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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification taxons

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

The Six Kingdoms and examples

A

Eubacteria: Streptococcus, Archaebacteria: Halophiles, Protista: Giant Kelp, Fungi: Mushrooms, Plantae: Ferns, Animalia, Mammals

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3
Q

Differences between antibiotics, disinfectants, and vaccines

A

Vaccine: preparation of weakened or killed pathogens, when injected they can produce immunity to a certain disease. Antibiotics: compounds that block growth and reproduction of bacteria.
Disinfectants: chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria.

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4
Q

Lytic infection cycle

A

Bacteriophage infects DNA into bacterium- bacteriophage DNA forms a circle- bacteriophage takes over bacterium’s metabolism, causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids- bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles- bacteriophage enzyme lysed the bacterium’s cell wall, releasing new bacteriophage particles that can attack other cells.

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5
Q

Know phototrophic and chemotrophic autotrophs and heterotrophs

A

Chemoheterotrophs: must take in organic molecules for energy and a supply of carbon
Photoheterotrophs: photosynthetic, uses light for energy, needs organic compounds for a source of carbon
Photoautotrophs: uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen
Chemoautotrophs: make organic molecules from carbon dioxide, doesn’t require light, energy comes from chemical reactions

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6
Q

Differences in flowers that are pollenized by different things

A

Pollen carried by bees, animals, or wind

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7
Q

Evergreens

A

Retain their leaves throughout the year

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8
Q

Differences between monocot and dicots petals

A

Monocot petals are multiples or three, dicots are multiples of four or five

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9
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

A

Gymnosperms- conifers (pines and spruce)

Angiosperms- grasses, all flowers and flowering trees

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10
Q

Characteristics of trees with naked seeds

A

Cone bearers

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11
Q

Characteristics of tracheophytes

A

True vascular tissues, strong roots, creeping or underground stems (rhysomes) and large leaves (fronds)

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12
Q

Prothalliium

A

Flat, green, heart shaped, beginning stages of a fern

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13
Q

Tracheid

A

Keys cells in xylem- a transport subsystem that carries water upward from roots and all parts of plant

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14
Q

Vertebrates

A

Animals with a backbone

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15
Q

Osculum

A

Large hole at the top of a sponge where water exits

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16
Q

Cnidarians

A

Soft bodied, carnivorous animals with stinging tentacles arranged in circles around the mouth, simplest animals to have symmetry and specialized tissues.

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17
Q

Phyla and classes of this chapter

A

Phylum: Porifera (sponges)

Phylum: Cnidaria
Scyphozoa, jellyfishes
Hydrozoa, hydras and their relatives
Anthozoa, sea anemones and corals

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18
Q

Sponges, corals, and sea anemones

A

Sponges:
Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls, a few specialized cells

Corals and sea anemones:
Colonial, flower animals

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19
Q

Radula

A

Flexible, tongue shaped structure used by snails and slugs to feed

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20
Q

Examples of cephalopods

A

Octopi, squids, cuttlefishes, and nautiluses

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21
Q

Visceral mass

A

Internal organs of mollusks

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22
Q

Gastropods

A

Ponds snails, land slugs, sea butterflies, sea hares, limpets and nudibranchs
Shell less or single shelled mollusks that move by using a muscular foot

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23
Q

Characteristics of the phylum Annelida

A

Body divided into segments, separated internal walls (septa) some segments have eyes, antennae, other sense organs, some have bristles called state on each segment, worms with a true coelom

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24
Q

Phyla of this chapter

A

Platyhelminthes- flatworms
Nematoda- roundworms
Annelida- Annelida
Mollusks- mollusks

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25
Q

Chelicerates (know specific ones and their characteristics)

A

Mouthparts called chelicerae and two body sections, most have 4 pairs of walking legs- no antennae, bodies divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. Cephalothorax: brain, eyes, mouth, walking legs. Abdomen: internal organs.
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions.

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26
Q

Crustacea (know specific ones and their characteristics)

A

Primarily aquatic, typically have two pairs of antennae, two or three, body sections, and chewing mouthparts (mandibles).
Crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfishes, and barnacles

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27
Q

Uniramia (know specific ones and their characteristics)

A

Have jaws, one pair of antennae and unbranded appendages. Centipedes and millipedes- long wormlike bodies composed of many leg bearing segments. Insects- compact three part bodies- most adapted for flight.

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28
Q

Mouthparts of chelicerates

A

Chelicerae contain fangs to stab and paralyze prey, pedipalps to grab prey.

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29
Q

Centipedes

A

Centipedes: a few to more than one hundred pairs of legs, most body segments have one pair each, carnivores, venomous claws that are part of their mouth, live under rocks or in soil, and they have spiricles that cannot close, their exoskeleton is not waterproof.

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30
Q

Millipedes

A

Highly segmented body, two pairs of legs per segments, herbivores, live under rocks and decaying logs, timid, roll into a ball to protect their tummies, secrete a toxic waste to keep enemies away.

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31
Q

Complete metamorphosis stages

A

Eggs- larvae- pupa- adult

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32
Q

Crustaceans third pair of appendages

A

Mandibles for biting and grinding food

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33
Q

Parts of the water vascular system

A

System of internal tubes filled with fluid, carries out many essential body functions, a sievelike structure called the madreporite, a ring canal, tubefoot,

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34
Q

Characteristics of echinoderms

A

No anterior or posterior ends, lacks cephalization, most bodies are two sided, mouth side is called oral side, the opposite side is called aboral, spiny skin, internal skeleton, water vascular system, suction cuplike structures, called tubefeet, most have five part radial symmetry.

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35
Q

Chordates

A

An animal that has for atleast some stage of its life, dorsal hollow nerve chord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, a tail that extends beyond the anus.

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36
Q

Vertebrate (chordates)

A

96% of chordate are vertebrates, most vertebrates have a backbone, dorsal hollow nerve called spinal cord,

37
Q

Invertebrate (chordates)

A

A chordate with no backbone

38
Q

Tunicates (chordates)

A

A type of invertebrate

39
Q

Swim bladder

A

Internal gas filled organ that adjusts buoyancy.

40
Q

Notochord

A

Long supporting rod that runs through the body below the nerve cord.

41
Q

Parts of the fish brain and what they control

A

Cerebrum, processes sense of smell
Cerebellum, coordinates body movements
Medulla oblongata, controls the functioning of many internal organs.

42
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, Rays, skates, some uncommon fishes such as sawfishes and chimaeras

43
Q

Lateral lines

A

Sensitive receptors in fish that detect gentle currents and vibrations in the the water.

44
Q

Kidneys of fish

A

They filter waste out of the blood.

45
Q

Crop

A

Stores and moistens food

46
Q

Gizzard

A

Grinds food

47
Q

Types of feathers

A

Contour and down

48
Q

Reptile adaptations that help them survive on land

A

Well developed lungs, double loop circulatory system, water conserving excretory system, strong limbs, internal fertilization, shelled terrestrial eggs, control body Temperature by moving to a different location

49
Q

Orders of reptile

A

Squamata: snakes and lizards
Crocodilians- crocodiles and alligators
Testudines: turtles and tortoises
Sphenodonta: tuataras

50
Q

Cloaca

A

Muscular cavity that wastes, urine, eggs, sperm leave the body through.

51
Q

Air sacs

A

Place where most of the air goes when birds inhale, one way

52
Q

Dorsal part of the turtles shell

A

Carapace

53
Q

Bird bones

A

Long bones a exceptionally long and light, crossbracing called struts, and air spaces

54
Q

Parts of the mammal brains and there function

A

Cerebrum: thinking and learning
Cerebellum: muscular coordination
Medulla oblongata: regulates involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate
Cerebral cortex: center of thinking and other complex behaviors.

55
Q

What makes a mammal a mammal?

A

Hair, mammary glands, breathe air, 4 chambered hearts, endotherms

56
Q

Grazing animals digestion organs

A

Stomach chamber called the rumen

57
Q

Why are egg laying mammals still considered mammals?

A

The young are still nourished by their mothers milk.

58
Q

What muscles makes the chest cavity expand?

A

Chest muscles and the diaphragm

59
Q

Nocturnal

A

Animals that are awake and feed at night.

60
Q

Orders of placental

A 
Insectivora- hedgehog
Chiroptera- vampire bat
Primates- human
Xenarthra- armadillo
Lagomorpha- rabbit
Rodentia- rat
Cetacea- whale
Carnivora- bear
Proboscidea- Asian elephant
Sirenia- manatee
Perissodactyla- zebra
Artiodactyla- antelope
61
Q

Examples of marsupials

A

Kangaroos, koalas, wallabies, wombats.

62
Q

Teeth of a blue whale

A

Huge stiffened plates called baleen.

63
Q

Gestation period

A

Period of time between fertilization and birth.

64
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plants bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

65
Q

Anterior

A

Front

66
Q

Chordate

A

Member of the phylum Chordata, at some point in their lifecycle have a dorsal hollow nerve chord, Notochord, pharyngeal pouches and a muscular tail.

67
Q

Dorsal

A

Fin of the back of a fish. (Top)

68
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

An organism that can survive with or without oxygen.

69
Q

Gametangia

A

Gamete producing structure found in mold.

70
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Plants reproduce with seeds that are exposed (naked seed)

71
Q

Hyphae

A

Tiny filaments that make up multicellular fungus or water mold.

72
Q

Motile

A

An organism that can move around

73
Q

Mycelium

A

Many hyphae tangled into a thick mass. “The roots”

74
Q

Nematocyst

A

Stinging structure within each cnidocyte of a cnidarian used to poison or kill prey.

75
Q

Notochord

A

Long supporting rod that runs through a chordate’s body just below the nerve cord.

76
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Organisms that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

77
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Animals whose young are born alive after developing in eggs inside the mothers body

78
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and carbs produced by photosynthesis.

79
Q

Posterior

A

Back

80
Q

Prion

A

Infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA or DNA

81
Q

Rhizoids

A

In fungi, a rootlike hypha that penetrates the surface of an object. In mosses a long thin cell that anchors the moss to the ground and absorbs water and minerals from the soil.

82
Q

Rumen

A

Stomach chamber in cows which newly swallowed plant food is stored and processed

83
Q

Sessile

A

Spends their life attached to a single spot.

84
Q

Stolons

A

In fungi a stemlike hypha that runs along the surface of an object, in plants a long trailing stem that produces roots when it touches the ground

85
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

86
Q

Viroid

A

Single stranded RNA molecule that has no surrounding capsids

87
Q

Viviparous

A

Term referring to animals that bear live young that are nourished directly by their mother’s body as they develop

88
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant.

89
Q

Mammal orders

A 
Monotremata- duckbill platypus
Marsupialia- kangaroo 
Insectivora- hedgehog
Chiroptera- vampire bat
Primates- human
Xenarthra- armadillo
Lagomorpha- rabbit
Rodentia- rat
Cetacea- whale
Carnivora- bear
Proboscidea- Asian elephant
Sirenia- manatee
Perissodactyla- zebra
Artiodactyla- antelope

Biology Final (1 decks)

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