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ACS 200 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Cuneiform

A

Mesopotamia

Pictographic writing used to preserve information of economic necessity

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2
Q

Enkidu

A

Mesopotamia
Central character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, was considered uncivilized after living in the forest and being isolated from humans.

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3
Q

Cosmogony

A

How the world was perceived, Gods had power over nature, created demons to harm

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4
Q

Mesopotamian religion

A

Polytheistic, each city had its own god(dess), created people

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5
Q

Myth of Enkin’s creation

A

Humans were created to serve the gods

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6
Q

Ziggurat

A

Mesopotamia

Temple for the gods

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7
Q

An/Anu

A

Mesopotamian pantheon god of sky, king of the gods, lord of constellations

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8
Q

Enlil

A

Mesopotamian pantheon god, lord of air

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9
Q

Enki

A

Mesopotamian pantheon god, “of the sweet waters”

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10
Q

Ninhursag

A

Mesopotamian pantheon goddess of the mountains

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11
Q

Ninurta

A

Mesopotamian pantheon heroic god

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12
Q

Utu

A

Mesopotamian cosmic god of sun

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13
Q

Nanna

A

Mesopotamian cosmic god of moon

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14
Q

Inanna

A

Mesopotamian cosmic god of love and war

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15
Q

Akhenaten

A

Egyptian pharaoh that abandoned previous Egyptian polytheism and replaced it with the sun disc god (Aten) and manipulated the system by claiming he was the human manifestation of Aten

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16
Q

Aten

A

Sun disc, introduced monotheism to Egyptians, the creator, giver of life and nurturing spirit of the world

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17
Q

Ennead

A

Groups of 9 deities in Egyptian mythology (see chart)

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18
Q

Heliopolitan cosmogony

A

Bodily fluids make the generations of gods

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19
Q

Ammit

A

Egyptian, female, soul-eating demon of the underworld. At the weighing of the heart, if the heart was not pure she would devour it

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20
Q

What was Ammit’s bodily makeup?

A

Head of crocodile, front of a lion and back-end of a hippo

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21
Q

Ma’at

A

Egyptian concept of truth, balance, harmony, morality and justice, represented as a feather at the weighing of the heart.

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22
Q

How was Ma’at personified?

A

Goddess regulating the seasons

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23
Q

Ba

A

Egypt

Aspect of the human soul - personality. Aspect that would live after the body died

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24
Q

Ka

A

Egypt

Aspect of the human soul - spirituality, identity, the difference between living and dead, sustained through food

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25
Q

Ra

A

Egyptian god of sun and creation

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26
Q

Homer

A

Greece

Blind poet, wrote the Iliad, had a good memory which allowed him to write these long stories

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27
Q

Illiad

A

Greece

Written by Homer, Epic poem set during the Trojan War in Troy

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28
Q

Aretē

A

Homeric virtue, manliness, excellence

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29
Q

Aristos

A

Homeric virtue, most manly, most excellent

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30
Q

Kalos kagathos

A

Homeric virtue, the beautiful, good and noble

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31
Q

Sappho

A

Greece

Female lyric poet from the island of Lesbos

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32
Q

Anaximander

A

Greece
Pre-socratic philosopher from Miletus
Milesian school - he learned from his master Thales
Everything is made of the Aperion (the limitless)

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33
Q

Paramenides

A

Greece

Pre-socratic philosopher, claimed that things never changed

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34
Q

Heraclitus

A

Greece

Pre-socartic philosopher, claimed that everything is always changing

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35
Q

Pericles

A

Greece
Statesman and general during the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.
Introduced new citizenships laws to Athens in which both parents must be Athenian

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36
Q

Sophists

A 
Greece
Travelling teachers of upper-class youth
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37
Q

Socrates

A

Intended to educate and influence young Athenians but was sentenced to death for corrupting them

  • did not write anything
  • viewed himself as a midwife of the mind
38
Q

Euthyphro

A

Early Platonic dialogue
- Socrates has been accused of being impious, Euthyphro, an expert in religions helps him to understand but they fail to define piety

39
Q

Symposium

A

Middle Platonic dialogue
- At a drinking party, people give speeches explaining love. Socrates claimed that to love is to desire (i.e. lack the thing you want) once that desire is fulfilled love is no longer present

40
Q

Republic

A

Plato questions “what is justice?”

  • what does a just city look like?
  • what are just people?
  • Justice is when every part sticks to its task
  • The ruler should have a philosophical education
41
Q

Allegory of the Cave

A

Plato questions “what is real?”

  • Prisoners are chained facing the wall of a cave and are only able to see shadows of what is happening outside.
  • Once one is exposed to the “real world” he don’t believe it
  • He comes back and tells the other prisoners and they don’t believe him
  • What it is like being a philosopher trying to teach people
  • People are comfortable in heir ignorance and hostile to anything that threatens it
  • How do we know what is real?
42
Q

Aristotle’s categories

A

Substance: the thing - Socrates (fundamental)
Quantity: amount of thing - 5’ (dependent)
Quality: a quality of the thing - pale (dependent)
Relation: what is related to the thing - knowledge (dependent)
Where: where is the thing - the market (dependent)

43
Q

Aristotle on change

A

Whenever something changes it remains the same.

An unripened tomato (green) is a tomato, and it is still a tomato once it ripens (red) despite its change in colour

44
Q

Aristotle’s four causes

A

Four ways something can cause something else

  1. Material (what is it made of)
  2. Formal (what kind of thing is it)
  3. Efficient (what brought it into existence)
  4. Final (what is the thing for)
45
Q

Aristotle virtue ethics

A

To be a good person is more important than performing a good action
- “what kind of person should one want to be?”

46
Q

Athenian democracy

A

Power to the people!

  • everyone participates or is represented
  • elections: majority votes
  • set of values: equality, freedom, dignity, human rights
47
Q

Radical democracy

A

No professional politicians​, ordinary citizens, frequent rotations, payment

48
Q

Solon

A

Athenian political reform

  • cancellation of debts
  • more political rights fro commoners
49
Q

Cleisthenes

A

Athenian political reform

  • division of population into “demes”
  • more democracy (isonomia)
50
Q

Ephialates

A

Athenian political reform

- stripped Areopagus of (most of) its powers

51
Q

Augurs

A

Rome
Priests that practiced augury - known as taking auspices
- part of civic religion

52
Q

Augury

A

Rome
Interpreting the will of the gods by studying the flight of birds (in groups, alone, noises, direction, what kind of bird)

53
Q

Diocletian

A

Rome
Stabilized the empire and ended the Third Century Crisis by shrinking the empire into a Tetrarchy and willingly gave up his spot on the throne

54
Q

Augustus

A

Rome

Dissolves the republic and creates and empire, first emperor

55
Q

Magistrates

A

Rome

  • Part of civic religion
  • law givers, judges, executive powers
56
Q

Pontiffs

A

Rome

  • part of civic religion
  • priests, organized in colleges
57
Q

Pontifix Maximus

A

Latin for “the greatest pontiff”

58
Q

Vesta

A

Rome

the goddess of the hearth

59
Q

Vestal virgins

A

Priestesses of Vesta

60
Q

Arian Hersey

A

Rome

  • Questioned monotheism by asking if the father, son and holy spirit were one or three divinities
  • The Council of Nicea claimed that they were a unified divinity
61
Q

Third Century Crisis

A

Rome

  • The empire nearly collapsed under invasion, civil war, plague and economic depression
  • After 235 AD and for the following 50 years
  • A new emperor every 1.5 years
  • People began to questions the Roman gods and turned to Christianity
62
Q

Pax Romana

A

Golden age of Rome: 250 years of peace and prosperity

63
Q

Martyr

A

Rome

Someone who has suffered persecution and death for being a witness for their religious belief

64
Q

Constantine

A

Rome

  • Took back Diocletian’s Tetrarchy and gave the empire a single ruler
  • Changed the capital to Constinople
  • Converted to Christianity after winning the battle of Melvin Bridge
  • Legalized Christianity
65
Q

Alexandria

A

Centre of Hellenistic culture, largest Jewish community at the time

66
Q

Euclid

A

Alexandria

  • author of Elements
  • book on geometry
  • second most translated and published book
67
Q

Ptolemy

A

Alexandria

  • astronomist, astrologist, author of Almagest
  • second most important science textbook
68
Q

Ptolemaic system

A

Alexandria

  • earth is at the centre
  • planets move around it
69
Q

Stoicism

A

Alexandria

  • school of philosophy
  • Determinism, freedom from passion
70
Q

Epicureanism

A

Alexandria

  • school of philosophy
  • Atomism, (advanced) hedonism
71
Q

Skepticism

A

Alexandria

  • school of philosophy
  • learned ignorance
72
Q

Hypatia

A

Alexandria

  • mathematician, astronomer, philosopher
  • “spirit of Plato in the body of Aphrodite”
  • taught neoplatonic philosophy in a secret circle
  • edited Ptolemy’s work
  • killed by Christian mob
73
Q

Jesus

A

Claimed to be the Messiah of God

  • no writings, told stories and parables
  • Promises a Kingdom in Heaven
74
Q

St. Paul on grace

A

Grace leads to faith which leads to salvation

75
Q

St. Paul on conscience

A

It is intertwined with God’s law, it is written in our hearts

76
Q

St. Augustine on Interiority

A 
Physical space vs inner space
External vs internal
body vs soul
spatial distance vs moral distance
kingdom on earth vs kindom in heaven
77
Q

St Augustine - City of God

A

Book of Christian philosophy

78
Q

Hijra

A

Islam

- flight from Mecca to Medina 622 AD

79
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A
  1. Shahada: declaration of faith (God is the only God, Muhammad is the prophet)
  2. Salat: 5 prayers per day
  3. Sawm: fast (e.g. during Ramadan)
  4. Zakat: giving alms (money, good deeds)
  5. Hajj: pilgrimage is Mecca
80
Q

Al-Haytham

A

Islam

  • second Ptolemy
  • optics, astronomy, discovered spectrum
81
Q

Al-Haytham’s theory of vision

A

Islam

- we only see the rays that hit the eye at a certain angle

82
Q

Ibn Sina

A

Islam

Physician and philosopher

83
Q

Ibn Sina - The Canon of Medicine

A
  • General theory
  • List of drugs
  • Pathology
84
Q

Ibn Rushd

A

“The Commentator” on Aristotle

85
Q

Averroïsm

A

Ibn Rushd - one common intellect for all humans

86
Q

Abelard’s universals

A 
Medieval West
- things (realism)
- mere words (nominalism)
- concepts (conceptualism)
Me, you, and Brad Pitt re particulars - all known as human beings.
87
Q

Lateran IV’s confessions

A

Medieval West

  • Canon 21
  • typically done over Easter
  • confess whatever you did wrong over the past year
  • priests wrote confessional manuals for people who didn’t know what to confess
88
Q

Lateran IV’s marriage

A

Medieval West

  • Canon 51
  • Before this marriage was more like common-law
  • until 12th century mutual concent and intercourse was all the was needed
  • Marriage became a contract between two people and the church
89
Q

Ockham’s nominalism

A

universals are only words

90
Q

Ockham’s political thought

A

kings get their power from their people

ACS 200 (1 decks)

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