Final Flashcards
1
Q
Episodic Memories
A
Personally experienced events
2
Q
Leading cause of wrongful conviction
A
Eye witness misidentification (70%)
3
Q
4 stages of memory processing
A
Event
Encoding/Acquistion
Storage/Retention
Retrieval
4
Q
Constructivist Approach
A
People with different values and experiences will experience events differently
5
Q
Bottom up processing
A
Data driven. Infomation transmitted to higher levels of visual system until it becomes a unified perception
6
Q
Top own processing
A
Sensory information is interpreted in light of prior knowledge and expectations
7
Q
Perceptual set
A
Use past experiences and environmental context to percieve stimulus in a certain way
8
Q
Schema
A
Mental framework that helps us make sense of familiar situations
9
Q
Script Theory
A
Common schema for events. Remember things better when they fit with schemas and previous experience
10
Q
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
A
Inverse relationship between memory retention and time interval–> exponential decrease
11
Q
Encoding specificity
A
Retrieval depends on similarity to original encoding conditions
12
Q
When does retrieval failure occur? (2)
A
Memory trace stored in memory but can no longer be accessed
Memory trace no longer stored in memory
13
Q
Which is better, recall or recognition? Why?
A
Recognition–> stimuli provides more relevant cues for retrieval
14
Q
Confirmatory Bias
A
Holding preconceived beliefs and focus only on details that fit with those beliefs
15
Q
4 strategies used in a police cognitive interview
A
Mental context reinstatement
Report everything
Reverse order
Change perspective
16
Q
Fischer/Gieselman Enhanced cognitive interview
A
Use knowledge of memory, social dynamics and communication to aid in memory retreival
17
Q
Effect of enhanced cognitive interview
A
47% more correct info, no difference in amount of incorrect info
18
Q
Schacter’s 7 sins of memory
A
Transience Absent mindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistance
19
Q
Transience
A
Memory only lasting a short time. Info has not been encoded or stored
20
Q
3 components of working memory
A
Visuospatial sketchpad– visual semantics
Phonological loop– language
Episodic buffer– long term memory
21
Q
Phonological similarity effect
A
Harder to remember things that sound the same
22
Q
Unattended speech effect
A
Background noise interferes with encoding of relevant information
23
Q
Patient HM
A
Damaged hippocampus prevented him from retaining any new memories for more than a few seconds
24
Q
Hippocampus
A
Involved in transition from short to long term memory
25
Where are memories stored?
Cortex
26
Deep processing
Reducing transience by extracting meaning from the information--> old people using acting techniques
27
Who reports the most absent-mindedness? Why?
Old people--> Less capacity to direct attention of information at hand so information is not encoded properly
28
Blocking
Temporary inaccessibility of required information-- Tip of tongue. Info is encoded, stored but only partially available for retrieval
29
Misattribution
Memories attributed to the wrong source--> OKC bombing accomplice
30
Illusory memory
Not actually encountered but semantically related to previous items
31
Loftus misattribution
Told people they got sick after eating strawberry ice cream, 20% believed it and avoided it
32
Suggestibility
Incorporation of external information into personal recollection
33
Persistance
Unable to prevent collection of unwanted memories. Governed by emotion and amygdala plays a big role
34
Children and free recall
Accurate but limited free recall. Distressed children are more accurate. 41% mis ID nurse
35
Children's accuracy in open and closed questions
Open--> 91%
| Closed--> 45%
36
Hughes/Grieves Non sensical questions
Sensible but unanswerable--> 25% initially say idk but offer an answer when asked again
37
Waterman
Almost all children answer closed, non-sensical questions. 95% said idk to open non-sensical
38
Poole/White repeated questioning
Open--> Very accurate, even if repeated
| Closed--> young children likely to change responses both within and across interviews when repeated
39
3 types of suggestibility in children
Interviewer suggestion
Misattribution
Autosuggestion (reading)
40
Thompson neutral/bias interviewer
Neutral--> Accurate, only errors of ommission
| Bias--> Errors of commission and continued believing false info 2 weeks later
41
Bruck
Kids interviewed 1 year after doctors visit. Reported both misleading suggestions and non-suggested inaccuracies. Rate of false info rises with every repeated, suggestive interview
42
Salmon/Pipe
New information given by child after initial free recall is likely to be innaccurate
43
2 explanations for suggestibility
Original memory is unchanged but irretrievable
| Gap filling strategy when memory is incomplete
44
Vacant slot hypothesis
Memory was weakly encoded so auggested information is placed in vacant slot
45
Free recall accuracy in children without suggetsibility
90%
46
Co-existance hypothesis
Accurate and non-accurate memory are recoverable but false memory is the most recent
47
Demand characteristics
Social compliance--> false memory is the one required by interviewer
48
Substitution hypothesis
Post event info replaces or distorts original memory
49
Source monitoring hypothesis
Representations of event exist but child can not identify the source
50
Leaner and sex abuse
Later interviews had 2x more sexual details and less denial an avoidance. 2-3 interviews may be needed for child to give full report
51
Goodman/ Ruby
Dressed kid up in clown costume as another watched. Few differences in accuracy between participant and witness
52
Configuration
Relationship between facial features--> thatcher effect
53
5 influences of facial recognition
```
Distinctiveness
Familiarity
Disguise
Lighting
Length of exposure
```
54
Good facial recognition
Females have slight advantage
Age has no effect
Highly anxious make fewer mistakes
Better ID when the culprit is present in line up
55
Other effect
Better identification of your own race
56
Henderson/Bruce/Burton CCTV
28.5% accuracy matching mugshots to CCTV. Higher accuracy in matching photos to photos
57
Wilkinson/Evans recognition experts
Facial imagery experts had 1/2 the amount of errors
58
% of wrongful convictions from false confession
25%
59
PACE
Police and criminal evidence act--> mandatory taping, safeguards for interviewing the mentally disabled, shift from getting a confession to seeking the truth
60
% of interrogations ending in confession
40-76%
61
2 types of coerced false confession
Compliant: Aware it is false
Internalized: Internal accounts change to match interrogator
62
Gudjonosson/Clark 2 types of initial coping response
Logical/Realistic: Resistant to persuasion
| Passive/Helpless: More likely to come to agree with interrogator
63
Kassin Kiecher False confession
Accused people of crashing computer by hitting ALT key. 65% confessed when a witness said they did it, 12% confessed without a witness
64
Statement Validity Assessment
Criterion based content analysis is evaluated against validity checklist
65
4 Criteria of CBCA
Maybe unstructured and not in chron. order
Specific details embedded in context
Reporting subjective feelings, spontaneous corrections
Admitting lack of memory
66
Validity checklist
Assess likliehood of suggestion, influence of others and lack of realism
67
Hung Jury
10-2 majority is not reached
68
How often is a jury used
2%--> when defendant pleads guilty
69
Contempt of court act
Prohibits obtaining, disclosing or soliciting information from jury deliberations
70
2 components of dual process theory
Systematic: Slower more effortful thinking
Heuristic: Faster, automatic thinking with less detailed scrutiny
71
3 types of heursitics
Persuasion--> expert testimony
Confirmation bias
Stereotypes
72
Bornstein pre trial publicity
Negative pre-trial publicity more likely to bring guilty verdict
73
Groupthink
Desire to reach consensus overrides all else
74
At what age does under development begin?
Boys-- 1
| Girls-- 4
75
CSEW
Annual crime survey for England and Wales. Best indicator of violent and sexual crime
76
Change in rate of all crime in past year
Fell 7%
77
Violent crime stats
Increasing
20.4% of all crime
25 categories
78
Sexual crime stats
Increasing in last year --> likely due to improved reporting
Decreasing over last 10 years
2.3% of all crime
22 categories
79
Drug crime stats
4.5% of all crime
Decrease in all categories
- 46% of all crime (burglary, theft, property) is likely drug related
80
Cambridge juvenile crime
Most juvenile crime is adolescent limited
81
6 predictive factors of juvenile crime
```
Anti-social behavior
Hyperactivity
Low IQ and school attainment
Family criminality
Family poverty
Harsh parenting
```
82
Moffit's 3 offender groups
Adolescent limited
Lifecourse persistant
Abstainers
83
What % of adult population are life course persistent
5-8%
84
Key/Darke/Finlay primary and secondary antisocial
Primary: Drug use after criminal activity
Secondary: Drug use before criminal activity
85
Who is more likely to be a primary antisocial
Young, male, life course persistant, commit more violent crime
- 2x more likely to have ASPD
86
3 domains of distal antecedants
Biology: neurological problems
Psychology: impulsivity
Environment
87
Distal antecedants lead to...
Early indicators--> Conduct disorder, poor parenting, early aggresison
88
BPAQ
Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire--> violent offenders report higher verbal/physical violence,agression and depression compared to non-violent offenders and studnets
89
What % of violence is domestic?
21.5%
90
Domestic homicide rates according to gender
45% male, 55% female
| - Males are more likely to be seriously injured because women use weapons more often
91
DSPD
Dangerous and severely personality disordered--> nice word for psychopath
92
% of pop who have tried drugs
34.7%-- 11.7 million people
93
% of young adults who have tried drugs
36.5%--> drug use goes down with age
94
Facilitation
Contacts made in prison give you more opportunity to keep committing crime
95
Diversification
Exposure to different types of crime makes you branch out
96
% of drug users who live chaotic lifestyles
5%
97
% of women and children who have been sexually abused
20-30% of children
| 10% of women
98
Fraction of sex crime occuring in the home
1/2
99
% of rapes done by females and adolescents
10% female
| 20% adolescent
100
What are the 2 big concerns in assessment
Risk of reoffending
| Suicide
101
3 types of assessment methods
Self-report--> problems with social desirability, impression management
Objective measures--> cognitive and biological tasks
Observation
102
OASys
England and Wales offender assessment system--> risk and needs assessment quetsionnaire
103
People most likely to reoffend
Young
White
Drug problem
104
Priorities for assessment of all offenders
Mental health
IQ
Risk of reoffending
105
Priorities of sexual offender assessment
Offence details/history
Denial/minimilization
Willingness for treatment
106
Violent offender assessment priorities
Anger
Violent episodes
Sensational interests
107
Dynamic risk factors
Drug abuse
Beliefs
Medication non-compliance
108
Risk factor assessment for violent offenders
HCR-20
| Violence prediction scheme
109
Risk factor assessment for sexual offenders
SVR-20
110
STAXI
Strait-trait anger expression inventory--> self report assessment for violent offenders
111
Emotional stroop task
Emotional processing slows down ability to say colour of word. Violent offenders linger longer on violent words
112
Dot probe task
2 words appear and then a dot appears in the position of one of the words. Violent offenders are quicker to recognize position of violent word
113
PCL-R
Psychopathy checklist revised-- Psychos score above a 30
114
% of people with Anti-social personality disorder
7% males
2% females
- Less than 1/3 of people with ASPD are psychopaths
115
% of violent offenders in prison who are psychopaths
20%
116
Penile Plethysmography
Look at computer images and measure blood in penis
117
2 types of profiling
Inductive: Expert skills and profiler knowledge
Deductive: Evidence, crime scene, offence related
118
2 assumptions of profiling
Behavioral consistency across crimes
| Homology between crimes of different offenders
119
Prison aims
Deterrent
Containment
Rehabilitaion
120
Ainsworth reasons why prison is not effective
95% of crime goes unconvicted
| Conviction happens months after crime so consequence is not immediate
121
Most common detox drug for opiate addiction
Buprenorphrine (Subutex)
122
ACCT
Assessment care in custody teamwork--> prison service violence reduction strategy
123
What is the key to programme effectiveness
Matched to offender characteristics
124
CBT improves what 6 areas of social-cognitive functioning
```
Self-control
Interpersonal skills
Rigid thinking
Social perspective taking
Analytical thinking
Moral reasoning
```
125
Who does accreditation
NOMS: National offender management system
126
3 components of JETS
Juveniles--> Parent education and management trianing
Child skills training
Pre-school intellectual enrichment
127
ART
Agression replacement training
128
CDVP
Community domestic violence
129
HRP
Healthy relationships
130
Resolve
Reactive and instrumental violence
131
Chemical castration
Ineffective--> Inject anti-androgens or homones to reduce testosterone temporarily
132
Meds for sex offender
SSRI to reduce ruminative thoughts
133
SOTP
Sex offender treatment programme
134
% of DIP clients who increase drug use
2%
135
PASRO
Prison addressing substance related offending
136
RAPT
Rehabilitation for addicted prisoners trust
137
NDTMS
National drug treatment monitoring system--> gives stats on programmes
138
Largest age group for DIP
30-34--> 40-60% were abstinent in 6 months
