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RUSVM Gross Anatomy 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal cavity is bound by what?

A

Muscle, bone, serous membrane

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2
Q

Cranial border of abdominal cavity

A

Diaphram

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3
Q

Caudal border of abdominal cavity

A

Pelvic inlet

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4
Q

Dorsal border of abdominal cavity

A

Vertebrae, sublumbar muscles, curry of diaphram

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5
Q

Lateral border of abdominal wall

A

Ribs and costal arch (intrathoracic)

Muscles of abdominal wall (extrathroacic muscles of abdominal wall)

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6
Q

Ventral border of abdominal cavity

A

Rectus abdominus m.

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7
Q

What is the serous lining of abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum (mesothelium, transersalis fascia)

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8
Q

Connecting peritoneum of abdominal cavity

A

Between parietal and visceral

Suspends the organs

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9
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of peritomeum

Fluid is constantly turned over and can often pick up toxins are become inflamed

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10
Q

What are mesenteries

A

Double layers of peritoneum that connect the viscera to the dorsal and ventral walls

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11
Q

Dorsal mesentaries

A 
Greater omentum -embryologically developed from dorsal body wall 
Mesoduodenum 
Mesentery 
Mesocolon 
Mesorectum 
Later ligament of urinary bladder
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12
Q

Ventral mesenteries

A

Falciparum ligament
Lesser omentum
Median ligament of the urinary bladder

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13
Q

The superficial and deep greater momentum make a potential space called the ?

A

Omental bursa

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14
Q

What makes up the GI tract

A

Stomach
Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large intestine -cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon

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15
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

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16
Q

Where are the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach located?

A

Greater -left of esophagus to caudal edge (greater omentum attached here)
Lesser -left to esophagus (cranial)

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17
Q

What is the Cardia of the stomach

A

Where esophagus enters

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18
Q

Fund us?

A

?

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19
Q

Angular incisure

A

Delineation between body and pyloric

Bend

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20
Q

What is the pyloric region of the stomach and its parts?

A

Antrum
Canal
Sphincter

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21
Q

What are the folds of the stomach?

A

Rugae :O

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22
Q

Non distended view

Moderately distended

A

Difference?

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23
Q

Very distended topography of stomach

A

?

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24
Q

What is gastric dilation -volvulus

A

Stomach is twisted on itself
Dilation of stomach followed by twisting on longitudinal axis

Great dane, german Sheppard, poodle

Medical emergency!!!

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25
Q

The root of the mesentary contains the ___________________ and the mesentary which attached to the abdominal wall near the second lumbar vertebrae

A

Cranial mesenteric artery

This can twist

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26
Q

What are the parts of the duodenum

A

Cranial duodenal flexure and defending duodemum
Caudal duodenal flexure
Ascending duodenum

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27
Q

What is the junction between the duodenum and jejunum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure (by root of the mesentary)

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28
Q

The duodenocolic fold connects the ?

A

Ascending and descending duodenum

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29
Q

Jejunum

A

Multiple coils that occupy ventral aspect of abdomen

Suspended in the mesojejunum mesentary

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30
Q

The ileum opens into ascending colon through _______________

A

Ileocolic orifice

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31
Q

Cecum and ascending colon communicated via __________________

A

Cecocolic orifice

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32
Q

What are the three regions of the canine colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, and descending

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33
Q

Ascending colon located where?

A

Right of the root of mesentary

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34
Q

Transverse colon is located ?

A

Cranial to the root of the mesentary

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35
Q

The descending colon is located?

A

Left of root of mesentary

Terminates at pelvic inlet

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36
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the spleen?

A

Involved in GDV

Twist with stomach - connected by gastrosplenic ligament

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37
Q

How many lobes does the liver of the dog have?

A

6

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38
Q

What are the lobes of the dog liver?

A 
Left lateral 
Left medial 
Quadrate 
Right medial 
Right lateral 
Caudate (two processes- caudate and papillary)
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39
Q

Where is the porta of the liver located?

A

Between caudate and papillary processes of caudate lobe

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40
Q

Where does the gall bladder sit?

A

Between right medial and quadrate lobes

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41
Q

The gall bladder stores? That is produced where?

A

Bile; liver

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42
Q

The bile duct

A

Name these

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43
Q

Right lobe of pancreas

A

Dorsal medial to duodenum

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44
Q

Left lobe of pancreas

A

Caudal to stomach and cranial to transverse colon

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45
Q

What does retroperiotneal mean? What organ do we refer this too?

A

Not completely engulfed by peritoneum (only on one side)

Kidney

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46
Q

Vaginal ring

In the females the process is called? In males is called?

A

Extension of peritoneum protruding through deep inguinal ring

Female -vaginal process
Male - vaginal tunic

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47
Q

What structures come out of the inguinal ring?

A

External pedundal artery

Cremaster

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48
Q

What separates thoracic cavities and the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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49
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A 
Dorsal: T1-T13
Ventral: 8 sternebrae 
Lateral: 13 paris of ribs and 2 costal arches 
Cranial: thoracic inlet 
Caudal: diaphragm m.
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50
Q

What is the covering of the diaphragm?

A

Diaphragmatic pleura

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51
Q

Serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the throax

A

Pleurae

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52
Q

The _______________ pleura closely attaches tot he surface of the lungs

A

Pulmonary/visceral

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53
Q

The ____________ pleura is attached to the thoracic wall by the _________________ fascia

A

Parietal; endothoracic

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54
Q

What pleura covers the inner surfaces of the ribs and their associated intercostal and transversus thoracics muscles.

A

Costal pleura

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55
Q

What pleura covers the sides of the partition between the two pleural cavities?

A

Mediastinal pleura

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56
Q

What is enclosed within the mediastinum?

A

Thymus, lymph node, heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, vagus nerve, and other nerves and vessels

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57
Q

The ______________________ pleura that covers the heart

A

Pericardial mediastinal pleura

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58
Q

The esophagus passes through the __________________ of the diaphragm

A

Esophageal hiatus

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59
Q

What is the plica venae cavae?

A

Loose fold of pleura derived from the right caudal mediastinal portion of the pleural sac that surrounds the caudal vena cava

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60
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

Where the mediastinal parietal pleura is continuous with he pulmonary pleura (caudal to to the hilus this connection forms a free border)

61
Q

The tendinous part of the diaphram is called?

A

Central tendon

62
Q

What are the three muscular parts of the diaphragm?

A

L and R costal
Sternal
L and R crura

63
Q

What are the 4 openings of the diaphragm?

A

Lumbosacral arches
Aortic hiatus
Esophageal hiatus
Caval foramen

64
Q

What tendons of the diaphragm attach to L1 to L3/4

A

L and R crural tendons (from L and R crura)

65
Q

What is the pleural capula?

A

Part of the pleural cavity that protrudes out the thoracic inlet

66
Q

What are the recesses of the pleura?

A

Pleural cupula (protrude out thoracic inlet)
Costomediastinal
Costodiaphragmatic
Mediastinal recess (contains accessory lobe of lung)
Lumbodiapragmatic

67
Q

Where do you usually do a throacentesis/ diagnose pleura effusions?

A

Costodiaphragmaic recess and diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

68
Q

What is the difference between fiberous pericardium and the parietal pericardium?

A

Fiberous pericardium is the dense connective tissue sac surrounding the heart (external layer)

Parietal pericardium is closely associated to the fiberous pericardium, the internal lining.

69
Q

What are the boundaries of the cervical visceral space?

A

Dorsal - longus coli and longus capitis

Ventral- sternocephalicus and sternothryroihyoideus

70
Q

What are the contents of the cervical visceral space?

A 
Trachea 
Esophagus 
Thyroid and parathyroid 
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
Tracheal lymph nodes 
Carotid sheath - common carotid arteries, vagosympatheic trunk, and internal jugular veins
71
Q

What makes up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Trachea and bronchial tree

  • carina
  • R and L principal bronchi
  • lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Branches of segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
72
Q

What is the exchange portion of the respiratory system

A

Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus

73
Q

The functional blood supply of the lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins

74
Q

The nutritive blood suppy( for bronchial tree)

A

Brochoesophageal artery and azygous vein

75
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A 
Cranial lobe (divided into cranial and caudal parts)
Caudal lobe
76
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Cranial lobe
Middle lobe
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe

77
Q

The space between the cranial and middle lobe where the heart can be seen is called ?

A

Cardiac notch

78
Q

What are the lymph nodes located where the trachea divide into the principle bronchi?

A

R, L, and middle tracheobrochial lymph nodes

79
Q

Lymph node located in the right lung

A

Pulmonary lymph node

80
Q

The first branch of the aorta is the ________________ followed by the _________________

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left subclavian artery

81
Q

The the right and left common carotid arteries branch off the _____________________

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

82
Q

What is the difference in the origins of the right and left subclavian arteries?

A

Left subclavian - branches off the aorta

Right subclavian - branches off the brachiocephalic trunk

83
Q

The descending aorta has ___________________ branches that supply the intercostal spaces

A

Dorsal intercostal artery

84
Q

The arteries that branch of the descending aorta that go ventrally to the esophagus are ___________________

A

Bronchoesophageal artery

85
Q

What are the four main branches the the L and R subclavian arteries?

A

Costocervical trunk
Vertebral artery
Superficial cervical artery
Internal thoracic artery

86
Q

What does the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery supply?

A

Cranial intercostal spaces and muscles of the neck

87
Q

The vertebral artery of the subclavian artery supplies ?

A

Extends through the transverse vertebral foramina to supply the brain

88
Q

The superficial cervical artery of the subclavian artery supplies?

A

Superficial structures of the neck

89
Q

The internal thoracic artery of the subclavian artery supplies?

A

The ventral intercostal artery to the intercostal spaces
Musculophrenic (diaphragm)
Continues as cranial epigastric artery

90
Q

What vein returns blood from the thoracic cavity to the heart and where does it connect to bring this blood back to the heart

A

Right azygous vein

Usually the last branch entering the vena cava or may enter the right atrium directly

91
Q

The external jugular vein and subclavian vein drain into the ___________________

A

Brachiocephalic vein

92
Q

The brachiocephalic veins join to drain into the _____________________________

A

Cranial vena cava

93
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm? Is this nerve somatic, sympathetic, or parasympathetic?

A

Phrenic nerve

Somatic - diaphragm is skeletal muscle and under voluntary control

94
Q

Where are interneurons located and what is their function?

A

Located entirely within the CNS (spinal cord and brain)
Nuclei in CNS gray matter and axons in the CNS white matter
Integration of information between various regions of CNS

95
Q

Describe the synapses of a somatic efferent neuron

A

Axons of somatic efferent neurons extend all the way to their target tissue and do not synapse before reaching their target tissue

96
Q

Describe the synapse of the visceral/autonomic efferent neurons

A

Axons synapse onto a second neuron that directly innervates the target tissue

97
Q

What is a pre-synaptic/ganglionic neuron?

A

Cell body located in the CNS

Axon leaves CNS and will synapse onto a second autonomic (PSNS/ SNS) neuron in a ganglia

98
Q

What is a post-synaptic/ganglionic neuron?

A

Cell body is located within an autonomic ganglion and receives a signal from a pre-synaptic neuron
Axon of post-synaptic ganglia will synapse at target tissue

99
Q

The dorsal root contains ?

A

Afferent/sensory axons of both the somatic and visceral sensory neurons

100
Q

The ventral root of the spinal cord contains

A

Efferent/motor neuron of somatic (some may contain visceral motor neurons)

101
Q

How many pairs of crainial nerves are there?

A 
12
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III) 
Trochlear (IV) 
(V)
Abducent (VI) 
Facial (VII)
Acusticovestibular (VIII) 
Glossopharyngeal (IX) 
Vagus (X) 
(XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
102
Q

What four cranial nerves contain autonomic neurons

A

Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharynegeal
Vagus

103
Q

Where does the sympatheic division exit the spinal column?

A

Thoracolumbar
T1 to L2

Short, generally synapse with the sympathetic chain of ganglia

104
Q

where the doe parasympathetic exit the spinal cord?

A

Craniosacral division

Originate in brain and sacral levels of the spinal column

Generally synapse in the ganglia that are located WITHIN the organs that they innervate (in gross direction you will only see the pre-synaptic fibers)

105
Q

All pre-synaptic sympathetic axons enter the __________________ after leaving the spinal column

A

Sympathetic trunk aka sympathetic chain aka paravertebral chain

106
Q

What ganglia are the presynaptic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system able to synapse at?

A

Ganglia of the paravertebral chain
Ganglia located in the cervical region
Pre-vertebral ganglia (located in abdominal cavity)

107
Q

What ganglia are found in the cervical region. What types of fibers are found in these?

A

Cervicothoracic ganglion- contains the sympathetic nerves going to the head and neck region

Middle cervical ganglion- contains the vagus nerve (PSNS) coming from the cervical region and contains sympathetic nerves going to head and neck

Cranial cervical ganglion (same as above)

108
Q

What nerve group is found within the carotid sheath

A

Vagosympathetic trunk

109
Q

What are the pre-vertebral ganglia?

A

Caudal to the diaphragm

Celiac ganglion
Cranial mesenteric ganglion
Caudal mesenteric ganglion

110
Q

What are the splanchic nerves?

A

Major splanchnic, minor splanchnic, and lumbar splanchnic nerves

111
Q

The splanchnic nerves are ____________________ nerves that communicate with the ____________________ ganglia

A

Pre-synaptic SNS

Pre-vertebral ganglia

112
Q

The hypogastric nerves originate from the _____________________ ganglion and travel to the ______________________

A

Caudal mesenteric ganglion

Pelvic cavity

113
Q

The _________________ cell bodies of PSNS neurons are located within the brain nuceli and the sacral regions of spinal cord

A

Pre-synaptic

114
Q

The ________________ cell bodies of PSNS neurons re located within ganglia in the walls of the viscera they innervate

A

Post-synaptic

115
Q

The vagus nerve passes through the ___________ and ___________ ganglia before giving off nerve fibers to the heart

A

Cranial cervical

Middle cervical

116
Q

The _________________ nerves branch around the subclavian artery and are ___________________ nerve fibers

A

Ansa subclavia

Sympathetic

117
Q

Describe the splitting of the vagus nerve

A

The left and right vagus nerves travel down their respective sides of the heart. The Left vagus nerve will split into left dorsal vagal branch and the right vagal branch. The right vagus nerve splits into Right dorsal vagal branch and left ventral vagal branch.

Left and right ventral branches come together on the ventral side of the esophagus to form the ventral vagal trunk .

Left and right dorsal brashness come together on the dorsal side of the esophagus to form the dorsal vagal trunk.

118
Q

What nerve branches off the vagus nerve to loop back and innervate the larynx

A

L and R recurrent laryngeal nerve

119
Q

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off the vagus nerve and curves around the ________________ and __________________ before continuing to the larynx, while the right recurrent laryngeal nerve curves around the _______________

A

Ligamentum arteriosum; aortic arch; subclavian artery

120
Q

The outermost layer of the pericardium is the ________________, lined internally by the ______________.

A

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal pericardium

121
Q

Fiberous pericardium attachment to the diaphragm

A

Phrenicopericardial ligament

Sternopericardium (large animal)

122
Q

What two grooves can be viewed in the auricular surface of the heart?

A

Paraconal interventricular groove

Coronary groove

123
Q

What is contained in the paraconal interventricular groove?

A

Great cardiac vein and left coronary artery

124
Q

What groove can been seen on the atrial surface of the heart?

A

Subsunosal interventricular groove

125
Q

What is contained within the subsinuosal interventricular groove

A

Circumflex branch of leaf coronary artery

126
Q

What are the 4 openings into the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus
Caudal vena cava
Cranial vena cava
Atrioventricular orifice

127
Q

What diverts the blood from the cranial and caudal vena cava into the right ventricle?

A

Intervenous tubercle

128
Q

What is an auricle

A

Blind pouch of the atria

Strengthened by interlacing pectinate muscles

129
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

Separation of the main compartment and the auricle

130
Q

What are the conical projections in the ventricle that will help close the AV vavles?

A

Papillary muscles

131
Q

What are the chords extending form the AV valve to the papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendinae

132
Q

What are the myocardial ridges in the ventricle called?

A

Trabeculae carneae

133
Q

What is the muscular strand that extends across the lumen of the ventricles to the interventricular septum?

A

Trabecula septomarginalis

134
Q

The AV valves typically have 2 cusps. The __________ cusp is adjacent to the septum and the ___________ cusp is adjacent to the ventricular wall.

A

Septal

Parietal

135
Q

What valves separate the ventricles from the pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

136
Q

The left and right coronary arteries originate from the _____________

A

Aortic sinuses

137
Q

The left coronary artery divides into the _____________ and ____________ branches

A

Circumflex branch

Paraconal interventricular branch

138
Q

What is the point of maximum intensity for listening to the pulmonic valve in the dog, bovine, and equine

A

3rd intercostal space (left side)

139
Q

What is the point of maximum intensity for listening to the aortic valve in dog, equine, and bovine?

A

Dog and Equine: 4th intercostal space (left side)

Bovine : upper 4th intercostal space

140
Q

What is the point of maximum intensity for listening t the mitral valve in dog, equine, and bovine?

A

Dog and equine: 5th intercostal space (left)

Bovine: lower 4th intercostal space

141
Q

What is the point of maximum intensity for listening to the right AV valve in dog, equine, and bovine?

A

Dog: 4th intercostal space (right side)

Equine and bovine: 3/4 intercostal space

142
Q

What structure allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation and what is its remnant structure in the adult?

A

Foramen ovale (fetus) allows passage of blood from R atrium to L atrium -> fossa ovale in adult

Ductus arteriosus (fetus) allows blood to pass from the pulmonary artery to the aorta -> ligamentum arteriosum (adult)

143
Q

What condition leads to a blood shunt form left to right, and can cause congestive heart failure?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

144
Q

What condition occurs when the ligamentum arteriosum wraps around the esophagus, causing mega esophagus?

A

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

145
Q

What condition arises from an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac?

A

Pericardial effusion

146
Q

An increase in left ventricular volume and diameter is called _____________, and leads to decreased contractility

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

147
Q

Thickening of the heart wall is called ?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most common disease in cats)

148
Q

Abnormal closing of the left AV valve that allows the backflow of blood into the left atrium is called?

A

Mitral valve insufficiency

149
Q

Describe heartworm disease?

A

Heart worm reside in the pulmonary artery and back up the heart- blockage of blood flow -> decreased cardiac output

RUSVM Gross Anatomy 1 (1 decks)

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