Final Flashcards
What is development?
Deals with the behavior, thoughts, and emotions of individuals as they go through adulthood
4 different ways to conceptualize age
Chronological age- how long has it been since you were born
Biological age- how your organ systems are functioning
Psychological age- how you feel, think, and adapt
Social age- what kinds of roles you play (youth pastor)
Independent Variable
Variable that is manipulated.
Dependent Variable
variable that is being measured
control group vs experimental group
control group is not manipulated and does not have treatment whereas the experimental group is
Experimental vs. correlational designs
correlational designs can only tell us the extent to which two sets of scores on the same people tend to vary together. Experimental designs can tell us causation
5 characteristics of emerging adulthood
Self focus - learning to figure things out for yourself, free from most adult responsibilities that will come
Instability
Identity formation - Identities in love, work, political, religious, ethnic, etc.
Age of possibilities - life decisions
In-Between - technically an adult but do not have all of the responsibilities that most adults have
Primary vs secondary aging
primary aging: the gradual, inevitable changes that will happen to most of us as we go through adulthood.
secondary aging: the changes that happen more suddenly and that are usually the result of disease, injury, or some environmental event
what happens to muscles over time?
with age, most adults experience a gradual decrease in muscle mass and strength. the number of muscle fibers decrease, probably as a result of reduced levels of growth hormones and testosterone.
exercise can help with muscles
two types of exercise can help rebuild muscle mass and strength: resistance training and stretching
prevention of osteoporosis
promote bone health through life. proper diet containing required amounts of calcium and vitamin d. healthy bones also require a regimen of exercise of the weight-bearing muscles, including high-impact exercise such as running and jumping
Impact of HRT
can alleviate hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and bone fractures. However, it has been related to an increased risk for breast cancer, heart attacks, stroke, and blood clots in women in high risk groups
ADL vs IADL and examples
Activities of daily living - basic self care activities such as bathing, dressing, getting inside the home, shifting from a bed to a chair, using the toilet,
Instrumental activities of daily living - more complex every day tasks such as preparing meals, shopping for personal items, doing light house work, doing laundry, handling finances, taking medication,
Acute vs Chronic
Acute - short term health problems such as colds, flu, infections, or short term intestinal upsets
Chronic - longer lasting disorders such as heart disease, arthritis, high blood pressure
Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for disease
risk factor for cancer, alzheimer’s, cardiovascular disease
Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence, pattern over time
Crystallized intelligence is dependent on education and experience. set of skills and bits of knowledge that we each learn as a part of growing up.
Fluid intelligence - more basic set of abilities requiring adaptation to new situations and prior education or learning proved little advantage.
Fluid peaked in mid-twenties with declines being obvious by the mid thirties
Crystallized peaked in the forties and remained stable until about age 70 when decline was seen
Sensory memory
initial step as information is picked up by the senses and processed briefly by the perceptual system
Working memory
Amount of information we can hold in our mind while performing some time of operation on it. Shows substantial decline with age
• Working memory: actively performing mental operations on information.
More substantial declines with age
Long-term memory
holds encoded for years.
systematic - memories for facts and events that can be consciously evaluated
episodic - not generally available to conscious awareness
○ Semantic memory: stored facts § Relatively stable with the exception of word-finding errors ○ Episodic memory: ability to recall events § Memorization decline § Difficulty retrieving from long-term memory Interference
Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies of intelligence, and their patterns over time
• Age difference (cross-sectional) vs. Age change (Longitudinal)
○ Cross-sectional research - one time study (asparagus example)
Longitudinal Research - change over a period of time
