Final Flashcards
Which approach has surpassed the popularity of behaviorism in the modern era?
cognitive
Of the following subject groups, which did not appear in the study on taking lecture notes described in your textbook?
note-taking plus preview
If there was some dysfunction in mirror neurons, what deficiency might we see in a person?
understanding emotions in other people
Professor Kaufman is showing a film describing the modern approaches to psychology. The video is operating, but the sound is not. On the screen you see an individual named Abraham Maslow. If the sound was turned on, which of the following words would you probably hear from Maslow as he describes his views?
“… potential for self-fulfillment is important …”
The evolutionary approach is the most recent of the approaches presented in Module One.
True
Wundt was to structuralism as:
James was to functionalism
Rob has taught his dog to roll over on command by rewarding the dog with food whenever she exhibits the appropriate action. Rob’s approach to teaching his dog tricks is similar to which psychological perspective?
behavioral
Dr. Falzal assesses a patient’s neurological functioning and finds that she is suffering from epilepsy. Dr. Falzal is most likely a(n):
psychiatrist
The behavioral approach focused on mental processes.
False
With your knowledge of the existing research on how students explain their exam performance, what piece of advice would you give to new teachers?
Be supportive and encourage those who perform poorly on tests to reach their highest potential
An article entitled, “The Mind: Goals and Purposes” would be most likely written by someone who identifies with:
James and functionalism
According to research cited in Module One, what is the relationship between how well students think they know the class material and their exam performance?
Almost none
What is the best way to study based on the research described in Module One?
Study in two sessions with time between them.
While working on his Ph.D., James developed a test to evaluate intelligence in children. James is probably studying:
psychometrics
Mental processes are described in your textbook as:
not directly observable
Abdul is a poor judge of what he thinks he knows. According to the textbook, Abdul is most likely to:
base judgments on general knowledge rather than on specific knowledge
Select the option that best illustrates an attempt to control behavior.
Mrs. Quinn, a third-grade teacher, is planning a new approach to reduce inattention in some of her students.
To remedy past discrimination in psychology and in higher education:
the American Psychological Association actively recruits minority members
____ studies cognitive skills by identifying the corresponding areas in the brain.
Cognitive neuroscience
What technique is a measure of the relationship between two or more events?
correlation
Independent variable is to ____ as dependent variable is to ____.
cause; effect
Which research method involves questioning a group of people?
survey method
When we make a hypothesis, we are:
guessing
Professor Aguayo is recruiting subjects for a study. She is advised not to give potential subjects the exact title of the study, which is “The negative effects of mild anxiety on eye-hand coordination.” Why not share the title with potential subjects?
The title may create specific expectations that could bias the subjects.
Your next door neighbor has a son named James. James, who is seven, has problems with attention and fidgets excessively. Based upon your interactions with James, you notice that he talks much of the time and has difficulty following instructions. What is James’s most likely diagnosis?
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Shyla conducted an experiment. She went to the student union and asked people if they would like to be subjects in her study. She decided to ask only those people who smiled at her. Is this an appropriate way to select subjects?
No—it is not random selection
Which subject group is most likely receiving a placebo?
Group 3—receive sugar pill
You recently read a book about a celebrity who battled alcoholism throughout her adult life. This book best illustrates:
case study
According to research described in Module Two, adolescent binge drinking causes later health problems.
False
Which organization has published a code of ethics of conduct for psychologists to follow when conducting research?
American Psychological Association
her research, Professor Marrs is following a set of rules and guidelines to determine cause-and-effect relationships. What is Professor Marrs doing?
she’s conducting an experiment
Which of the following is a disadvantage of surveys, as presented in your textbook?
The ethnicity of the questioner can affect subjects’ responses
An advantage of randomly assigning subjects to groups is:
that it reduces the chance that other variables will bias the results
The primary advantage of using an experimental research method is:
It allows you to draw cause-and-effect conclusions
If animals had not been used in research, what would we probably lack today?
better understanding of many psychological and physical disorders
What is the most likely thing that a subject in a double-blind procedure would say?
“I have no idea if I am in the experimental or control group and the researcher doesn’t know either!”
Abdul was listening to a radio talk show and heard the announcer talk about “a high correlation between crime and poverty.” The announcer then proceeded to say since there was a high correlation, poverty causes crime. Abdul is taking psychology, and is skeptical of what he just heard. He knows that:
correlation does not indicate cause-and-effect relationships
Molly strongly believes that she will hurt herself while playing basketball. A few weeks later, she actually does hurt herself during a basketball game. Her injury may have been the result of:
a self-fulfilling prophecy
If an experiment could “talk” what would it say about itself?
“Suggesting cause and effect is my specialty.”
Reuptake is a process where neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse and absorbed back to the end bulbs.
True
Stereotaxic procedures:
are used for brain tissue transplants
As you’re waiting to visit a friend in the hospital, you overhear a physician talking to a patient’s parents. You don’t hear the entire conversation, but only bits and pieces. There is something about an accident and a question regarding nerves reattaching. The physician replied that the nerves do have the ability to regrow. From your education in psychology, you guess that the nerves were probably part of the:
peripheral nervous system
One risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease is:
Inheriting one of ten different genes
In explaining phantom limb, Melzack argued that:
there is a body image in the brain that can generate sensations as coming from any body part
What progressive neurological disorder is characterized by memory loss, personality deterioration, and emotional outbursts?
Alzheimer’s disease
The filtering system that prevents most substances from reaching the brain is called the:
blood-brain barrier
The brain is not able to grow new neurons.
False
A potential treatment for Parkinson’s patients involves:
embryonic stem cell transplants
Salvia is a drug that causes uncontrollable laughter and vivid hallucinations. Its effects are due to its chemical similarity to
endorphins
If the axon is the “output” structure of the neuron, the input structure is the:
dendrite
Glial cells are the most numerous brain cells
True
Which is not an accepted explanation for phantom limb?
sensations from the spinal cord
You are reading an anthropologist’s experiences with South American Indians. You are struck at the description of Indians chewing coca leaves because it reminds you of something you learned in psychology. What was it?
Cocaine comes from coca leaves and blocks reuptake of dopamine
Why does MS disrupt the messages between the body and brain?
MS attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds the brain cells in the CNS
What do the two main extensions of a neuron do?
receive and transmit electrical signals
The nerve impulse is called an action potential.
True
Opposite-charged ions ____ and like-charged ions ____.
attract; repel
One factor causing Alzheimer’s disease results from:
the multiplication of naturally occurring proteins and peptides
Which of the following has been seen as an option to the use of embryonic stem cells that eliminates the ethical issues related to the use of stem cells?
Induced pluripotent stem cells
The graceful movements of a ballet dancer are due to the coordination of movement performed by the:
cerebellum
Which statement is most accurate in describing the order from smallest to largest?
genes, DNA, chromosomes, zygote
Humans have more sophisticated neurons than chimpanzees and this explains the difference in intelligence.
False
Loi believes that science has not identified the location of any human genes. Is Loi right?
No—Project Genome has identified all genes
After a serious blow to the head, Hector underwent a dramatic personality change. A well-organized, extroverted person before the accident, he no longer could plan or adjust to new social situations. Hector would also laugh uncontrollably at inappropriate times. What part of Hector’s brain appears to have been damaged?
frontal lobe
The right hemisphere is not good at recognizing tone of voice.
False
The brain and spinal cord comprise the ____ nervous system
central
Research has found that the brains of men, when solving rotating figure problems, were especially active in the:
right frontal area
Based upon your textbook, the cognitive functions of the frontal lobe include all but one of the following. Which one is not among the functions found in the frontal lobe?
processing tactile information
Who probably had the first, crude form of a frontal lobotomy?
Phineas Gage
You stub your big toe on the chair leg. The pain message is first carried to the brain on nerves that are part of the:
peripheral nervous system
Given the organization of the somatosensory cortex, which of the following parts of the body would an injury like a cut hurt the most?
Lips
An area of the brain that plays a major role in eating, drinking, and sexual responses is the hypothalamus.
True
The Unusual drawing of the somatosensory cortex that illustrates how much of the cortex is devoted to various body parts is called the:
sensory homunculus
You are listening to a few songs that you really like since they are very relaxing. What part of your brain has a reward or pleasure center that is very active as you listen to the songs?
midbrain
The central nervous system is made up of two components:
brain and spinal cord
Baby Theresa suffered from _____, which prevented most of her brain from developing, except for primitive areas.
anencephaly
The new area of study that maps the paths of cognitive processes in the brain is called:
cognitive neuroscience
As a result of a workplace accident, a person damages the left somatosensory cortex, resulting in:
loss of feeling on the right side of the body
You are about to give a speech to a group of 100 people. Your ____ division is especially active as you notice butterflies in your stomach, a dry mouth, and sweaty palms.
sympathetic
A major reason for the decline in the use of frontal lobotomies was that:
Antipsychotic drugs were developed that better controlled behavior
A patient known as H. M., while undergoing brain surgery, suffered accidental brain damage. After the surgery, while he retained all of his old memories, he could no longer make new ones. H. M. could not retain new information for more than about 30 seconds. What part of his limbic system was damaged?
hippocampus
Based on Module Four, why would a baby born with almost no brain even survive for a couple of days?
The baby would still have a brain area that regulates vital reflexes
The human cortex is wrinkled because:
wrinkling increases the surface area
According to the theory of evolution:
present-day humans descended from a creature related to apes
Sympathetic is to arouse as parasympathetic is to ____.
calm
MRI scans require an injection of a radioactive material into the patient’s blood
False
Which of the following regulates growth through the secretion of a growth hormone?
anterior pituitary
As a physician, you need to have a very detailed view of the structure of your patient’s brain. The method most appropriate given your needs is:
MRI scan
A person in a persistent vegetative state may be able to track an object with their eyes.
True
The two divisions of the nervous system are:
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
One of Dr. Odland’s patients has neglect syndrome caused by right-sided brain damage. When the patient was asked to copy a picture of the United States laying in front of him, he:
only drew the states on the right side of the picture
The area of the brain responsible for such primary motives as hunger, thirst, and sex is the:
hypothalamus
Dr. Fox wishes to determine what area of the brain is involved in listening to classical music. What type of brain scan would you recommend that he use that would allow a study of brain function?
fMRI scan
____ are secreted by the glands that make up the endocrine system.
Hormones
The motor cortex is located in the ____ lobe.
frontal
The gene for brown eyes is _____; the gene for blue eyes is ______.
dominant; recessive
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
True
Why would some older adults have difficulty inhibiting unwanted speech?
shrinkage in the frontal lobes
One of the reasons that PET scans can indicate brain activity is that very active neurons absorb more:
radioactive solution than less active ones
If a sense organ is continuously stimulated, the sense organ will decrease responding through the process of:
adaptation
Uncle Randy finds that he is having trouble reading the newspaper, even when he holds it at arm’s length. In fact, he has trouble focusing on close objects. It is probable that light is being focused:
Slightly behind the retina
According to the place theory, the auditory system converts the frequency of sound waves into the subjective experience of ____ based upon the place along the basilar membrane where there is maximum vibration.
pitch
The ____ connect individually to neighboring cells. This allows us to see ____.
cones; in fine detail
As you walk on campus, you suddenly recognize an old friend who is heading towards you. What point in the visual pathway is responsible for the creation of this meaningful image of an old friend?
visual association areas
The photoreceptors in your eye are called rods and cones
True
If you do not feel the chair you are now sitting in, it is because
when there is constant stimulation, our senses experience a decrease in responding
When looking at the brains of people who were given a placebo, researchers found
the same brain areas activated as real painkillers
Which of the following, located in the fat layer of the skin, allows us to respond to vibrations?
The Pacinian corpuscles
Ed has trouble driving because he cannot tell the difference between green and red lights. Ed has:
color blindness
To test for placebo effects, researchers use a design called:
Double-blind procedure
Which of the following structures allows you to read these words and see other stimuli in fine detail?
cones
The surgical technique called LASIK is used to treat:
nearsighted vision
Taste and smell are classified as chemical senses because they:
react to chemical stimuli
Nerve impulses are transmitted from the cochlea to the brain via the:
auditory nerve
The reason that we can “see” a rainbow is because the light waves are:
In our visible spectrum
Denise is unaware of the feel of the chair she sits in while playing with her computer. Denise’s lack of sensitivity is the result of:
adaptation
High pitch sounds are created by high frequency waves.
True
A worker in a lumber mill suffers a serious injury when he gets his arm caught in the machinery. Though the experience is painful, it is less painful than it might be because:
the brain produces endorphins, which stop receptors from signaling pain
A microchip implanted into the retina could:
change light waves into electrical signals
A full moon high in the sky is perceived to be closer to you than a moon on the horizon
True
An illusion is:
a distorted perception of reality
The rules of organization such as figure-ground and closure were developed by the ____ to describe how we perceive.
Gestalt psychologists
As a result of an accident, David has only one eye. Which of the following depth cues would he not be able to use?
retinal disparity
The Gestalt rules of organization:
are rules that help us organize elements into something that is complete
