Final Flashcards
Which approach has surpassed the popularity of behaviorism in the modern era?
cognitive
Of the following subject groups, which did not appear in the study on taking lecture notes described in your textbook?
note-taking plus preview
If there was some dysfunction in mirror neurons, what deficiency might we see in a person?
understanding emotions in other people
Professor Kaufman is showing a film describing the modern approaches to psychology. The video is operating, but the sound is not. On the screen you see an individual named Abraham Maslow. If the sound was turned on, which of the following words would you probably hear from Maslow as he describes his views?
“… potential for self-fulfillment is important …”
The evolutionary approach is the most recent of the approaches presented in Module One.
True
Wundt was to structuralism as:
James was to functionalism
Rob has taught his dog to roll over on command by rewarding the dog with food whenever she exhibits the appropriate action. Rob’s approach to teaching his dog tricks is similar to which psychological perspective?
behavioral
Dr. Falzal assesses a patient’s neurological functioning and finds that she is suffering from epilepsy. Dr. Falzal is most likely a(n):
psychiatrist
The behavioral approach focused on mental processes.
False
With your knowledge of the existing research on how students explain their exam performance, what piece of advice would you give to new teachers?
Be supportive and encourage those who perform poorly on tests to reach their highest potential
An article entitled, “The Mind: Goals and Purposes” would be most likely written by someone who identifies with:
James and functionalism
According to research cited in Module One, what is the relationship between how well students think they know the class material and their exam performance?
Almost none
What is the best way to study based on the research described in Module One?
Study in two sessions with time between them.
While working on his Ph.D., James developed a test to evaluate intelligence in children. James is probably studying:
psychometrics
Mental processes are described in your textbook as:
not directly observable
Abdul is a poor judge of what he thinks he knows. According to the textbook, Abdul is most likely to:
base judgments on general knowledge rather than on specific knowledge
Select the option that best illustrates an attempt to control behavior.
Mrs. Quinn, a third-grade teacher, is planning a new approach to reduce inattention in some of her students.
To remedy past discrimination in psychology and in higher education:
the American Psychological Association actively recruits minority members
____ studies cognitive skills by identifying the corresponding areas in the brain.
Cognitive neuroscience
What technique is a measure of the relationship between two or more events?
correlation
Independent variable is to ____ as dependent variable is to ____.
cause; effect
Which research method involves questioning a group of people?
survey method
When we make a hypothesis, we are:
guessing
Professor Aguayo is recruiting subjects for a study. She is advised not to give potential subjects the exact title of the study, which is “The negative effects of mild anxiety on eye-hand coordination.” Why not share the title with potential subjects?
The title may create specific expectations that could bias the subjects.
Your next door neighbor has a son named James. James, who is seven, has problems with attention and fidgets excessively. Based upon your interactions with James, you notice that he talks much of the time and has difficulty following instructions. What is James’s most likely diagnosis?
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Shyla conducted an experiment. She went to the student union and asked people if they would like to be subjects in her study. She decided to ask only those people who smiled at her. Is this an appropriate way to select subjects?
No—it is not random selection
Which subject group is most likely receiving a placebo?
Group 3—receive sugar pill
You recently read a book about a celebrity who battled alcoholism throughout her adult life. This book best illustrates:
case study
According to research described in Module Two, adolescent binge drinking causes later health problems.
False
Which organization has published a code of ethics of conduct for psychologists to follow when conducting research?
American Psychological Association
her research, Professor Marrs is following a set of rules and guidelines to determine cause-and-effect relationships. What is Professor Marrs doing?
she’s conducting an experiment
Which of the following is a disadvantage of surveys, as presented in your textbook?
The ethnicity of the questioner can affect subjects’ responses
An advantage of randomly assigning subjects to groups is:
that it reduces the chance that other variables will bias the results
The primary advantage of using an experimental research method is:
It allows you to draw cause-and-effect conclusions
If animals had not been used in research, what would we probably lack today?
better understanding of many psychological and physical disorders
What is the most likely thing that a subject in a double-blind procedure would say?
“I have no idea if I am in the experimental or control group and the researcher doesn’t know either!”
Abdul was listening to a radio talk show and heard the announcer talk about “a high correlation between crime and poverty.” The announcer then proceeded to say since there was a high correlation, poverty causes crime. Abdul is taking psychology, and is skeptical of what he just heard. He knows that:
correlation does not indicate cause-and-effect relationships
Molly strongly believes that she will hurt herself while playing basketball. A few weeks later, she actually does hurt herself during a basketball game. Her injury may have been the result of:
a self-fulfilling prophecy
If an experiment could “talk” what would it say about itself?
“Suggesting cause and effect is my specialty.”
Reuptake is a process where neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse and absorbed back to the end bulbs.
True
Stereotaxic procedures:
are used for brain tissue transplants
As you’re waiting to visit a friend in the hospital, you overhear a physician talking to a patient’s parents. You don’t hear the entire conversation, but only bits and pieces. There is something about an accident and a question regarding nerves reattaching. The physician replied that the nerves do have the ability to regrow. From your education in psychology, you guess that the nerves were probably part of the:
peripheral nervous system
One risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease is:
Inheriting one of ten different genes
In explaining phantom limb, Melzack argued that:
there is a body image in the brain that can generate sensations as coming from any body part
What progressive neurological disorder is characterized by memory loss, personality deterioration, and emotional outbursts?
Alzheimer’s disease
The filtering system that prevents most substances from reaching the brain is called the:
blood-brain barrier
The brain is not able to grow new neurons.
False
A potential treatment for Parkinson’s patients involves:
embryonic stem cell transplants
Salvia is a drug that causes uncontrollable laughter and vivid hallucinations. Its effects are due to its chemical similarity to
endorphins
If the axon is the “output” structure of the neuron, the input structure is the:
dendrite
Glial cells are the most numerous brain cells
True
Which is not an accepted explanation for phantom limb?
sensations from the spinal cord
You are reading an anthropologist’s experiences with South American Indians. You are struck at the description of Indians chewing coca leaves because it reminds you of something you learned in psychology. What was it?
Cocaine comes from coca leaves and blocks reuptake of dopamine
Why does MS disrupt the messages between the body and brain?
MS attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds the brain cells in the CNS
What do the two main extensions of a neuron do?
receive and transmit electrical signals
The nerve impulse is called an action potential.
True
Opposite-charged ions ____ and like-charged ions ____.
attract; repel
One factor causing Alzheimer’s disease results from:
the multiplication of naturally occurring proteins and peptides
Which of the following has been seen as an option to the use of embryonic stem cells that eliminates the ethical issues related to the use of stem cells?
Induced pluripotent stem cells
The graceful movements of a ballet dancer are due to the coordination of movement performed by the:
cerebellum
Which statement is most accurate in describing the order from smallest to largest?
genes, DNA, chromosomes, zygote
Humans have more sophisticated neurons than chimpanzees and this explains the difference in intelligence.
False
Loi believes that science has not identified the location of any human genes. Is Loi right?
No—Project Genome has identified all genes
After a serious blow to the head, Hector underwent a dramatic personality change. A well-organized, extroverted person before the accident, he no longer could plan or adjust to new social situations. Hector would also laugh uncontrollably at inappropriate times. What part of Hector’s brain appears to have been damaged?
frontal lobe
The right hemisphere is not good at recognizing tone of voice.
False
The brain and spinal cord comprise the ____ nervous system
central
Research has found that the brains of men, when solving rotating figure problems, were especially active in the:
right frontal area
Based upon your textbook, the cognitive functions of the frontal lobe include all but one of the following. Which one is not among the functions found in the frontal lobe?
processing tactile information
Who probably had the first, crude form of a frontal lobotomy?
Phineas Gage
You stub your big toe on the chair leg. The pain message is first carried to the brain on nerves that are part of the:
peripheral nervous system
Given the organization of the somatosensory cortex, which of the following parts of the body would an injury like a cut hurt the most?
Lips
An area of the brain that plays a major role in eating, drinking, and sexual responses is the hypothalamus.
True
The Unusual drawing of the somatosensory cortex that illustrates how much of the cortex is devoted to various body parts is called the:
sensory homunculus
You are listening to a few songs that you really like since they are very relaxing. What part of your brain has a reward or pleasure center that is very active as you listen to the songs?
midbrain
The central nervous system is made up of two components:
brain and spinal cord
Baby Theresa suffered from _____, which prevented most of her brain from developing, except for primitive areas.
anencephaly
The new area of study that maps the paths of cognitive processes in the brain is called:
cognitive neuroscience
As a result of a workplace accident, a person damages the left somatosensory cortex, resulting in:
loss of feeling on the right side of the body
You are about to give a speech to a group of 100 people. Your ____ division is especially active as you notice butterflies in your stomach, a dry mouth, and sweaty palms.
sympathetic
A major reason for the decline in the use of frontal lobotomies was that:
Antipsychotic drugs were developed that better controlled behavior
A patient known as H. M., while undergoing brain surgery, suffered accidental brain damage. After the surgery, while he retained all of his old memories, he could no longer make new ones. H. M. could not retain new information for more than about 30 seconds. What part of his limbic system was damaged?
hippocampus
Based on Module Four, why would a baby born with almost no brain even survive for a couple of days?
The baby would still have a brain area that regulates vital reflexes
The human cortex is wrinkled because:
wrinkling increases the surface area
According to the theory of evolution:
present-day humans descended from a creature related to apes
Sympathetic is to arouse as parasympathetic is to ____.
calm
MRI scans require an injection of a radioactive material into the patient’s blood
False
Which of the following regulates growth through the secretion of a growth hormone?
anterior pituitary
As a physician, you need to have a very detailed view of the structure of your patient’s brain. The method most appropriate given your needs is:
MRI scan
A person in a persistent vegetative state may be able to track an object with their eyes.
True
The two divisions of the nervous system are:
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
One of Dr. Odland’s patients has neglect syndrome caused by right-sided brain damage. When the patient was asked to copy a picture of the United States laying in front of him, he:
only drew the states on the right side of the picture
The area of the brain responsible for such primary motives as hunger, thirst, and sex is the:
hypothalamus
Dr. Fox wishes to determine what area of the brain is involved in listening to classical music. What type of brain scan would you recommend that he use that would allow a study of brain function?
fMRI scan
____ are secreted by the glands that make up the endocrine system.
Hormones
The motor cortex is located in the ____ lobe.
frontal
The gene for brown eyes is _____; the gene for blue eyes is ______.
dominant; recessive
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
True
Why would some older adults have difficulty inhibiting unwanted speech?
shrinkage in the frontal lobes
One of the reasons that PET scans can indicate brain activity is that very active neurons absorb more:
radioactive solution than less active ones
If a sense organ is continuously stimulated, the sense organ will decrease responding through the process of:
adaptation
Uncle Randy finds that he is having trouble reading the newspaper, even when he holds it at arm’s length. In fact, he has trouble focusing on close objects. It is probable that light is being focused:
Slightly behind the retina
According to the place theory, the auditory system converts the frequency of sound waves into the subjective experience of ____ based upon the place along the basilar membrane where there is maximum vibration.
pitch
The ____ connect individually to neighboring cells. This allows us to see ____.
cones; in fine detail
As you walk on campus, you suddenly recognize an old friend who is heading towards you. What point in the visual pathway is responsible for the creation of this meaningful image of an old friend?
visual association areas
The photoreceptors in your eye are called rods and cones
True
If you do not feel the chair you are now sitting in, it is because
when there is constant stimulation, our senses experience a decrease in responding
When looking at the brains of people who were given a placebo, researchers found
the same brain areas activated as real painkillers
Which of the following, located in the fat layer of the skin, allows us to respond to vibrations?
The Pacinian corpuscles
Ed has trouble driving because he cannot tell the difference between green and red lights. Ed has:
color blindness
To test for placebo effects, researchers use a design called:
Double-blind procedure
Which of the following structures allows you to read these words and see other stimuli in fine detail?
cones
The surgical technique called LASIK is used to treat:
nearsighted vision
Taste and smell are classified as chemical senses because they:
react to chemical stimuli
Nerve impulses are transmitted from the cochlea to the brain via the:
auditory nerve
The reason that we can “see” a rainbow is because the light waves are:
In our visible spectrum
Denise is unaware of the feel of the chair she sits in while playing with her computer. Denise’s lack of sensitivity is the result of:
adaptation
High pitch sounds are created by high frequency waves.
True
A worker in a lumber mill suffers a serious injury when he gets his arm caught in the machinery. Though the experience is painful, it is less painful than it might be because:
the brain produces endorphins, which stop receptors from signaling pain
A microchip implanted into the retina could:
change light waves into electrical signals
A full moon high in the sky is perceived to be closer to you than a moon on the horizon
True
An illusion is:
a distorted perception of reality
The rules of organization such as figure-ground and closure were developed by the ____ to describe how we perceive.
Gestalt psychologists
As a result of an accident, David has only one eye. Which of the following depth cues would he not be able to use?
retinal disparity
The Gestalt rules of organization:
are rules that help us organize elements into something that is complete
Because the eyes are separated by several inches, each eye receives a slightly different image. This is called:
retinal disparity
Based on research, subliminal messages can:
influence perceptions and decision making
In a story comparing American and Japanese subjects on perception of an underwater scene, Americans:
tended to focus on the fish
A computer-generated illusionary experience is called:
virtual reality
A subject has been exposed to three lights flashing in rapid succession every thirty seconds. After many of these trials, the experimenter has two of them flash. If the subject, in error, reports seeing three lights flash for this trial, it is probably because of:
perceptual set
The examples of a subliminal CD, selecting a puppy, and a mammogram underscore the importance of:
perception in everyday life
The just noticeable difference serves as the foundation for:
Weber’s Law
The proportioned increase in the intensity of a stimulus needed to produce a just noticeable difference is called:
Weber’s law
Who initially discovered the idea of the absolute threshold?
Fechner
The ability to separate figure from ground is:
an automatic process
In the Ames room:
perceived size is distorted by our assumption that the room is rectangular
In order to answer the question, “At what point are you aware of a stimulus?” one should measure the:
absolute threshold
Impossible figures seem impossible because our previous experience with line drawings leads us to interpret figures as:
three dimensional
At low stimulus intensities, it takes ____ changes in order to detect a JND between two stimuli
small
As a test of ESP, you ask your friend Jean to predict the numbers on 10 cards you pull from the deck. Surprisingly, she gets six correct. Which of the following conclusions is most valid?
Repeated tests would reduce Jean’s accuracy, so she probably doesn’t have ESP.
When listening to music, the experience of hearing each individual note would be a ____, while interpreting the meaning of each note is an example of ____.
sensation; perception
The brain transforms the speed of moving objects into indicators of distance because of a depth cue called:
motion parallax
One of the biggest problems in conducting psychic research is:
the inability to repeat positive results
Bem and Honorton reported data that supported telepathy. The most prudent response to this study was to:
Wait and see if the results can be replicated by someone else
An artist wishing to use texture as a cue to depth in his painting would:
put finer detail in objects he wanted to appear close
A subliminal stimulus is one that:
Is below an absolute threshold and thus is not consciously perceived
Textures can be used to create a sense of depth because:
the loss of sharpness and detail causes a sense of distance
____ areas in the brain change sensations to perceptions
Association
The principle of closure states that:
we tend to fill in missing parts of a figure
According to recent research, brain activity was greater for Americans relative to East Asians when:
estimating a line’s length relative to the size of a square
Craig is taking his family for a car ride. His three-year-old, Katy, and Noelle, who is seven months old, are both looking out the side windows at approaching cars. Noelle sees bright flashes of lights, while Katy understands that the flashes of lights are cars. Which of the girls’ experiences in the best example of perception and why?
Katy, because she makes sense out of the flashes of lights
You are at a movie theater and you mentally will your popcorn to rise out of your hands and float through the air, and it does! You have just experienced the phenomenon of:
psychokinesis
Craig is blaring his stereo in his room. His father tells him to turn down the volume. Craig lowers the sound but his father claims the music is as loud as it was before. This is because:
the change in volume did not reach his father’s just noticeable difference
According to motion parallax, near objects appear ____, whereas objects in the distance appear ____.
to move quickly; to move slowly
If you can see a dog you must automatically recognize it as a dog.
False
The transformation of sensations into a meaningful perception:
Is an automatic, instantaneous process
Impossible figures seem impossible because our previous experience with line drawings leads us to interpret figures as:
three dimensional
As you look at a series of still pictures presented at about 24 frames per second, you perceive motion. Which of the following allows you to fill in between the images?
closure
As objects come close to you, convergence increases.
True
The phone rings and wakes you just when you first fall asleep. It is most likely you have been awakened from:
non-REM sleep
Unconsciousness means the person has a total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to the environment.
True
Imagine that “sleep” can talk. As the person is falling asleep, “sleep” says, “Finally, I can get some work done. Let’s see. I need to release some growth hormone later and look at the immune system. I think there’s something wrong with it.” Odd as it may be, which theory of sleep is best reflected in these comments?
repair
According to an EEG, Rachel is in REM sleep. She is probably:
Dreaming
Every night, we cycle into REM about
5-6 times
If you randomly pick 100 Icelanders, about how many of them would have SAD
3-4
Each day ____ resets our circadian clock.
Morning sunlight
In people with normal circadian clocks, what effect does melatonin taken in pill form have on jet lag?
It was no more effective than a placebo in reducing jet lag.
A woman has just had a baby and is allowed to have the newborn in the hospital room with her at night. On the third night, however, the nurses decide the woman needs her rest, since the baby has been waking up often in the night. If the baby woke its mother during each of her REM sleep periods, what would we expect on the night when the nurses looked after the baby and the mother was allowed to sleep through?
the mother would increase her REM sleep that night
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:
hypothalamus
A person who is classified as being in a vegetative state:
has no awareness or responsiveness
Dr. Buckbee is studying biological clocks. He is most interested in the clock that is set for about a single day. Dr. Buckbee studies:
circadian rhythms
Which of the following adverse effects may be caused by sleep deprivation?
decrease in performance of tasks that require vigilance and concentration
Consider this case study: Paul eats a light breakfast and is a night worker, but sometimes works in the afternoon. He often complains of being cold in the morning. Paul is most likely a(n):
evening person
A hard blow to the head can produce a temporary state of:
unconsciousness
Sleep spindles appear during what stage of sleep?
Stage 2
Jason, a 10-year-old, is having a nightmare. In which stage of sleep does Jason most likely experience these episodes?
REM
According to your authors, why does using a car phone while driving increase the chance of having a car accident?
Controlled processes like using a car phone disrupt other ongoing activities like driving
Zoe, who is obese, gets up in the middle of the night to eat. What is the most likely cause?
Her food-entrainable circadian clock is damaged
In general, it takes about three days for the body to adjust to every one hour of time change.
False
The opiates are said to cause three primary effects. Which of the following is not among the effects?
hallucinations
Rachel was hypnotized and told that she would not remember what happened. But, you don’t believe that she has really forgotten the experience. You press her and keep asking her to remember. What is most likely to happen?
Rachel will remember some aspects of the experience
Lance has recently been hypnotized to manage his chronic back pain. The posthypnotic suggestion to think about his pain as less unpleasant results in:
increased activity in the frontal lobe
After being addicted to soda—I drank at least six cans a day—I stopped. I got bad headaches and felt so tired.” The headaches best describe:
withdrawal symptoms
Most people are highly susceptible to hypnosis.
False
Vera is trying to quit using heroin. The first day without the drug, she experienced incredible pain and felt like she was “going nuts.” Vera is experiencing:
withdrawal symptoms
Genetic factors contribute about ____ to the development of alcoholism.
50-60%
There has been an increase in the use of methamphetamine.
True
In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, subjects who took caffeine compared to placebo control groups:
showed increased activity in brain areas involved in attention and memory
Nicotine is classified as a(n):
stimulant
For those research participants who took part in a study on the stress-reducing effects of transcendental meditation, a ____ reduction in stress was noted.
36%
LSD’s effect is due to its similarity to:
serotonin
Harvey and Matt are debating whether the alcohol in beer, wine, and liquor is different. Harvey says that all contain ethyl alcohol. Matt says that each contains a different type of alcohol. Who is right?
Harvey is right. Beer, wine, and liquor contain ethyl alcohol.
The Minnesota model of treatment emphasizes that:
the abuser has lost control over the drug
I really want, need it. I am consumed by getting some of it. I quit, but relapsed again.” This person is describing:
addiction
About ____ of all drug abusers relapse.
55–70%
Research has indicated that sensitivity to alcohol is a genetic risk for alcoholism. Specifically, what kind of sensitivity has the research identified as a risk for developing alcoholism?
Lower
Methamphetamine’s effects of enhanced mood, alertness, and energy is due to its ability to:
increase the release of dopamine
The most common treatment for heroin addiction is:
methadone
Morphine has its effects on the nervous system due to:
Its similar chemical structure to endorphins
Rats acquire taste-aversion easily when visual stimuli are used.
False
School was not a very pleasant experience for Jose. He would often fail his assignments, only to be put down by the teacher. Each time he sees a classroom, he feels fearful and anxious. Jose is experiencing a(n):
conditioned emotional response
A response that is inborn and automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n) ____ response.
unconditioned
The Law of Effect states that random actions are strengthened and will be more likely to occur in the future if the actions are:
followed by a reward or pleasurable consequence
According to the cognitive perspective, Pavlov’s dogs learn that the NS predicts the UCS
True
Little Albert showed fear of anything resembling a white rat. This is an example of ____.
generalization
When the CS no longer elicits the CR, spontaneous recovery has taken place.
False
You missed class the day classical conditioning was discussed, so you borrow your friend’s notes. As you are reading the notes you see that the neutral stimulus was the bell, the UCS was food, and the UCR was salivation. As you look further in the notes, you cannot read what is written about the CS, since your friend was running out of ink as she took notes. Given what you can read, you reason that the CS is:
bell—since the neutral stimulus becomes the CS
What concept refers to the usefulness of certain abilities that tend to increase an animal’s chance of survival?
adaptive value
What do classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning all have in common?
These are all forms of learning.
Using the example of Little Albert, which of the following is incorrect?
CR—white rat
The last step in systematic desensitization is to imagine a stressful situation while remaining relaxed.
True
Blue jays develop ____ that keep them from eating monarch butterflies.
Taste-aversion learning
The Law of Effect is important in:
operant conditioning
According to Module Nine, classical conditioning of the eye blink requires:
The cerebellum
An unconditioned stimulus:
automatically triggers a physiological reflex
Positive or negative feelings can be experienced when a stimulus is encountered that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event. This feeling is called a:
conditioned emotional response
In Pavlov’s study, the conditioned stimulus was:
a tone (bell)
When Pepsi and Coke are presented anonymously to subjects, most subjects prefer Pepsi.
False
If you start getting anxious when thinking about a flu shot, you are experiencing a conditioned emotional response.
True
Which of the following is not a secondary reinforcer?
shelter
Which of the following theorists argued that learning involves a mental representation of the environment?
Edward Tolman
The little child who gets a good hard spanking for running out into the street is experiencing an operant conditioning procedure called:
positive punishment
You are babysitting your three-year-old niece and notice that she is acting very much like a character from a television show. Being an astute psychology student, you reason that you are most likely witnessing
cognitive learning
To increase the effectiveness of time out, parents should consider:
combining it with positive reinforcement of desired behaviors
Dakota is using operant conditioning to get his dog Rover to bring him his slippers. He sounds a bell, has Rover bring the slippers, and reinforces the behavior with a dog biscuit. One day, a church bell sounds outside and Rover brings Dakota his slippers. Rover’s behavior illustrates:
generalization
“Every other set of encyclopedias you sell, I will give you $100,” says your supervisor. You realize that you are on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
The Great Carlo is an internationally known lion trainer. You ask him how he goes about training his lions. He responds by saying something about consequences that increase the chance that the desired behavior will again be performed. You recognize his method as:
operant conditioning
A pattern in which students at a reform school clean up their rooms only before the weekly inspections is typical of which kind of reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval
If the shortest path to a food box is blocked, a rat will select the next shortest path if the rat has:
developed a cognitive map
In a recent study, subjects watched one of three movie clips, followed by a staged confrontation and competitive reaction time test. Which group of subjects acted the most aggressively?
subjects who watched physically and relationally aggressive clips
Money is a primary reinforcer.
False
A trained killer whale associates a whistle with food
True
Thorndike developed the Law of Effect by studying:
how a cat learns to escape from a puzzle box
If you give your dog a treat sometimes after she performs a trick, you are using:
partial reinforcement
The law of effect is to ____ as operant conditioning is to ____.
Thorndike; Skinner
One of the steps in using operant conditioning to overcome a child’s refusal to eat certain foods includes reinforcing her when she notices the food, then when it is placed in her mouth, then when she tastes the food, and when she swallows it. This best describes:
A shaping
Harlan and Juanita spank their five-year-old daughter when she misbehaves. However, after taking a psychology course, Juanita suggests to Harlan that to increase spanking’s effectiveness they ought to:
tell their daughter the reason for the spanking
What refers to presenting an aversive stimulus after a response that decreases the odds that the response will recur?
positive punishment
When Beaver learns the meaning of 10 new vocabulary words, his father Ward says, “That’s a good boy, Beaver.” Ward’s praise is a(n):
positive reinforcer
If you lived in a poor country where many people could not read or write, encoding information by ____ would be widely practiced.
Sounds
Joe interviews five candidates for a job. Later, when Joe’s boss asks who made the greatest lasting impression on him, Joe says Erik and Ted, the first and last candidates interviewed. From a psychologist’s view, this favoring of Erik and Ted is most likely the result of which memory effect(s)?
serial position
Placing information in a relatively permanent “warehouse” is called:
storage
Which of the following is a question requiring the deepest processing of the word “lake”?
What would a person do with it?
Claude, a foreign exchange student from France, is teaching Kelli how to say a couple of sentences in French. Kelli repeats the words over and over, but has no idea what the individual sounds mean. By saying the words repeatedly, Kelli is practicing:
maintenance rehearsal
An education major is interviewing a veteran teacher for a class project. The teacher is asked about how to help students learn and says, “Give lots of examples.” Based on the textbook, what is the best reason for teachers to give examples?
Examples help students to connect what they are trying to learn with old information.
A function of sensory memory is that it increases the amount of information coming in to our memory.
False
Effective studying is an example of:
effortful encoding
In the case of Clive Wearing described in Module 11, his memory loss was caused by:
a disease that led to brain damage
You are taking a test that measures how many numbers you can correctly repeat back. You are taking a:
memory span test
Levels of processing theory focuses on:
how information is encoded
Memories stored in long-term memory are always highly accurate.
False
If you have no difficulty with encoding and storing, but you still think you’ve got problems with your memory, then the real problem must be in:
retrieving
Motor skills, which are examples of ____ information, are encoded ____ into long-term memory.
Procedural; automatically
While walking across campus, you see someone standing on his head. The fact that you pay attention to this person probably means that you will:
Process the information into short-term memory
One of the main reasons that information disappears from short-term memory is because of:
interference
When the mind pushes some traumatic memory into the unconscious, only to stay there until it is released, ____ is said to have taken place.
repression
Remembering is getting information out of storage. The term ____ refers to the same process.
retrieval
You are writing an article about short-term memory for the local newspaper. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the article?
Short-Term Memory: Holding Seven Items
Suzy is riding in a subway car when a young thug rips off her gold necklace and runs away. Suzy’s ability to later describe to the police what happened is due to the functioning of her ____ memory.
episodic
We tend to better recognize faces of our own race rather than faces of other races. This is called:
own-race bias
Research on retrieval cues has found that it is the ____ of associations that leads to improved recall of events or information.
bizarreness
An outcome of using the cognitive interview technique is that an eyewitness is:
less likely to be influenced by the questions and therefore not likely to experience source misattribution
The wording of a question:
can influence the reporting of eyewitness testimony
Wow! The lecture in psychology last week was very interesting. But you wonder how much of it you’ll remember in seven years. The research says that we forget about ____ of interesting information.
40%
According to the network theory of memory, another name for memory files is:
Nodes
According to research cited in Module 12, when you think of an animal, the ____ part of your brain is very active
Back
A witness of a bank robbery is asked if she remembers the bank manager wearing a tie. If she is influenced by the question, it is likely the witness will:
say yes, because male bank managers usually wear ties
When the mind pushes some traumatic memory into the unconscious, only to stay there until it is released, ____ is said to have taken place.
repression
Which of the following is the overall conclusion, based on three different studies of the memories of Asian and Euro-American participants described in the text?
Asians may perceive the world as having fewer discrete events, and therefore recall fewer episodic memories than Euro-Americans.
Studying by cramming or rote memory tends to:
create poor retrieval cues
This module opens with a study of eyewitness testimony of a filmed assailant. Out of 2,000 viewers, how many identified the wrong man in a six-man lineup?
1,800
a neuron becomes more connected to other neurons after it has been repeatedly stimulated, ____is said to have occurred.
ong-term potentiation
As you are remembering your first day of college, you are searching:
groups of nodes that are connected by personal associations
The retrieval of previously learned information with the assistance of no or very few external cues is called:
Recall
Proactive interference is to ____ as retroactive interference is to ____.
forward; backward
Neuron A says to Neuron B, “Boy, I think I’ve had long-term potentiation happen to me for that historical date, 1776.” Neuron B asks, “So. What does that mean?” Neuron A replies:
“I’ve become so much more in touch with my neighbor neurons.”
Our memories can evoke emotional experiences due, in part, to the activity of the:
amygdala
High school seniors Meera and Karen are talking about memories. Meera says that she can remember a song she learned when she was a year old. Karen disagrees and says that’s not likely. Why?
We do not verbally encode before the age of 3 1/2.
What form of memory retrieval are you using when answering this multiple-choice question?
recognition
If your cousin told you she was in psychometrics, what would she be most likely doing in her career?
developing psychological tests measuring abilities, skills, beliefs ,and personality traits
Herrnstein and Murray argued that the ____-point difference in average IQ scores between Caucasian-Americans and African-Americans was due primarily to ____.
15; inherited or genetic factors
Why would the cortex of highly intelligent children show a later thinning by the age of 19?
Those neural connections that are unused may die off to make the cortex more efficient in its functions.
____ is a number that indicates the amount or proportion of some ability that can be attributed to genetic factors.
Heritability
Which of the following summarizes the debate on the contributions of genetics and environment on intelligence?
nature-nurture
A psychologist says that a verbal aptitude test that he developed is quite valid. His statement is true only if his test:
correlates with another measure of verbal aptitude that is valid
Who consistently overestimates their IQs?
Males
Which of the following best describes what occurs in the brain of highly intelligent children as they become young adults?
The cortex, that was once thicker than normal in childhood, thins.
In a study of the neurological bases of intelligence, the ____ is the part of the brain that was less active in children from poorer homes than in children from more well-off families.
prefrontal cortex
This question measures your understanding of an important concept in an intelligence test because it is designed to. This refers to the question’s:
validity
Which of the following is not true about the Wechsler intelligence scales?
All the Wechsler scales give only a single IQ score
If each person described in the introduction to the module is considered to be intelligent, what does that say about the concept of intelligence?
There is more than one way to be intelligent.
According to your textbook, who has the highest IQ?
Model Laura Shields
Two friends are debating about the nature of IQ. Sam claims that it measures innate abilities. Joseph says that it is influenced strongly by environmental factors. Which of the following could Joseph truthfully use to support his arguments?
It has been estimated that IQ can vary up to 15 points depending on environment.
The oil dip stick in your car actually measures how much oil there is in the car’s engine. Therefore, the dip stick is a ____ measure.
Valid
According to Ed Zigler, who developed the Head Start program, academic performance depends upon three factors. W
cognitive abilities, achievement, motivation
To determine if a student suffers from an intellectual disability, only IQ scores should be used.
False
According to Gardner, standard intelligence tests appear to measure verbal and logical-mathematical intelligence
True
According to your textbook, why are some IQ tests culturally biased?
They measure knowledge that is more familiar to members of some social groups than others
If genetic factors contribute to IQ scores, then fraternal twins should have:
less similar IQ scores than identical twins
An average bird has feathers, a bill, and wings. This is consistent with the:
prototype theory
The underlying meaning of a sentence is its:
deep structure
When a child says, “Me cookie” the child is demonstrating:
Telegraphic speech
Parentese is a way of speaking to infants
True
Both innate and environmental factors play a role in language acquisition
True
Professor Anderson has discovered a primitive tribe in the Amazon rainforest and has studied their language. She has found that this tribe has only seven emotions. She reasons that they should only perceive these seven emotions. She is basing her hypothesis on:
the theory of linguistic relativity
Which of the following would be the most accurate title of a newspaper article describing dolphins’ use of language?
“Dolphins possess language comprehension
Training children with dyslexia to use computer games appears to:
increase neural activity in the phoneme producer and word analyzer
A common finding in case studies of creative people is:
they tend to be creative in some areas and poor in others
How does a child learn the complex rules of grammar?
interaction between the child’s experience and the innate program
A mother is thinking about how much TV her young children watch. Based on research described in Module 14, what should she be most aware about regarding her children’s language development and viewing habits?
educed conversations between the her and the children
____ was the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the United States
Inez Prosser
