Final Flashcards
What are the steps of the speech making process in the correct order?
Consider your audience, Select and narrow topic, determine purpose, develop central idea, generate main ideas, gather supporting material, organize speech, rehearse speech, deliver speech
Vertical search engine
Google scholar for example. You can help narrow your search to academic sources and index job websites.
Boolean search
This helps narrow your search as well. You can enclose phrases in quotation marks or parentheses so that the results include only those sites on which all words of the phrase appear in that order.
Accuracy
It is hard to determine if the information from your website is accurate. Consider whether the author or sponsor is a credible authority. Assess the care with which the site has been written. It should be free of writing errors. Conduct additional research into the information on the site.
List and describe the sources of supporting materials?
Internet resources, online databases, books, reference resources, news paper source
What are the benefits of an Internet source as a supporting material? What are the drawbacks?
Benefits- wide variety, quick and simple
Drawbacks- there is a lot of uncredible information, troubles narrowing search and finding the correct sites
What is the difference between a database and Internet search?
Online databases provide access to bibliographic information, abstract, and full tax for a variety of resources. Most databases are restricted to the patrons of libraries that scribe to them. Your library missing scribe to several or all of the following popular fulltext searchable database is.
CRAAP test
Currency Relevance Authority Accuracy Purpose
Brief illustrations
Brief illustrations are often no longer than a sentence or two. A series of brief illustrations can sometimes have more impact than either a single brief illustration or a more detailed extended illustration.
Extended illustrations
Extended illustrations are longer and more detailed than brief illustrations they resemble a story. They are vividly descriptive and they have a plot which includes an opening, complications, Climax, and a resolution. Longer stories take more time, but they can be very dramatic and emotionally compelling.
Hypothetical illustration’s
Hypothetical illustration’s maybe either brief or extended. They describe situations or events that have not actually occurred but that might happen.
Description
The description tells you what something is like. Descriptions provide the details that allow audience members to develop mental pictures of what speakers are talking about.
Explanation
An explanation of the statement that makes clear how something is done or white exist in its present form or existed and it’s past form. Speakers who discuss or demonstrate processes of any kind reliable lease in part on explanations of how those processes work.
Definition
Definitions have two uses and speeches. First speaker should be sure to define any and all specialized technical or little-known terms and the speech. (Textbook definition)Second, a speaker made to find a turn by showing how works or how does applied in specific instance what is known as an operational definition.for example a speaker made to find a disease such as rickets by explain the effects on people who develop it, rather than using a dictionary definition.
Analogy
An analogy is a comparison. Like the definition and analogy increases understanding I’m like a definition of deals with relationships and comparisons between the new and the old the unknown and a known or any other pair of ideas or things.
Literal analogy
A literal analogy is a comparison between two similar things. But because it is creative, it is inherently interesting and should have grabbed audiences attention.
Figurative analogy
If you describe the relationships among a group of coworkers Aza seething snakepit filled with his and gossip and Sharpbend attacks, you were using figurative analogy.
Expert testimony
Expert testimony, the testimony of a recognized authority, can add a great deal of weight to your arguments. You may “experts directly or paraphrase of words, as long as you’re careful not to alter the Intent of their marks
Lay testimony
Lay testimony, the opinions of nonexperts, concern audiences emotions. And, although neither of the sort of nowhere as unbiased as expert testimony lay testimony is often more memorable
How can you use illustrations most effectively?
To use illustrations effectively, be certain that your stories are directly relevant to the idea or point they are supposed to support. They should be typical of the situation or represent the trend. The best illustrations are personal ones that your listeners can imagine experiencing themselves.
How to use descriptions and explanations effectively
Avoid overuse, alternate descriptions and explanations but other types of support. Keep them brief. Be specific, use vivid, concrete words that appeal to the senses
What are the two types of definitions discussed? How should he use definitions effectively?
Classification(textbook definition) Operational definition (describing a definition) Use the definition only when needed. Make definitions immediately and easily understandable to your audience.
What is the purpose of using statistics? What are the principles for using statistics affectively?
Statistics can help a speaker express the magnitude or seriousness of the situation. Or statistics can express the relationship part to the hole. Make sure to use reliable sources, reputable sources.
Manuscript speaking
Reading from a manuscript is usually a poor way to deliver a speech. Although It may provide insurance against forgetting the speech, manuscripts freaking is rarely done well enough to be interesting
Memorize speaking
Memorized speaking sound Steph, stilted, and ovary hurts. You also run the risk of her getting parts for your speech and awkwardly searching for words and for your audience.
Impromptu speaking.
You have undoubtedly already delivered many impromptu presentations. Your response to question posed by teacher and class and you’re on rehearsed rebottle to comment made by calling during a meeting are examples. The advantage of Impromptu speaking is that you can speak informally and maintain direct eye contact with the audience.
Extemporaneous speaking
I’m in extemporaneous speaking, you speak from a written or memorize general outline, but you do not have the exact wording in front of you or memory. You have rehearse the speech so that you know key ideas and organization, but not to the degree that the speech sounds memorized.
What are the six non verbal factors used in communication?
Eye contact, gestures, movement, posture, facial expression, personal appearance
Nonverbal expectancy theory
Suggests that if listeners expectations on how communication should be express d are violated listeners will feel less favorable towards the communicator or message
Emotional contagion Theory
Suggest that people tend to catch the emotions of others. It’s important because you need to express the emotions you want readers to feel
How does Eye contact the audiences interpretation of you and your message?
Eye contact with your audience lets your audience know you are interested in them and want to talk to them. It Keeps Your audience interested helps to remember your message and enhances your credibility. You can also determine feedback
Attitudes
Attitude is a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something
Belief
A belief is what you understand to be true or false. If you believe in something, you’re convinced that it exist or is true
Value
The value is an underage consumption the right or wrong, good or bad. If you value something, classified as good or desirable, you tend to think of its opposite negatively
Behavior
Persuasive messages often the time to do more than change or reinforce attitudes, Beliefs, or values, they attempt to change behavior
Classical rhetoric
Ethos - you must be credible, ethical, and a character of good morals, and common sense
Logos - the rational and logical arguments that a speaker uses to persuade someone.
Pathos - the use of appeals to emotion in persuasion. Stories pictures music
Elaboration likelihood model ELM
Focuses on the listeners actions with the direct persuasion route, or indirect persuasion route.
Direct route- you follow when you elaborate on, or critically evaluate a message.
Indirect route - focuses more on the peripheral factors of the message or messenger. Things like emotional reaction to the speaker
Cognitive dissonance
When you are presented with information inconsistent with your current attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior, you experience because of discomfort called cognitive dissidents. To cope with cognitive dissidents need to provide solutions to the problem.
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, social, self esteem, self actualization
Social judgment theory
Social judgment theory Suggested listeners will come do your speech with one of three positions, 1: latitude of acceptance, and which they are generally with you, 2: latitude of rejection, which they disagree, or 3: latitude of noncommitment, which they are not yet committed
Proposition of fact
Proposition of fact focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen
Proposition of value
Proposition of value is the statement that calls for listener to judge the worth of importance of something. Value propositions often compare two things to see which one is better
Proposition of policy
Proposition of policy advocates a specific action, changing the policy, procedure, or behavior.
Persuasion
Persuasion is the process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors
Positive motivation
Positive motivational appeals are suggestions that That good things will happen to listeners who heed the speakers advise. Using positive motivational appeals effectively is to know what your listeners value.
Negative motivation
The use of a threat to change someone’s attitude or behavior is one of the most effective approaches. Negative motivation, also known as a fear appeal, takes the form of a if then statement.
Credibility
Credibility, which Aristotle referred to as Ethos, is the audiences perception of the speakers confidence, trustworthiness, and dynamism.
Competence
You show competence by being informed, skill, or knowledgeable about your subject.
Trustworthiness
While delivering your speech, demonstrate your trust worthiness by conveying honesty and sincerity.
Dynamism
You project dynamism, or energy, through your delivery.
Charisma
Charisma is a form of dynamism. A Charisthmatic person possesses charm, Talent, magnetism, and other qualities that make a person attractive and energetic
Initial credibility
Initial credibility is the impression of your credibility that listeners have even before you speak.
Derived credibility
Derived credibility is the perception of your credibility that listeners form as you present yourself and your message.
Terminal credibility
The perception that listeners have of your credibility when you finish your speech. Continue to make eye contact. Don’t leave the lectern or speaking area until you finish your closing sentence. Be ready to respond to questions
Reasoning
Reasoning is the process drawing a conclusion from evident. Proof consist of the evidence plus the conclusion to draw from it.
Evidence
Evidence consists of facts, examples, statistics, and expert opinions that you used to support and prove the point if you wish to make
Inductive reasoning
You reach a general conclusion based on specific examples, facts, statistics, and opinions.
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from a general statement or principle to reach a specific conclusion
Reasoning by analogy
This is the form of inductive reasoning using the comparison of something to another
Syllogism
Syllogism is deductive reasoning That can be structured in three elements
Major premise - a specific statement about an example linked to the major premise
Minor premise - a more specific statement about an example linked to the major premise.
Conclusion - based on the major premise and the minor premise.
Casual reasoning
Casual reasoning relates two or more events in such a way to conclude that one more of the events caused the others.
Problem solution
Make the audience aware of a problem and present a solution
Refutation
Prove that argument against your position are false
Cause-and-effect
Discuss an effect or problem and then what causes the problem
Monro’s motivated sequence
Attention need satisfaction visualization action
