Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Environmental Medicine > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of acid rain?

A

> 5.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acid rain caused by?

A

fossil fuel sulfur and nitrogen oxides mixed with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LD50

Definition

what does it measure

A

median lethal dose
◦ LD50 is the amount of material given all at once, which causes the death of 50% of a test group

way to measure short-term acute poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a low Ld50 mean?

A

The LOWER the LD50, the MORE TOXIC the substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of toxicity in regards to heavy metals?

A

¥ Enzyme/cofactor inhibition or potentiation

¥ Disruption of membrane and other transport processes

¥ Disrupt mitochondrial functionfatigue

¥ Decreased neuronal function and nerve conduction

¥ Bind sulfhydryl groups on proteins and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Smog and what can it do?

A

Main component is from ground level ozone made from NO+VOC+Sunlight
Air pollutants impact nerve and brain development and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 6 main types of pollutants:

A 
Lead
Carbon Dioxide
ground level 03
n specicies, 
particle water matter, so2,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is ground level ozone made?

A

Not emitted directly into the air but created by chemical reactions between oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight (i.e. ozone is a secondary pollutant)secondary pollutant and main component of smog
o Primary component of smog and is a secondary pollutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are health problems associated with ozone?

A
  • Eye irritation
  • Throat irritation
  • Worsen asthma, emphysema and bronchitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main health effect of benzene

A

Causes cells to not work effectively, bone marrow suppression and anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do RBC’s pick up CO or Oxygen quicker

A

RBCs can pick up COquicker than oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are people exposed to lead?

A

Home
Dust, paint, soil
Pre-1978 homes with deteriorated leaded paint

Children at greatest risk

Lead dust levels have been directly correlated with children’s blood lead levels


How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a VOC?

A

Volatile Organic Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Benzene do to the body?

A

causes leukemia, cells to not work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 ways of exposure to voc -

A

inhalation, ingestion, dermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 systems effected by voc-

A

Neuro, immune, hematologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What VOC is found in non-stick pans?

A

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is unique about the way formaldehyde affects the body?

A

prevents absorption intestinal tract

It is a Water soluble toxin that inhibits its ability to go low in resp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which VOC is commonly Huffed?

A

toluene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Does boiling water get rid of lead?

A

No, running cold water before use may reduce exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the products where Lead is still found.

A
  • Computers
    • Solder
    • Pewter
    • Ceramic glazes
    • Jewelry
    • Automotive batteries
    • Imported or older pre-regulation products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What VOC is commonly found in dry cleaning?

A

Perchloroethylene (PERCS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which VOC are histology workers commonly exposed to?

A

xylene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What VOC is commonly found in carmex and chloroseptics?

A

phenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who is Most At risk for lead poisoning?

A
  • Children living in older housing

- Pregnant women and the developing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What disease is pathoneumonic for asbestos exposure:

A

mesothelioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is lead exchanged between?

A

Lead is exchanged between blood, soft tissues, and mineralizing tissues(bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are developmental neurological effects of greatest concern regarding led exposure and children?

A
  • Crosses the placental barrier: affects fetal viability

- Neurologic effects on children documented below 10mcg/dL

29
Q

What is the Primary metabolite of nicotine that we can use to measure tobacco exposure?

A

Contanine

30
Q

Major source of new car smell:

A

vinylflouride

31
Q

What does PAH stand for ?

What are the two types?

A

PAH: poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

low molecular weight
high molecular weight

32
Q

Where are Low Molecular Weight PAH’s found?

A

low molecular weight found in moth balls as napthaline

33
Q

Where are High Molecular Weight PAH’s Found?

A

high molecular weightbenzoapyrine, comes from charred and grilled food

34
Q

What is the name of the Specicies of black mold?

A

stachiboytris charcharum

35
Q

Which VOC is 25x more reactive than benzene

A

Toluene

36
Q

Xylene Main effect is?

A

CNS depression

37
Q

What are the main health effects of lead poisoning?

A
  • microcytic hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling

- And then can see D-ALA accumulation in urine

38
Q

What are the main health effects of formaldehyde?

A

NOT Lower Respiratory Tract

Bronchitis, pulmonary edema, asthma

Anticipated to be a human carcinogen: sinonasal, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and leukemia

39
Q

Vinyl Chloride and PVC is what?

A

a. Highly hepatotoxic- hepatic angiosarcoma

b. Portal hypertension and cirrhosis

40
Q

High Molecular Weight PAH is what molecule?

A

benzo(a)pyrene

41
Q

Low Molecular Weight PAH is what molecule?

A

naphthalene

42
Q

What is the Definition of Environmental Medicine?

A

the study of the effects of external physical, chemical, biological and emotional factors on human beings

43
Q

What is Multiple Chemical Sensitivity?

A

Environmental Illness = Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance = “Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance” Can not figure out what is causing them to be sick, may be allergic to multiple things

  • The EPA states:

“A condition in which a person reports sensitivity or intolerance (as distinct from “allergic”) to a number of chemicals and other irritants at very low concentrations.. There are different views among medical professionals about the existence, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.”

Often no detectable triggers

44
Q

What is the Criteria to dx Multiple Chemical Sensitivity?

A
  1. Sx are reproducible with repeated chemical exposures.
    2. Condition has persisted for significant period of time.
    3. Low levels of exposure result in manifestations of the syndrome (i.e. increased sensitivity).
    4. Sx improve when the triggering chemicals are removed.
    5. Responses often occur to multiple chemically unrelated substances.
    6. Symptoms involve multiple-organ symptoms
45
Q

What is Sick Building Syndrome(SBS)?

A

describes a situation where people experience sxs of ill health that seem to be linked to spending time in a building but where no specific cause can be identified

46
Q

What is building related illness?

A

recognized diseases caused by being in a building

47
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lead toxicity in children?

A
  • Decreased learning and memory
  • Lowered IQ
  • Decreased verbal ability
  • Impaired speech and hearing functions
  • Early signs of hyperactivity or ADHD
48
Q

What do labs show for lead poisoning ?

A

Basophilic stifling

49
Q

What is a humans most common source of mercury toxicity?

A

Dental Amalgams

50
Q

Where does methyl mercury accumulate

A

aquatic and terrestrial food chains

51
Q

Large amounts of fish eaten over weeks and months can cause what?

Why?

A

Damage to the nervous system

Infant born with cerebral palsy

52
Q

95% of what is absorbed from our food?

A

Methylmercury

53
Q

What heavy metal crosses the blood brain barrier and placental barriers?

A

Mercury

54
Q

What is the half life of mercury in adults

A

50-70 days

55
Q

What is the half life of mercury in children

A

90 days

56
Q

What heavy metal has a high uptake in the brain making it a potent neurotoxin and teratogen?

A

Mercury

57
Q

What is the reference range for mercury in the body?

A

Whole Blood <5.0 ug/L

58
Q

Which heavy metal is used in the predominant commercial use for battery manufacturing

A

cadmium

59
Q

What is the main source of airborne cadmium

A

Cigarette smoke

60
Q

How does cadmium affect the body?

A

Accumulates in the liver and kidneys where its bound to metallothionein

61
Q

What does cadmium do to the kidneys?

A

It causes renal tubular and glomerular damaging leading to irreversible proteinuria and progressive reduction in GFR

62
Q

How does cadmium affect the bones?

A

Results in painful osteomalacia or osteoporosis

63
Q

How does cadmium affect the lungs?

A

Emphysema and lung CA

64
Q

What lab test is best for short-term acute exposure

A

Blood

65
Q

Hair Lab testing must be what?

A

confirmed by a blood or urine test if positive.

it is only a screen

66
Q

Hair testing is good for evaluating what metal?

A

methylmercury

67
Q

What do you want to always do when testing the urine for acute exposure to metals

A

use a chelating agent

68
Q

What are the 3 provocative chelators

A

DMSA
DMPS
EDTA

Environmental Medicine (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions