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Forensic Psychology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Episodic Memories

A

Personally experienced events

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2
Q

Leading cause of wrongful conviction

A

Eye witness misidentification (70%)

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3
Q

4 stages of memory processing

A

Event
Encoding/Acquistion
Storage/Retention
Retrieval

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4
Q

Constructivist Approach

A

People with different values and experiences will experience events differently

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5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Data driven. Infomation transmitted to higher levels of visual system until it becomes a unified perception

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6
Q

Top own processing

A

Sensory information is interpreted in light of prior knowledge and expectations

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7
Q

Perceptual set

A

Use past experiences and environmental context to percieve stimulus in a certain way

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8
Q

Schema

A

Mental framework that helps us make sense of familiar situations

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9
Q

Script Theory

A

Common schema for events. Remember things better when they fit with schemas and previous experience

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10
Q

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

Inverse relationship between memory retention and time interval–> exponential decrease

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11
Q

Encoding specificity

A

Retrieval depends on similarity to original encoding conditions

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12
Q

When does retrieval failure occur? (2)

A

Memory trace stored in memory but can no longer be accessed

Memory trace no longer stored in memory

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13
Q

Which is better, recall or recognition? Why?

A

Recognition–> stimuli provides more relevant cues for retrieval

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14
Q

Confirmatory Bias

A

Holding preconceived beliefs and focus only on details that fit with those beliefs

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15
Q

4 strategies used in a police cognitive interview

A

Mental context reinstatement
Report everything
Reverse order
Change perspective

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16
Q

Fischer/Gieselman Enhanced cognitive interview

A

Use knowledge of memory, social dynamics and communication to aid in memory retreival

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17
Q

Effect of enhanced cognitive interview

A

47% more correct info, no difference in amount of incorrect info

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18
Q

Schacter’s 7 sins of memory

A 
Transience
Absent mindedness
Blocking 
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistance
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19
Q

Transience

A

Memory only lasting a short time. Info has not been encoded or stored

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20
Q

3 components of working memory

A

Visuospatial sketchpad– visual semantics
Phonological loop– language
Episodic buffer– long term memory

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21
Q

Phonological similarity effect

A

Harder to remember things that sound the same

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22
Q

Unattended speech effect

A

Background noise interferes with encoding of relevant information

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23
Q

Patient HM

A

Damaged hippocampus prevented him from retaining any new memories for more than a few seconds

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24
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in transition from short to long term memory

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25
Q

Where are memories stored?

A

Cortex

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26
Q

Deep processing

A

Reducing transience by extracting meaning from the information–> old people using acting techniques

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27
Q

Who reports the most absent-mindedness? Why?

A

Old people–> Less capacity to direct attention of information at hand so information is not encoded properly

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28
Q

Blocking

A

Temporary inaccessibility of required information– Tip of tongue. Info is encoded, stored but only partially available for retrieval

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29
Q

Misattribution

A

Memories attributed to the wrong source–> OKC bombing accomplice

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30
Q

Illusory memory

A

Not actually encountered but semantically related to previous items

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31
Q

Loftus misattribution

A

Told people they got sick after eating strawberry ice cream, 20% believed it and avoided it

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32
Q

Suggestibility

A

Incorporation of external information into personal recollection

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33
Q

Persistance

A

Unable to prevent collection of unwanted memories. Governed by emotion and amygdala plays a big role

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34
Q

Children and free recall

A

Accurate but limited free recall. Distressed children are more accurate. 41% mis ID nurse

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35
Q

Children’s accuracy in open and closed questions

A

Open–> 91%

Closed–> 45%

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36
Q

Hughes/Grieves Non sensical questions

A

Sensible but unanswerable–> 25% initially say idk but offer an answer when asked again

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37
Q

Waterman

A

Almost all children answer closed, non-sensical questions. 95% said idk to open non-sensical

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38
Q

Poole/White repeated questioning

A

Open–> Very accurate, even if repeated

Closed–> young children likely to change responses both within and across interviews when repeated

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39
Q

3 types of suggestibility in children

A

Interviewer suggestion
Misattribution
Autosuggestion (reading)

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40
Q

Thompson neutral/bias interviewer

A

Neutral–> Accurate, only errors of ommission

Bias–> Errors of commission and continued believing false info 2 weeks later

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41
Q

Bruck

A

Kids interviewed 1 year after doctors visit. Reported both misleading suggestions and non-suggested inaccuracies. Rate of false info rises with every repeated, suggestive interview

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42
Q

Salmon/Pipe

A

New information given by child after initial free recall is likely to be innaccurate

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43
Q

2 explanations for suggestibility

A

Original memory is unchanged but irretrievable

Gap filling strategy when memory is incomplete

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44
Q

Vacant slot hypothesis

A

Memory was weakly encoded so auggested information is placed in vacant slot

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45
Q

Free recall accuracy in children without suggetsibility

A

90%

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46
Q

Co-existance hypothesis

A

Accurate and non-accurate memory are recoverable but false memory is the most recent

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47
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Social compliance–> false memory is the one required by interviewer

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48
Q

Substitution hypothesis

A

Post event info replaces or distorts original memory

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49
Q

Source monitoring hypothesis

A

Representations of event exist but child can not identify the source

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50
Q

Leaner and sex abuse

A

Later interviews had 2x more sexual details and less denial an avoidance. 2-3 interviews may be needed for child to give full report

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51
Q

Goodman/ Ruby

A

Dressed kid up in clown costume as another watched. Few differences in accuracy between participant and witness

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52
Q

Configuration

A

Relationship between facial features–> thatcher effect

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53
Q

5 influences of facial recognition

A 
Distinctiveness
Familiarity
Disguise
Lighting
Length of exposure
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54
Q

Good facial recognition

A

Females have slight advantage
Age has no effect
Highly anxious make fewer mistakes
Better ID when the culprit is present in line up

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55
Q

Other effect

A

Better identification of your own race

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56
Q

Henderson/Bruce/Burton CCTV

A

28.5% accuracy matching mugshots to CCTV. Higher accuracy in matching photos to photos

57
Q

Wilkinson/Evans recognition experts

A

Facial imagery experts had 1/2 the amount of errors

58
Q

% of wrongful convictions from false confession

A

25%

59
Q

PACE

A

Police and criminal evidence act–> mandatory taping, safeguards for interviewing the mentally disabled, shift from getting a confession to seeking the truth

60
Q

% of interrogations ending in confession

A

40-76%

61
Q

2 types of coerced false confession

A

Compliant: Aware it is false
Internalized: Internal accounts change to match interrogator

62
Q

Gudjonosson/Clark 2 types of initial coping response

A

Logical/Realistic: Resistant to persuasion

Passive/Helpless: More likely to come to agree with interrogator

63
Q

Kassin Kiecher False confession

A

Accused people of crashing computer by hitting ALT key. 65% confessed when a witness said they did it, 12% confessed without a witness

64
Q

Statement Validity Assessment

A

Criterion based content analysis is evaluated against validity checklist

65
Q

4 Criteria of CBCA

A

Maybe unstructured and not in chron. order
Specific details embedded in context
Reporting subjective feelings, spontaneous corrections
Admitting lack of memory

66
Q

Validity checklist

A

Assess likliehood of suggestion, influence of others and lack of realism

67
Q

Hung Jury

A

10-2 majority is not reached

68
Q

How often is a jury used

A

2%–> when defendant pleads guilty

69
Q

Contempt of court act

A

Prohibits obtaining, disclosing or soliciting information from jury deliberations

70
Q

2 components of dual process theory

A

Systematic: Slower more effortful thinking
Heuristic: Faster, automatic thinking with less detailed scrutiny

71
Q

3 types of heursitics

A

Persuasion–> expert testimony
Confirmation bias
Stereotypes

72
Q

Bornstein pre trial publicity

A

Negative pre-trial publicity more likely to bring guilty verdict

73
Q

Groupthink

A

Desire to reach consensus overrides all else

74
Q

At what age does under development begin?

A

Boys– 1

Girls– 4

75
Q

CSEW

A

Annual crime survey for England and Wales. Best indicator of violent and sexual crime

76
Q

Change in rate of all crime in past year

A

Fell 7%

77
Q

Violent crime stats

A

Increasing
20.4% of all crime
25 categories

78
Q

Sexual crime stats

A

Increasing in last year –> likely due to improved reporting
Decreasing over last 10 years
2.3% of all crime
22 categories

79
Q

Drug crime stats

A

4.5% of all crime
Decrease in all categories
- 46% of all crime (burglary, theft, property) is likely drug related

80
Q

Cambridge juvenile crime

A

Most juvenile crime is adolescent limited

81
Q

6 predictive factors of juvenile crime

A 
Anti-social behavior
Hyperactivity
Low IQ and school attainment 
Family criminality
Family poverty
Harsh parenting
82
Q

Moffit’s 3 offender groups

A

Adolescent limited
Lifecourse persistant
Abstainers

83
Q

What % of adult population are life course persistent

A

5-8%

84
Q

Key/Darke/Finlay primary and secondary antisocial

A

Primary: Drug use after criminal activity
Secondary: Drug use before criminal activity

85
Q

Who is more likely to be a primary antisocial

A

Young, male, life course persistant, commit more violent crime
- 2x more likely to have ASPD

86
Q

3 domains of distal antecedants

A

Biology: neurological problems
Psychology: impulsivity
Environment

87
Q

Distal antecedants lead to…

A

Early indicators–> Conduct disorder, poor parenting, early aggresison

88
Q

BPAQ

A

Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire–> violent offenders report higher verbal/physical violence,agression and depression compared to non-violent offenders and studnets

89
Q

What % of violence is domestic?

A

21.5%

90
Q

Domestic homicide rates according to gender

A

45% male, 55% female

- Males are more likely to be seriously injured because women use weapons more often

91
Q

DSPD

A

Dangerous and severely personality disordered–> nice word for psychopath

92
Q

% of pop who have tried drugs

A

34.7%– 11.7 million people

93
Q

% of young adults who have tried drugs

A

36.5%–> drug use goes down with age

94
Q

Facilitation

A

Contacts made in prison give you more opportunity to keep committing crime

95
Q

Diversification

A

Exposure to different types of crime makes you branch out

96
Q

% of drug users who live chaotic lifestyles

A

5%

97
Q

% of women and children who have been sexually abused

A

20-30% of children

10% of women

98
Q

Fraction of sex crime occuring in the home

A

1/2

99
Q

% of rapes done by females and adolescents

A

10% female

20% adolescent

100
Q

What are the 2 big concerns in assessment

A

Risk of reoffending

Suicide

101
Q

3 types of assessment methods

A

Self-report–> problems with social desirability, impression management
Objective measures–> cognitive and biological tasks
Observation

102
Q

OASys

A

England and Wales offender assessment system–> risk and needs assessment quetsionnaire

103
Q

People most likely to reoffend

A

Young
White
Drug problem

104
Q

Priorities for assessment of all offenders

A

Mental health
IQ
Risk of reoffending

105
Q

Priorities of sexual offender assessment

A

Offence details/history
Denial/minimilization
Willingness for treatment

106
Q

Violent offender assessment priorities

A

Anger
Violent episodes
Sensational interests

107
Q

Dynamic risk factors

A

Drug abuse
Beliefs
Medication non-compliance

108
Q

Risk factor assessment for violent offenders

A

HCR-20

Violence prediction scheme

109
Q

Risk factor assessment for sexual offenders

A

SVR-20

110
Q

STAXI

A

Strait-trait anger expression inventory–> self report assessment for violent offenders

111
Q

Emotional stroop task

A

Emotional processing slows down ability to say colour of word. Violent offenders linger longer on violent words

112
Q

Dot probe task

A

2 words appear and then a dot appears in the position of one of the words. Violent offenders are quicker to recognize position of violent word

113
Q

PCL-R

A

Psychopathy checklist revised– Psychos score above a 30

114
Q

% of people with Anti-social personality disorder

A

7% males
2% females
- Less than 1/3 of people with ASPD are psychopaths

115
Q

% of violent offenders in prison who are psychopaths

A

20%

116
Q

Penile Plethysmography

A

Look at computer images and measure blood in penis

117
Q

2 types of profiling

A

Inductive: Expert skills and profiler knowledge
Deductive: Evidence, crime scene, offence related

118
Q

2 assumptions of profiling

A

Behavioral consistency across crimes

Homology between crimes of different offenders

119
Q

Prison aims

A

Deterrent
Containment
Rehabilitaion

120
Q

Ainsworth reasons why prison is not effective

A

95% of crime goes unconvicted

Conviction happens months after crime so consequence is not immediate

121
Q

Most common detox drug for opiate addiction

A

Buprenorphrine (Subutex)

122
Q

ACCT

A

Assessment care in custody teamwork–> prison service violence reduction strategy

123
Q

What is the key to programme effectiveness

A

Matched to offender characteristics

124
Q

CBT improves what 6 areas of social-cognitive functioning

A 
Self-control
Interpersonal skills
Rigid thinking 
Social perspective taking 
Analytical thinking
Moral reasoning
125
Q

Who does accreditation

A

NOMS: National offender management system

126
Q

3 components of JETS

A

Juveniles–> Parent education and management trianing
Child skills training
Pre-school intellectual enrichment

127
Q

ART

A

Agression replacement training

128
Q

CDVP

A

Community domestic violence

129
Q

HRP

A

Healthy relationships

130
Q

Resolve

A

Reactive and instrumental violence

131
Q

Chemical castration

A

Ineffective–> Inject anti-androgens or homones to reduce testosterone temporarily

132
Q

Meds for sex offender

A

SSRI to reduce ruminative thoughts

133
Q

SOTP

A

Sex offender treatment programme

134
Q

% of DIP clients who increase drug use

A

2%

135
Q

PASRO

A

Prison addressing substance related offending

136
Q

RAPT

A

Rehabilitation for addicted prisoners trust

137
Q

NDTMS

A

National drug treatment monitoring system–> gives stats on programmes

138
Q

Largest age group for DIP

A

30-34–> 40-60% were abstinent in 6 months

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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