Final Flashcards
What is mycology
Scientific discipline dealing with fungi
What is mycoses
Diseases caused in animals by fungi
What is obligate
Restricted to a particular function or mode of l life
What is
Capable of functioning under varying conditions of life
What are slime molds
Fungal like protists
What super group does Acrasiomycota belong to
Excavata
What members are found in Acrasiomycota
Slime molds
What super group does Labyrinthulomycota
Chromalvelolata
What members are found in Labyrinthulomycota
Slime nets
What super group does Plasmodiophorids belong to
Rhizaria
What members are found in Plasmodiophorids
Parasitic protists
What super group does Myxomyccetes and Dictyosteliida belong to
Amoebozoa
What organisms are found in Myxomycetes and Dictyosteliida
Plasmodial and cellular slime molds
What kind of movement is found in Amebozoa
Pseudopodia or subpseudopodia
Do members in group Amebozoa usually have uninucleate, binucleate, or multinucleate
Usually uninucleate
What are the flagellar characteristics of Amebozoa
Single flagella or bikont
What is a common physical features for Amoebozoa
Cysts
To what phylum do plasmodial slime molds belong
Myxomycetes
To what phylum does cellular slime molds belong
Dictyosteliomycetes
To what phylum does aquatic molds belong
Oomycota
What type of cell wall does oomycota have
No cell wall
How does oomycota feed
Phagotrophic feeding
How does oomycota move
Ameboid movement
To what phylum does class myxomycetes belong
Oomycota
What do members of myxomycetes feed on
Bacteria, yeasts anything by phagocytosis
What does it mean that members of myxomycetes are coenocytic
Many nucleii per mycelium. Single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally through gap junctions
What type of life cycle do myxomycetes have
Sporic meiosis
What type of gametes do members of myxomycetes have
Isogamous
How do members of myxomycetes exist
Exist as thin streaming creeping masses of protoplasm with many nuclei though lacking a cell wall
What are the possible fruition cations of members of myxomycetes
Sporangia, aethelia, plasmodicarp
What do sporangia of myxomycetes look like
May be stalked and may have unique shapes
What does an aethelia of myxomycetes look like
Large, thick, and cushion shaped
What do plasmodicarp son myxomycetes look like
Retain branching habit of the original plasmodium (most primitive)
What is the resting stage of plasmodial slime molds called
Sclerotium
What is a sclerotium
Resting stage for plasmodial slime molds that is a compacted mass of hardened mycelium with food reserves
What is a macro yet
Aggregation in the sclerotium and when environment is ideal an individual plasmodium will emerge (sort of like a seed in the sclerotium)
What is a key difference between myxomycetes and dictyosteliomycetes
Dictyo has cell wall
How do members of dictyosteliomycetes feed
By phagocytosis
What is the gametic type for members of dictyosteliomycetes
Isogamous
When members of dictyosteliomycetes aggregate together what do they form
Pseudoplasmodium that is a motile slug like mass
What is the main function of the pseudoplasmodium of dictyosteliomycetes
To aggregate towards light or away from heat
What is a waste product of pseudoplasmodium
Ammonia (photo taxis)
A pseudoplasmodium of dictyosteliomycetes turns itself into what
Sorocarp
What makes up a sorocarp of dictyosteliomycetes
Sorus
Sorophore
Basal disk
What is the function of the sorocarp of dictyosteliomycetes
Used in spore dispersal
What is a dictyosteliomycetes macrocyst
The fusion of two sex cells creating this macrocyst which is able to do asexual reproduction
What is homothallic
Male and female reproductive on same thallus
What is heterothallic
Male and female reproductive structures on different thallus
To what supergroup does oomycota belong to
Chromalvelolata
How was the plastic for chromalvelolata derived
Secondary endosymbiosis of an archaeplastid
What are the cell walls of oomycota made of
Cellulose and glucan
What is the flagellar of oomycota
Biflagellated spores (heterokonts)
What kind of feeding is found in oomycota
Osmotrophic
What are all members of oomycota ecologically
Saprobes or parasites
What does it mean that members of oomycota are coenocytic
Many nuclei per mycelium
What kind of life cycle is found in oomycota
Gametic meiosis
What are the gametes of oomycota
Oogamous
What’s another name for the heterokonts
Stramenopiles
what fungal phylum is not a member of the stramenopiles
oomycota
what defines a heterokont
one whiplash flagella and one tinsel flagella
to what phylum does saprolegniales belong to
oomycota
what members are in the saprolegniales
water molds
how are members of saprolegniales different from chytrids
diploid coenocytic thallus, cellulose in call walls (not chitin), heterokont
why is saprolegniales of medical importance
attacks fish and fish eggs
what is the difference between a saprophyte and a parasite
saprophyte doesnt cause harm to the host, parasite causes harm to the host
where do most protists live
aquatic habitats
what are the main types of fungi
yeasts, molds, musrooms
what do fungi cell walls contain that is not present in plants
chitin
what is a fruiting body
mass of hyphae into mycelium into fruiting body
what is isogamy
same size gametes and same flagella
what is anisogamy
same flagella different size
what is oogamy
different size different flagella
what is zygotic meiosis
short diploid stage, free living haploid stage
what is gametic meiosis
free living diploid, same as humans
what is sporic meiosis
free living in each stage, alternation of generations
what organisms are heterotrophs
fungi and some plants and algae
what phylum are slime molds in
acrasimycota
what supergroup are slime molds in
excavata
what supergroup are parasitic protists in
rhizaria
what phylum are parasitic protists in
plasodiaporida
what is a slime mold
funal like hetereotroph
what class are plasmodial slime molds in
myxomycetes
what class are cellular slime molds in
dictyosteliomycetes
what kind of cells does class dictyosteliomycetes have
myxamoebas
why would amoeboid dictyosteliomycete gather into a group
due to the release of acrasin
what carries the spores of dictyosteliomyceyes
wind
if there is 1 free living stage that is haploid what kind of life cycle is present
zygotic
what habitat do myxomycota live in
terrestrial
what supergroup does phylum oomycota belong to
chromalveolata
what kind of life cycle does oomycota have
gametic
what makes oomycota different from heterokontophyta
no plastid(chloroplast)
which of the fungi phyla are not coenocytic
ascomycota and basidiomycota
what is a zoosporangium
motile asexual spores of saprolegniales
what is the sexual stage of saprolegniales
oogonium- diploid oospheres
is the life cycle of saprolegniales hetero or homo
homothallic
how many eggs are in the sexual stage of saprolegniales
8
what are the male and female parts of saprolegniales
male antheridium and female oogonium
what houses gametes typically
gametangia
where does meiosis occur in saprolegniales
within the gametangia
are fungi hetero or homotrophic
heterotrophic
what group are the fungi part of
supergroup opisthokonta
what do fungi store their food as
glycogen
how many flagellum opisthokonta have
single posterior
what are the 5 funal phyla
chytridiamycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, “deuteromycota”
whats special about the classification of deuteromycota
its asexual asco and deuteromycota
what is mycelium composed of
hyphae
what is the fruiting body of fungi made of
aggregation of mycelium
where are the spores of fungi made
on the fruiting bodies
how to mycelium obtain their water
osmosis
whats the difference between septate and aseptate fungi
septation vs no septation, septate has 1-2 nuclei per cell while aseptate is multinucleate, septate has nuclear division while aseptate has nuclei dividing without cytokinesis
whats different about nuclear division in fungi
nuclear envelope doesnt break down
what kind of mitosis does fungi have
closed mitosis
what is plasmogamy in fungi
gametes fuse
what produces a fleshy fruiting body
heterokaryotic mycelium
what ways can spores be dispersed from a fruiting body
rain, wind, animal
what is st anthonys fire
ergotism, fungus that gets baked into breads and causes consumers to hallucinate and possibly gangrene
what kind of toxins are common in fungi
aflatoxins
how do most fungi reproduce asexually
generate chains of spores at the hyphae tips
what is conidia
asexual spore
what is anamorph
imperfect asexual (asexual spores)
what is telomorph
perfect sexual (fusion of gametes giving rise to zygote giving rise to spores)
what is holomorph
has both sexual and asexual stages in its life cycle (both anamorphic and telomorphic)
whats the primary habitat of chytridiomycota
aquatic (soils and rocks)
what makes chytridiomycota gametes different from all other true fungi
motile zoospores and gametes with flagella
what order are chytrids in
what order are chytrids in
what are the two types of chytrids
holocarpic and eucarpic
what does holocarpic mean
chytrid that forms entirely within the host cell (whole zoospores)
what does eucarpic mean
parastitic anchor into the host and part transforms into zoospores
what is chytridiomycosis
fungal disease in frogs that makes it impossible for them to breathe properly through their skin
what phylum is blastocladiales in
chytridiomycota
what kind of gametes does blastocladiales have
anisogamous
what kind of reproduction does blastocladiales have
fusion of gametes
what are mitosporangia
asexual sporangia that release diploid zoospores
what are meiosporangia
sexual sporangia that release haploid zoospores
what do haploid zoospores in allomyces give rise to
gametophyte or gametothallus
what kind of life cycle does allomycetes/blastocladiales have
sporic meiosis
is allomycetes homo or hetereothallic
homothallic
what are the mycelium of zygomycota like
mostly aseptate hyphae
what is different about zygomycota spores versus chytridiomycota
zygomycota spores are not flagellated
how do most members of zygomycota exist
saprobes in soil
what is a fungal phylum that forms a monophyletic group
zygomycota
is the life cycle of zygomycota homo or heterothallic
hereothallic
what are the gametangia of zygomycota subtended by
suspensor cells which is branches of hyphae that bear the gametangia
what is progametangia
before the gametangia forms septation to separate it from the suspensor cells
what are the gametes of zygomycota represented as
plus and minus
what ploidy do zygotes of zygomycota have
diploid zygotes and haploid spores
what phylum is rhizopus in
zygomycota
what is a mitosporangium
sporangium whose spores are only made by mitosis
what phylum is pilobus sp in
zygomycota
whats the benefit of being an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
can get more nutrients from surroundings
what kind of life cycle does rhizopus have
zygotic meiosis
is ascomycota para or monophyletic
monophyletic
what is the sporangium of ascomycota called
ascus
what are the sexual spores of ascomycota called
ascospores
what is another name for ascocarp
ascoma
wwhat is the habitat of ascomycota
terrestrial and aquatic
what is the crown grou[
ascomycota and basidiomycota
what kind of spores does ascomycota have
endogenous spores
what is an endogenous spore
spore that forms in the hyphae
what are woronin bodies
repair structures in ascomycota
where are woronin bodies found
in hyphae
what phylum do chestnut blight, dutch elm disease, apple scab, and ergot belong to
ascomycota
what are the two types of asci in ascomycota
unitunicate and bitunicate
whats the difference between unitunicate and bitunbicate asci
unitunicate has one layer and an operculum, bitunicate has 2 layers and no operculum
asci are arranged in fruiting bodies called what
ascomata or ascocarps
what are the types of ascoma
apothecial, perithecial, cleistothecial, pseudothecial
what is an apothecial ascoma
narrow broad cup with exposed hymenium (asci unitunicate)
what is a hymenium
fertile layer in phylum ascomycota
what is a perithecial ascoma
hollow flask shaped chamber with ostiole and hymenium lines the inside (asci unitunicate)
what does paraphyses mean
elongate cells in an ascoma that isnt actually an ascus (its hyphae)
what is periphysis
a type of paraphyses but these cells line the neck of the flask
what kind of ascoma has para and periphysis
perithecial ascoma
what is a cleistothecial ascoma
closed spherical structure with walls of hyphae forming a dense impermeable matrix (asci unitunicate) (no opening)
how do asci release spores in cleistothecial ascomas
by decay or break up of the matrix (wall breaks and exposes asci that release spores)
what phylum does eurotium belong to
ascomycota
what is pseudothecial ascoma
what is pseudothecial ascoma
what is the only ascoma with bitunicate asci
pseudothecial
is ascomycota usually in sexual or asexual stage
asexual stage (anamorph)
what is an apothecium
telomorphic protective structure within which haploid asci are produced
what is the female gametangia of ascomycota called
ascogonium
how does ascomycota get its gametangia
genetically different but compatible hyphae
what is the trichogyne
extension of the ascogonium providing a way to get to compatible hyphae
what is a crozier
tip of ascogenous hyphae bends with two compatible nuclei at the top of the hook
what is a meiocyte
meiosis taking place within the zygote of ascomycota
what kind of life cycle does telomorphic ascomycota have
zygotic meiosis
what are conidia
spores in telomorphic ascomycota
what kind of ascoma does loculoascomycetes
pseudothecia
what kind of ascoma bi or uni does hemiascomycotina have
unitunicate
what happens in the holomorphic stage of hemiascomycotina
no ascoma are produced
what class are morel mushroom in
discomycetes
what class does brown rot of peaches belong to
discomycetes in monilinia sp.
what class does grey mold belong to
discomycetes
what class does chestnut blight belong to
plectomycetes
what class does dutch elm disease belong to
pyrenomycetes
what class does ergot/st anthonys fire belong to
pyrenomycetes
what is a stroma
the cap of a mushroom
what are the differences between asco and deuteromycota
mitospores are conidia, condia develop conidioma, conidia develop on conidiophores
what are the 7 types of conidia
amerospore, helicospore, didymospore, dictyospore, staurospore, phragmospore, sclerospore
are the spores of conidia in deuteromycota uni or multicellular
multicellular (they are also septated)
what class do a lot of antibiotics and immunosuppressants come from
class hyphomycete (phylum deuteromycota)
what is blastic development in deuteromycota
recognizable immature conidia before septa begin to develop
what are the two types of blastic development
retrogressive(one conidia at a time) or basauxic(several conidia at a time)
what are the two main types of conidia development
blastic and thallic
what are the club fungi
basidiomycota
what are the fruiting bodies of basidiomycota
mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts
what helps distribute nuclei during cell division in basidiomycota
clamp connections
what fruitfications are in class teliomycetes
smuts and rusts
what is a basidium
karyogamy of meiosis takes place here and basidiospores are produced here
how many exogenous meiospores(basidiospores) does a typical basidium bear
4
what does monokaryon mean in basidiomycota
phase in which the hyphae contain only one type of nucleus
what is a dikaryon
two compatible hyphae meet and fuse exchanging nuclei
each cell must have what in regards to nuclei and mating in basidiomycota
two nuclei of opposite mating type
what is a clamp connection
specialized backwardly directed branch of a dikaryotic basidiomycota hyphae
what is a dolipore septum
barrel shaped central pore of basidiomycota
barrel shaped central pore of basidiomycota
branch between basidium and basidiospore
what kind of life cycle does bisidiomycota have
zygotic meiosis
what is the freeliving stage of basidiomycota
haploid
what are the three types of basidium
holobasidium, phragmobasidium, teliobasidium
what is a holobasidium
one celled basidium
what is a phragmobasidium
septated basidium
what is a teliobasidium
thick walled resting spore with promycelium that bears the basidiospores
