is carried?

A

Convey neurotransmitter vesicles down neurotubles, requires ATP
Anterograde or retrograde

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21
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Material transported form cell body along axon to axon terminal
Kinesin

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22
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Material returned to cell body where it is degraded or recycled.
Dyenin

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23
Q

Neural reflex

A

Sensory fibers deliver info to CNS and motor fibers carry motor commands to peripheral effectors

24
Q

Endocrine reflex

A

Stimulus trigger production of a hormone which leads to a reduction in magnitude of a stimulus

25
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Spinal cord is integrating center
eg. Contracting muscle pulls hand away form a painful stimulus

Negative control mechanism: corrective mechanism that opposes variation from normal limits

26
Q

Cranial reflex

A

Sense stimulus and control output

Eg. Cranial nerve II (optic) detects light changes -> brainstem and cranial nerve III adjusts pupil diameter

27
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Most simple reflex

Sensory neuron directly synapse on motor neuron

28
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Sensory nerve ->spinal cord -> motor neuron -> effector organ
Large myelinated type A fibers
Eg. Oppose sudden changes in muscle fibe length (maintain normal skeletal muscle)

29
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

One or more interneurons synapse with sensory and motor neurons
Produce more complicated responses because the interneurons can control several different groups

30
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

Opened by ligand (drug)

eg norepinephrine

31
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A

Change in voltage across the membrane causes opening of ion channels

32
Q

What maintains the resting ion potential

A

Na+ K+ pump

Primary active transport (uses ATP)

33
Q

Describe ion flow during an action potential

A
  1. Na channels open allowing Na into cell
  2. K channels open and K leaves cell
  3. Na channels close and no more Na enters the cell
  4. K continues to leave cell (cell membrane returns to resting potential)
  5. K channels close and Na channels reset
  6. Extra K outside diffuses away
34
Q

Polarization

A

Membrane has potential/ separation of opposite charges

35
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane potential becomes less negative

36
Q

Repolarization

A

Return of the membrane to resting potential after having being depolarized

37
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane potential becomes more negative

38
Q

Threshold potential

A

Membrane potential at which occurrence of the AP is inevitable

39
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

nerves are exposed at nodes of Ranvier in myelin sheath

Sodium channels are concentrated here and AP travels from node to node

40
Q

Refractory period

A

Period in which action potential cannot be generated (cause unidirectional propagation of AP)

Absolute/ Relative

41
Q

Graded (local) potential

A

Change in resting membrane potential

Confined to a small region of the plasma membrane -> conducted with decreasing intensity

42
Q

Describe the process of neurotransmitter release

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ enters cell and signals vesicle release
Vesicles exocytose
Neurotransmitter diffuses across the membrane

43
Q

How can neurotransmitter be removed from the synaptic cleft

A

Diffuse away
Inactivated by specific enzymes within postsynaptic membrane
Actively reabsorbed into pre-synaptic membrane

44
Q

How is norepinephrine removed from the synaptic cleft

A

Diffuses away or recaptured in ATP dependent uptake system (monoamine oxidase or catecho-o-methyltransferase)

45
Q

How is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft

A

ACh is split into acetic acid and choline by acetylcholinesterase

46
Q

Describe an electrical synapse

A

In cardiac muscle through gap junctions at intercalated discs

Fast conduction of AP

47
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potential

A

Response to neurotransmitter binding is opening of Na channels on postsynaptic membrane (depolarization)

Norepi , Epi, Glutamate, and ACh

48
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

Response to neurotransmitter binding is opening of Cl- channels in postsynaptic membrane -> hyperpolarization

Glycine and ACh

49
Q

What is summation?

A

Combination of postsynaptic signals (temporal or spacial )

50
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential occurring in close succession
Excessive firing of single presynaptic neurons

51
Q

Spacial summation

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential originating simultaneously from several presynaptic inputs

52
Q

Cancellation summation

A

Inhibitory and Excitatory post synaptic potentials offset each other

53
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical compound released by one neuron to affect the membrane potential of postsynaptic cell

54
Q

Neuromodulator

A

Chemical that adjusts the sensitivities of another cell to specific neurotransmitters

55
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

Decreased amount of neurotransmitter released form presynaptic terminal

56
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Increase amount of neurotransmitter released form presynaptic terminal

RUSVM Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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