Final

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Deals with the behavior, thoughts, and emotions of individuals as they go through adulthood

Question 2

4 different ways to conceptualize age

Answer 2

Chronological age- how long has it been since you were born

Biological age- how your organ systems are functioning

Psychological age- how you feel, think, and adapt

Social age- what kinds of roles you play (youth pastor)

Question 3

Independent Variable

Answer 3

Variable that is manipulated.

Question 4

Dependent Variable

Answer 4

variable that is being measured

Question 5

control group vs experimental group

Answer 5

control group is not manipulated and does not have treatment whereas the experimental group is

Question 6

Experimental vs. correlational designs

Answer 6

correlational designs can only tell us the extent to which two sets of scores on the same people tend to vary together. Experimental designs can tell us causation

Question 7

5 characteristics of emerging adulthood

Answer 7

Self focus - learning to figure things out for yourself, free from most adult responsibilities that will come

Instability

Identity formation - Identities in love, work, political, religious, ethnic, etc.

Age of possibilities - life decisions

In-Between - technically an adult but do not have all of the responsibilities that most adults have

Question 8

Primary vs secondary aging

Answer 8

primary aging: the gradual, inevitable changes that will happen to most of us as we go through adulthood.

secondary aging: the changes that happen more suddenly and that are usually the result of disease, injury, or some environmental event

Question 9

what happens to muscles over time?

Answer 9

with age, most adults experience a gradual decrease in muscle mass and strength. the number of muscle fibers decrease, probably as a result of reduced levels of growth hormones and testosterone.

Question 10

exercise can help with muscles

Answer 10

two types of exercise can help rebuild muscle mass and strength: resistance training and stretching

Question 11

prevention of osteoporosis

Answer 11

promote bone health through life. proper diet containing required amounts of calcium and vitamin d. healthy bones also require a regimen of exercise of the weight-bearing muscles, including high-impact exercise such as running and jumping

Question 12

Impact of HRT

Answer 12

can alleviate hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and bone fractures. However, it has been related to an increased risk for breast cancer, heart attacks, stroke, and blood clots in women in high risk groups

Question 13

ADL vs IADL and examples

Answer 13

Activities of daily living - basic self care activities such as bathing, dressing, getting inside the home, shifting from a bed to a chair, using the toilet,
Instrumental activities of daily living - more complex every day tasks such as preparing meals, shopping for personal items, doing light house work, doing laundry, handling finances, taking medication,

Question 14

Acute vs Chronic

Answer 14

Acute - short term health problems such as colds, flu, infections, or short term intestinal upsets
Chronic - longer lasting disorders such as heart disease, arthritis, high blood pressure

Question 15

Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for disease

Answer 15

risk factor for cancer, alzheimer’s, cardiovascular disease

Question 16

Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence, pattern over time

Answer 16

Crystallized intelligence is dependent on education and experience. set of skills and bits of knowledge that we each learn as a part of growing up.
Fluid intelligence - more basic set of abilities requiring adaptation to new situations and prior education or learning proved little advantage.

Fluid peaked in mid-twenties with declines being obvious by the mid thirties

Crystallized peaked in the forties and remained stable until about age 70 when decline was seen

Question 17

Sensory memory

Answer 17

initial step as information is picked up by the senses and processed briefly by the perceptual system

Question 18

Working memory

Answer 18

Amount of information we can hold in our mind while performing some time of operation on it. Shows substantial decline with age
• Working memory: actively performing mental operations on information.
More substantial declines with age

Question 19

Long-term memory

Answer 19

holds encoded for years.
systematic - memories for facts and events that can be consciously evaluated
episodic - not generally available to conscious awareness

	○ Semantic memory: stored facts 
		§ Relatively stable with the exception of word-finding errors
	○ Episodic memory: ability to recall events
		§ Memorization decline
		§ Difficulty retrieving from long-term memory Interference

Question 20

Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies of intelligence, and their patterns over time

Answer 20

• Age difference (cross-sectional) vs. Age change (Longitudinal)
○ Cross-sectional research - one time study (asparagus example)
Longitudinal Research - change over a period of time