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Mycology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is mycology

A

Scientific discipline dealing with fungi

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2
Q

What is mycoses

A

Diseases caused in animals by fungi

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3
Q

What is obligate

A

Restricted to a particular function or mode of l life

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4
Q

What is

A

Capable of functioning under varying conditions of life

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5
Q

What are slime molds

A

Fungal like protists

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6
Q

What super group does Acrasiomycota belong to

A

Excavata

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7
Q

What members are found in Acrasiomycota

A

Slime molds

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8
Q

What super group does Labyrinthulomycota

A

Chromalvelolata

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9
Q

What members are found in Labyrinthulomycota

A

Slime nets

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10
Q

What super group does Plasmodiophorids belong to

A

Rhizaria

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11
Q

What members are found in Plasmodiophorids

A

Parasitic protists

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12
Q

What super group does Myxomyccetes and Dictyosteliida belong to

A

Amoebozoa

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13
Q

What organisms are found in Myxomycetes and Dictyosteliida

A

Plasmodial and cellular slime molds

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14
Q

What kind of movement is found in Amebozoa

A

Pseudopodia or subpseudopodia

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15
Q

Do members in group Amebozoa usually have uninucleate, binucleate, or multinucleate

A

Usually uninucleate

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16
Q

What are the flagellar characteristics of Amebozoa

A

Single flagella or bikont

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17
Q

What is a common physical features for Amoebozoa

A

Cysts

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18
Q

To what phylum do plasmodial slime molds belong

A

Myxomycetes

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19
Q

To what phylum does cellular slime molds belong

A

Dictyosteliomycetes

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20
Q

To what phylum does aquatic molds belong

A

Oomycota

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21
Q

What type of cell wall does oomycota have

A

No cell wall

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22
Q

How does oomycota feed

A

Phagotrophic feeding

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23
Q

How does oomycota move

A

Ameboid movement

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24
Q

To what phylum does class myxomycetes belong

A

Oomycota

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25
Q

What do members of myxomycetes feed on

A

Bacteria, yeasts anything by phagocytosis

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26
Q

What does it mean that members of myxomycetes are coenocytic

A

Many nucleii per mycelium. Single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally through gap junctions

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27
Q

What type of life cycle do myxomycetes have

A

Sporic meiosis

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28
Q

What type of gametes do members of myxomycetes have

A

Isogamous

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29
Q

How do members of myxomycetes exist

A

Exist as thin streaming creeping masses of protoplasm with many nuclei though lacking a cell wall

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30
Q

What are the possible fruition cations of members of myxomycetes

A

Sporangia, aethelia, plasmodicarp

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31
Q

What do sporangia of myxomycetes look like

A

May be stalked and may have unique shapes

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32
Q

What does an aethelia of myxomycetes look like

A

Large, thick, and cushion shaped

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33
Q

What do plasmodicarp son myxomycetes look like

A

Retain branching habit of the original plasmodium (most primitive)

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34
Q

What is the resting stage of plasmodial slime molds called

A

Sclerotium

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35
Q

What is a sclerotium

A

Resting stage for plasmodial slime molds that is a compacted mass of hardened mycelium with food reserves

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36
Q

What is a macro yet

A

Aggregation in the sclerotium and when environment is ideal an individual plasmodium will emerge (sort of like a seed in the sclerotium)

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37
Q

What is a key difference between myxomycetes and dictyosteliomycetes

A

Dictyo has cell wall

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38
Q

How do members of dictyosteliomycetes feed

A

By phagocytosis

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39
Q

What is the gametic type for members of dictyosteliomycetes

A

Isogamous

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40
Q

When members of dictyosteliomycetes aggregate together what do they form

A

Pseudoplasmodium that is a motile slug like mass

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41
Q

What is the main function of the pseudoplasmodium of dictyosteliomycetes

A

To aggregate towards light or away from heat

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42
Q

What is a waste product of pseudoplasmodium

A

Ammonia (photo taxis)

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43
Q

A pseudoplasmodium of dictyosteliomycetes turns itself into what

A

Sorocarp

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44
Q

What makes up a sorocarp of dictyosteliomycetes

A

Sorus
Sorophore
Basal disk

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45
Q

What is the function of the sorocarp of dictyosteliomycetes

A

Used in spore dispersal

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46
Q

What is a dictyosteliomycetes macrocyst

A

The fusion of two sex cells creating this macrocyst which is able to do asexual reproduction

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47
Q

What is homothallic

A

Male and female reproductive on same thallus

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48
Q

What is heterothallic

A

Male and female reproductive structures on different thallus

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49
Q

To what supergroup does oomycota belong to

A

Chromalvelolata

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50
Q

How was the plastic for chromalvelolata derived

A

Secondary endosymbiosis of an archaeplastid

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51
Q

What are the cell walls of oomycota made of

A

Cellulose and glucan

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52
Q

What is the flagellar of oomycota

A

Biflagellated spores (heterokonts)

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53
Q

What kind of feeding is found in oomycota

A

Osmotrophic

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54
Q

What are all members of oomycota ecologically

A

Saprobes or parasites

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55
Q

What does it mean that members of oomycota are coenocytic

A

Many nuclei per mycelium

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56
Q

What kind of life cycle is found in oomycota

A

Gametic meiosis

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57
Q

What are the gametes of oomycota

A

Oogamous

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58
Q

What’s another name for the heterokonts

A

Stramenopiles

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59
Q

what fungal phylum is not a member of the stramenopiles

A

oomycota

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60
Q

what defines a heterokont

A

one whiplash flagella and one tinsel flagella

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61
Q

to what phylum does saprolegniales belong to

A

oomycota

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62
Q

what members are in the saprolegniales

A

water molds

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63
Q

how are members of saprolegniales different from chytrids

A

diploid coenocytic thallus, cellulose in call walls (not chitin), heterokont

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64
Q

why is saprolegniales of medical importance

A

attacks fish and fish eggs

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65
Q

what is the difference between a saprophyte and a parasite

A

saprophyte doesnt cause harm to the host, parasite causes harm to the host

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66
Q

where do most protists live

A

aquatic habitats

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67
Q

what are the main types of fungi

A

yeasts, molds, musrooms

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68
Q

what do fungi cell walls contain that is not present in plants

A

chitin

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69
Q

what is a fruiting body

A

mass of hyphae into mycelium into fruiting body

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70
Q

what is isogamy

A

same size gametes and same flagella

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71
Q

what is anisogamy

A

same flagella different size

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72
Q

what is oogamy

A

different size different flagella

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73
Q

what is zygotic meiosis

A

short diploid stage, free living haploid stage

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74
Q

what is gametic meiosis

A

free living diploid, same as humans

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75
Q

what is sporic meiosis

A

free living in each stage, alternation of generations

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76
Q

what organisms are heterotrophs

A

fungi and some plants and algae

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77
Q

what phylum are slime molds in

A

acrasimycota

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78
Q

what supergroup are slime molds in

A

excavata

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79
Q

what supergroup are parasitic protists in

A

rhizaria

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80
Q

what phylum are parasitic protists in

A

plasodiaporida

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81
Q

what is a slime mold

A

funal like hetereotroph

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82
Q

what class are plasmodial slime molds in

A

myxomycetes

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83
Q

what class are cellular slime molds in

A

dictyosteliomycetes

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84
Q

what kind of cells does class dictyosteliomycetes have

A

myxamoebas

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85
Q

why would amoeboid dictyosteliomycete gather into a group

A

due to the release of acrasin

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86
Q

what carries the spores of dictyosteliomyceyes

A

wind

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87
Q

if there is 1 free living stage that is haploid what kind of life cycle is present

A

zygotic

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88
Q

what habitat do myxomycota live in

A

terrestrial

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89
Q

what supergroup does phylum oomycota belong to

A

chromalveolata

90
Q

what kind of life cycle does oomycota have

A

gametic

91
Q

what makes oomycota different from heterokontophyta

A

no plastid(chloroplast)

92
Q

which of the fungi phyla are not coenocytic

A

ascomycota and basidiomycota

93
Q

what is a zoosporangium

A

motile asexual spores of saprolegniales

94
Q

what is the sexual stage of saprolegniales

A

oogonium- diploid oospheres

95
Q

is the life cycle of saprolegniales hetero or homo

A

homothallic

96
Q

how many eggs are in the sexual stage of saprolegniales

A

8

97
Q

what are the male and female parts of saprolegniales

A

male antheridium and female oogonium

98
Q

what houses gametes typically

A

gametangia

99
Q

where does meiosis occur in saprolegniales

A

within the gametangia

100
Q

are fungi hetero or homotrophic

A

heterotrophic

101
Q

what group are the fungi part of

A

supergroup opisthokonta

102
Q

what do fungi store their food as

A

glycogen

103
Q

how many flagellum opisthokonta have

A

single posterior

104
Q

what are the 5 funal phyla

A

chytridiamycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, “deuteromycota”

105
Q

whats special about the classification of deuteromycota

A

its asexual asco and deuteromycota

106
Q

what is mycelium composed of

A

hyphae

107
Q

what is the fruiting body of fungi made of

A

aggregation of mycelium

108
Q

where are the spores of fungi made

A

on the fruiting bodies

109
Q

how to mycelium obtain their water

A

osmosis

110
Q

whats the difference between septate and aseptate fungi

A

septation vs no septation, septate has 1-2 nuclei per cell while aseptate is multinucleate, septate has nuclear division while aseptate has nuclei dividing without cytokinesis

111
Q

whats different about nuclear division in fungi

A

nuclear envelope doesnt break down

112
Q

what kind of mitosis does fungi have

A

closed mitosis

113
Q

what is plasmogamy in fungi

A

gametes fuse

114
Q

what produces a fleshy fruiting body

A

heterokaryotic mycelium

115
Q

what ways can spores be dispersed from a fruiting body

A

rain, wind, animal

116
Q

what is st anthonys fire

A

ergotism, fungus that gets baked into breads and causes consumers to hallucinate and possibly gangrene

117
Q

what kind of toxins are common in fungi

A

aflatoxins

118
Q

how do most fungi reproduce asexually

A

generate chains of spores at the hyphae tips

119
Q

what is conidia

A

asexual spore

120
Q

what is anamorph

A

imperfect asexual (asexual spores)

121
Q

what is telomorph

A

perfect sexual (fusion of gametes giving rise to zygote giving rise to spores)

122
Q

what is holomorph

A

has both sexual and asexual stages in its life cycle (both anamorphic and telomorphic)

123
Q

whats the primary habitat of chytridiomycota

A

aquatic (soils and rocks)

124
Q

what makes chytridiomycota gametes different from all other true fungi

A

motile zoospores and gametes with flagella

125
Q

what order are chytrids in

A

what order are chytrids in

126
Q

what are the two types of chytrids

A

holocarpic and eucarpic

127
Q

what does holocarpic mean

A

chytrid that forms entirely within the host cell (whole zoospores)

128
Q

what does eucarpic mean

A

parastitic anchor into the host and part transforms into zoospores

129
Q

what is chytridiomycosis

A

fungal disease in frogs that makes it impossible for them to breathe properly through their skin

130
Q

what phylum is blastocladiales in

A

chytridiomycota

131
Q

what kind of gametes does blastocladiales have

A

anisogamous

132
Q

what kind of reproduction does blastocladiales have

A

fusion of gametes

133
Q

what are mitosporangia

A

asexual sporangia that release diploid zoospores

134
Q

what are meiosporangia

A

sexual sporangia that release haploid zoospores

135
Q

what do haploid zoospores in allomyces give rise to

A

gametophyte or gametothallus

136
Q

what kind of life cycle does allomycetes/blastocladiales have

A

sporic meiosis

137
Q

is allomycetes homo or hetereothallic

A

homothallic

138
Q

what are the mycelium of zygomycota like

A

mostly aseptate hyphae

139
Q

what is different about zygomycota spores versus chytridiomycota

A

zygomycota spores are not flagellated

140
Q

how do most members of zygomycota exist

A

saprobes in soil

141
Q

what is a fungal phylum that forms a monophyletic group

A

zygomycota

142
Q

is the life cycle of zygomycota homo or heterothallic

A

hereothallic

143
Q

what are the gametangia of zygomycota subtended by

A

suspensor cells which is branches of hyphae that bear the gametangia

144
Q

what is progametangia

A

before the gametangia forms septation to separate it from the suspensor cells

145
Q

what are the gametes of zygomycota represented as

A

plus and minus

146
Q

what ploidy do zygotes of zygomycota have

A

diploid zygotes and haploid spores

147
Q

what phylum is rhizopus in

A

zygomycota

148
Q

what is a mitosporangium

A

sporangium whose spores are only made by mitosis

149
Q

what phylum is pilobus sp in

A

zygomycota

150
Q

whats the benefit of being an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

can get more nutrients from surroundings

151
Q

what kind of life cycle does rhizopus have

A

zygotic meiosis

152
Q

is ascomycota para or monophyletic

A

monophyletic

153
Q

what is the sporangium of ascomycota called

A

ascus

154
Q

what are the sexual spores of ascomycota called

A

ascospores

155
Q

what is another name for ascocarp

A

ascoma

156
Q

wwhat is the habitat of ascomycota

A

terrestrial and aquatic

157
Q

what is the crown grou[

A

ascomycota and basidiomycota

158
Q

what kind of spores does ascomycota have

A

endogenous spores

159
Q

what is an endogenous spore

A

spore that forms in the hyphae

160
Q

what are woronin bodies

A

repair structures in ascomycota

161
Q

where are woronin bodies found

A

in hyphae

162
Q

what phylum do chestnut blight, dutch elm disease, apple scab, and ergot belong to

A

ascomycota

163
Q

what are the two types of asci in ascomycota

A

unitunicate and bitunicate

164
Q

whats the difference between unitunicate and bitunbicate asci

A

unitunicate has one layer and an operculum, bitunicate has 2 layers and no operculum

165
Q

asci are arranged in fruiting bodies called what

A

ascomata or ascocarps

166
Q

what are the types of ascoma

A

apothecial, perithecial, cleistothecial, pseudothecial

167
Q

what is an apothecial ascoma

A

narrow broad cup with exposed hymenium (asci unitunicate)

168
Q

what is a hymenium

A

fertile layer in phylum ascomycota

169
Q

what is a perithecial ascoma

A

hollow flask shaped chamber with ostiole and hymenium lines the inside (asci unitunicate)

170
Q

what does paraphyses mean

A

elongate cells in an ascoma that isnt actually an ascus (its hyphae)

171
Q

what is periphysis

A

a type of paraphyses but these cells line the neck of the flask

172
Q

what kind of ascoma has para and periphysis

A

perithecial ascoma

173
Q

what is a cleistothecial ascoma

A

closed spherical structure with walls of hyphae forming a dense impermeable matrix (asci unitunicate) (no opening)

174
Q

how do asci release spores in cleistothecial ascomas

A

by decay or break up of the matrix (wall breaks and exposes asci that release spores)

175
Q

what phylum does eurotium belong to

A

ascomycota

176
Q

what is pseudothecial ascoma

A

what is pseudothecial ascoma

177
Q

what is the only ascoma with bitunicate asci

A

pseudothecial

178
Q

is ascomycota usually in sexual or asexual stage

A

asexual stage (anamorph)

179
Q

what is an apothecium

A

telomorphic protective structure within which haploid asci are produced

180
Q

what is the female gametangia of ascomycota called

A

ascogonium

181
Q

how does ascomycota get its gametangia

A

genetically different but compatible hyphae

182
Q

what is the trichogyne

A

extension of the ascogonium providing a way to get to compatible hyphae

183
Q

what is a crozier

A

tip of ascogenous hyphae bends with two compatible nuclei at the top of the hook

184
Q

what is a meiocyte

A

meiosis taking place within the zygote of ascomycota

185
Q

what kind of life cycle does telomorphic ascomycota have

A

zygotic meiosis

186
Q

what are conidia

A

spores in telomorphic ascomycota

187
Q

what kind of ascoma does loculoascomycetes

A

pseudothecia

188
Q

what kind of ascoma bi or uni does hemiascomycotina have

A

unitunicate

189
Q

what happens in the holomorphic stage of hemiascomycotina

A

no ascoma are produced

190
Q

what class are morel mushroom in

A

discomycetes

191
Q

what class does brown rot of peaches belong to

A

discomycetes in monilinia sp.

192
Q

what class does grey mold belong to

A

discomycetes

193
Q

what class does chestnut blight belong to

A

plectomycetes

194
Q

what class does dutch elm disease belong to

A

pyrenomycetes

195
Q

what class does ergot/st anthonys fire belong to

A

pyrenomycetes

196
Q

what is a stroma

A

the cap of a mushroom

197
Q

what are the differences between asco and deuteromycota

A

mitospores are conidia, condia develop conidioma, conidia develop on conidiophores

198
Q

what are the 7 types of conidia

A

amerospore, helicospore, didymospore, dictyospore, staurospore, phragmospore, sclerospore

199
Q

are the spores of conidia in deuteromycota uni or multicellular

A

multicellular (they are also septated)

200
Q

what class do a lot of antibiotics and immunosuppressants come from

A

class hyphomycete (phylum deuteromycota)

201
Q

what is blastic development in deuteromycota

A

recognizable immature conidia before septa begin to develop

202
Q

what are the two types of blastic development

A

retrogressive(one conidia at a time) or basauxic(several conidia at a time)

203
Q

what are the two main types of conidia development

A

blastic and thallic

204
Q

what are the club fungi

A

basidiomycota

205
Q

what are the fruiting bodies of basidiomycota

A

mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts

206
Q

what helps distribute nuclei during cell division in basidiomycota

A

clamp connections

207
Q

what fruitfications are in class teliomycetes

A

smuts and rusts

208
Q

what is a basidium

A

karyogamy of meiosis takes place here and basidiospores are produced here

209
Q

how many exogenous meiospores(basidiospores) does a typical basidium bear

A

4

210
Q

what does monokaryon mean in basidiomycota

A

phase in which the hyphae contain only one type of nucleus

211
Q

what is a dikaryon

A

two compatible hyphae meet and fuse exchanging nuclei

212
Q

each cell must have what in regards to nuclei and mating in basidiomycota

A

two nuclei of opposite mating type

213
Q

what is a clamp connection

A

specialized backwardly directed branch of a dikaryotic basidiomycota hyphae

214
Q

what is a dolipore septum

A

barrel shaped central pore of basidiomycota

215
Q

barrel shaped central pore of basidiomycota

A

branch between basidium and basidiospore

216
Q

what kind of life cycle does bisidiomycota have

A

zygotic meiosis

217
Q

what is the freeliving stage of basidiomycota

A

haploid

218
Q

what are the three types of basidium

A

holobasidium, phragmobasidium, teliobasidium

219
Q

what is a holobasidium

A

one celled basidium

220
Q

what is a phragmobasidium

A

septated basidium

221
Q

what is a teliobasidium

A

thick walled resting spore with promycelium that bears the basidiospores

Mycology (1 decks)

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