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D1F Evaluative Science > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

The extent to which a specific intervention/procedure produces a beneficial result under IDEAL conditions

A

Efficacy

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2
Q

The extent to which a specific intervention/procedure when deployed in the field in routine circumstances works

A

Effectiveness

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3
Q

Hierarchy of Evidence

A
  1. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
  2. Clinical human trial
  3. Longitudinal cohort studies
  4. Case-control studies
  5. Descriptive and cross-sectional studies
  6. Case reports and case series
  7. Personal opinion, subjective impressions, anecdotal accounts
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4
Q

Impact Factor

A

Total number of citations to articles appearing in journal
___________
Total number of articles published

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5
Q

Medical research that follows subjects to assess occurrence of disease (future occurrence). Select based on risk factor. Less bias but more time/money.

A

Prospective Cohort Study

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6
Q

Groups are defined on the basis of exposure to a suspected _________ for disease

A

Risk factor

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7
Q

Historical study (looks back on records). Subjects selected based on whether they have disease or not. Efficient in time/cost but susceptible to bias.

A

Case-Control Study

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8
Q

Snapshot assessment of prevalence of disease/exposure

A

Cross-sectional Survey

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9
Q

Describe the experience of a single individual/group with similar diagnosis

A 
Case Reports
Case Series (multiple CR)
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10
Q

An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change

A

Variable

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11
Q

A measurement scale based on categorization (gender, political party)

A

Nominal

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12
Q

A measurement based on relationship between observations (poor-fair-good scale).

Unequal intervals.

A

Ordinal

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13
Q

Continuous measurement scale of equal units of measurement. (Fahrenheit, Celsius)

Known distance between numbers.

A

Interval

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14
Q

Continuous measurement scale of equal units with a true zero point at its origin. (Mass, time)

A

Ratio

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15
Q

Most useful with nominal scale

A

Mode

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16
Q

Most useful with ordinal scale.

A

Median

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17
Q

Difference between max and min

A

Range

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18
Q

A lower and upper confidence bound

A

Confidence Interval

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19
Q

Average of the square of deviations of measurements about their mean. BEST MEASURE OF SPREAD.

A

Variance (s2)

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20
Q

Positive square root of the variance. “Natural” variability

A

Standard Deviation (s or SD)

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21
Q

Measures the percentage of spread

A

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

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22
Q

SD of sample means. “Error” variability

A

Standard error (SE)

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23
Q

Used to measure variability to individual subjects around sample mean

A

SD

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24
Q

Used to asses how accurately a sample mean reflects the population mean

A

SE

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25
Q

A mathematical statement of no difference. Theory proven when this is rejected.

A

Null Hypothesis

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26
Q

Proven by showing that the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true

A

Alternate Hypothesis

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27
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

One-tailed

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28
Q

Non-directional hypothesis (states groups are unequaled but no direction difference specified)

A

Two-tailed

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29
Q

The variable we measure and compare (outcome variable)

A

Dependent variable

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30
Q

The variable we manipulate (grouping/predictor variable). Used to differentiate groups in a study.

A

Independent variable

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31
Q

Alpha/p-value error.

Probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is actually true

A

Type I error

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32
Q

“Beta error”

Probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

A

Type II error

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33
Q

The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false. The ability of the statistical test to detect a specified difference if that difference exists.

A

Power

34
Q

Most useful with interval/ratio (continuous) measurement scales

A

Mean

35
Q

According to the _______, the sample means of a _____ distributed population will have a ______ distribution

A

Central Limit Theorem

Non-uniformly

Uniform

36
Q

A language-based statement of what we are trying to prove.

A

Research Hypothesis

37
Q

Types of papers published in journals:

A
  1. Research reports
  2. Reviews of literature (summarization)
  3. Commentaries
37
Q

Components of a Research Report:

A
  1. Title
  2. Authors
  3. Date of submission and acceptance
  4. Abstract/summary
  5. Intro
  6. Materials and Methods
  7. Results
  8. Discussion
  9. Conclusion
38
Q

The mean is making an _____ from your sample to the entire _____.

A

Inference

Population

39
Q

Gives you an idea of how much variation there is in results.

A

SD

40
Q

Tells you that if you repeated your experiment many times, the true population mean would be within 1 SD of your sample mean 60% of the time.

A

SE

41
Q

As you decrease the amount of error (95 -> 99%) the confidence interval will _____

A

Increase

42
Q

How are Alpha and Beta related to each other?

How are they related to the sample size (N)?

A

They are inversely proportional to each other. (Alpha increases -> beta decreases)

They are inversely proportional to the Sample Size (sample size increases -> alpha and beta decrease)

43
Q

For nominal/ordinal the best measure of spread is:

A

Range

44
Q

Middle 50%

A

Interquartile Range

45
Q

Methods to increase power:

  1. (Inc/Dec) The type 1 error you are willing to tolerate.
  2. (Inc/Dec) sample size
  3. (Inc/Dec) deviation from null hypothesis you are willing to tolerate
  4. (Inc/Dec) variability
  5. Use a _____ hypothesis if appropriate
  6. Use the most ______/_____ statistical test
A
  1. Increase
  2. Increase
  3. Increase
  4. Decrease
  5. Directional alternate
  6. Efficient/Powerful
46
Q

Statistical Decision-making steps:

A
  1. Make a research question
  2. Define variables
  3. State null and alternate hypotheses
  4. Choose statistical test
  5. Determine type 1 error you will tolerate and sample size required
  6. Conduct experiment
  7. Calculate the test statistic
  8. Determine type 1 error (p-value) using sampling distribution
  9. Conclude
47
Q

Describe patterns of disease occurrence in relation to persons, place, and time. This data essential for public health administrators and epidemiologists.

A

Descriptive Studies

48
Q

Measures representing characteristics of entire populations are used to describe disease in relation to some factor (age, food, health services)

A

Correlational Studies

49
Q

Measures strength of association/relationship

A

Pearson Coefficient (r)

50
Q

Indicates change in dependent variable for every one unit change in independent variable

A

Regression coefficient (B1)

51
Q

Probability that the results occurred by chance alone and the null hypothesis is really true

A

P-value

If p-value is less than .05, then reject the null

52
Q

Indicates value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is 0

A

Intercept (B0)

53
Q

Measures the strength of the relationship by “explaining” the % variance of the dependent variable “accounted for” by the independent variable

A

Coefficient of Determination (R^2)

54
Q

Correlation Studies strengths and limitations:

A

Strengths:

  • Quick
  • Cheap
  • Uses available data/info

Limitations:

  • Can’t link disease/exposure to individual (data is non-specific)
  • Can’t control for effect of potential confounding
  • Lack of correlation doesn’t imply an absence of association
  • ONLY VALID FOR RANGE STUDIED
55
Q

Test used to determine if your sample is different from a specified population

A

Dependent (One-sample) t-test

56
Q

Divides/partitions the variance of the entire experiment into two or more components

A

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

57
Q

Represents the average SS for each line

A

Mean Squares (MS)

58
Q

Assumptions of ANOVA tables

A
  • Interval/ratio (continuous) measurement scales
  • Populations follow normal distribution
  • Populations have equal variance
  • Independent groups
59
Q

Theoretical basis for comparisons prior to study. Does not involve testing all possible comparisons. A priori.

A

Planned Comparisons

60
Q

Effects suggested by data. A posteriori (post hoc)

A

Unplanned Comparisons

61
Q

Single-Variable Tests:

A

Z-test and T-test

62
Q

We know the population standard deviation, we estimate the mean from a sample

A

Z-test

63
Q

We estimate both the mean and standard deviation

A

T-test

64
Q

Dependent Variable- Nominal/Ordinal

Independent Variable- Nominal Ordinal

Test type?

A

Chi-Square

65
Q

Dependent Variable- Nominal/Ordinal

Independent Variable- Continuous

Test types?

A

Logistic Regression

66
Q

Dependent Variable- Continous

Independent Variable- Continuous

Test types?

A

Correlation and Regression

67
Q

Likelihood of developing the disease in the exposed group relative to those not exposed

A

Relative Risk (RR)

68
Q

Dependent Variable- Continuous

Independent Variable- Nominal/Ordinal

Test types?

A

t-Test or ANOVA

69
Q

The number of people in a population who have a given disease at a given point in time. Frequency of all current cases of disease.

A

Prevalence

70
Q

Measure of the number of lesions/period of time. Only measures the numbers of new initial lesions per unit of time.

A

Incidence

71
Q

Describes the amount (prevalence) of dental caries in an individual.

A

DMFT/DMFS

Decayed
Missing
Filled
Teeth/Surfaces

72
Q

Chi-square tests and Fisher’s Exact tests are similar to _____ tests

A

Linear Regression and Correlation

73
Q

Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests are equivalent to _____ tests

A

Two-sample t-tests (Independent t-tests)

74
Q

Kruskal-Wallis Tests are equivalent to _____ tests

A

ANOVA

75
Q

Wilcoxon Sign Rank Tests and McNemar tests are equivalent to ______ tests

A

One-sample t-test (Paired t-test) (Dependent t-test)

76
Q

Degrees of freedom of Dependent/One-sample t test is equal to

A

N - 1

N = population size

77
Q

Degrees of freedom for independent (two-sample) t-test is equal to

A

Total sample size minus 2

78
Q

Each individual is measure multiple times

A

Dependent (one-sample) t-test

79
Q

Each individual is measured only once and two groups are compared

A

Independent (two-sample) t-test

D1F Evaluative Science (1 decks)

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