Final Flashcards
average life expectancy for women in US
79.5 years
average life expectancy for men in US
72.7 (7 years less)
Theories on why we age
- -The cellular “supply limits” theory
- -The free radical damage theory
- -The autoimmune theory
- -The programmable cell death theory
- -The telomere length theory
what do cell signals do to apoptosis
These signals either induce or suppress apoptosis. In this context, the binding and subsequent initiation of apoptosis is termed positive, whereas the active repression of apoptosis by is termed negative.
what happens to telomere’s with cell division
process of cell division permanently destroys a tiny fragment of the telomere with each division.
Can we add telomerase or drugs that mimic the effects of telomerase to a cell culture to length telomeres?
Yes, but disappointing results so far
link that connects most conditions
inflammation aka imflammaging
Miller/Chamby personal take on health internet sites
spend as little time as possible on any site where the product being discussed is also being sold.
what leads to shortened stature with age
Kyphosis is increased, especially in females. There is a slight bending (flexion) at the knees and hips which leads to a shortened stature.
before which age is chronic glaucoma uncommon
uncommon before age 40
% of population affected by chronic glaucoma aged 40-65
1%
% of population affected by chronic glaucoma aged 65 and over
5%
Which diseases of the eye cause central vision loss
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Diabetic Retinopathy. Macular Edema. Macular Hole. Macular Pucker
how can you speak to patient’s hard of hearing
It may benefit you to speak in a lower pitched voice to your patients who are hard of hearing rather than speaking more loudly.
what is an exostosis
An exostosis (plural: exostoses) is the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone. Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to debilitating, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion.
what is secondary osteoporosis
Secondary osteoporosis implies that the decreased bone mass is due to other conditions, medications, malabsorption, or prolonged immobilization.
additional condition which cause increased risk for osteoporosis
Hyperthyroidism Excess supplemental thyroid Cushing’s disease Glucocorticoid use Hyperparathyroidism
what is T-score
T score is the number of standard deviations above or below the mean for a healthy 30 yo adult of the same sex and ethnicity as the patient.
what is Z-score
Z score is the number of standard deviations above or below the mean for the patient’s current age, sex, and ethnicity.
T-score values
Normal : T-score greater than –1
Osteopenia: T-score between –1 and –2.5
Osteoporosis: T-score below –2.5
Prophylactic treatment for osteoporosis is generally begun in a patient with a DEXA scan that reveals:
T-score less then -2.0.
T-score less then -1.5 in a patient with known risk factors for osteoporosis.
what is FRAX?
- -FRAX is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate 10 year probability of bone fracture risk.
- -FRAX integrates clinical risk factors with bone mineral density at the femoral neck to calculate the 10-year probability of hip fracture as well as spine, shoulder and extremity fracture.
The following conditions are extremely common in the geriatric population:
Hypertension
► Urinary incontinence
► Falls
► Osteoporosis
► DementiaIf orthostatic changes are apparent, always check
that patient’s BP in the standing position, whenever possible.
initial HTN treatment for elderly
In most instances, low-dose diuretic therapy should be used as initial antihypertensive therapy in the elderly.
first line drug of choice in treating elderly patients who present with isolated systolic hypertension.
When drug therapy is indicated, a long-acting calcium channel blocker is now considered as a first line drug of choice in treating elderly patients who present with isolated systolic hypertension.
is incontinence normal with aging?
no
The main causes of acute urinary incontinence are:
Delirium
Restricted mobility
Infection, inflammation or impaction
Pharmaceuticals
most common cause of acute urinary incontinence
Bladder infection is the most common cause of acute urinary incontinence.
most common drug to cause incontinence
Diuretics are the most common drug class noted to cause incontinence.
incontinence that is a medical emergency
Acute onset of incontinence in a patient with a known or suspected malignancy is a medical emergency.
In a patient with the triad of acute urinary incontinence, acute or sub-acute dementia and wide based gait – think
normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
most common form of incontinence in elderly
Urge incontinence is the most common form of chronic incontinence in the geriatric population.
Irritation to the bladder wall can also result in urge incontinence.
initial lab for incontinence
UA
exercise for all incontinence
Kegel exercises should be practiced for all causes of incontinence.
10 repetitions constitute a set – consider a regimen of 3 to 5 sets a day.
chronic disability increases the risk of
falling
which diseases cause peripheral vision loss?
Glaucoma.
Retinitis pigmentosa.
Eye strokes or occlusions.
Detached retina.
Brain damage from stroke, disease or injury.
Neurological damage such as from optic neuritis.
Compressed optic nerve head (papilledema)
Concussions (head injuries)*
