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Sociology 121 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the economy?

A

its the social institution that organize’s society’s production, distribution, and consumption f goods/services

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2
Q

3 sectors of the economy

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

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3
Q

primary sector of the economy

A

draws on raw materials from the environment

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4
Q

secondary sector of the economy

A

transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

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5
Q

tertiary sector of the economy

A

involves services rather than goods

ex) retail workers, advertising

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6
Q

according to Marx, the worker is alienated from what 4 things?

A
  1. the product of their labour
  2. their own labour
  3. their sense of humanity
  4. from others
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7
Q

points about labour and the worker: (3)

A
  • the worker pouts his life into the object then it no longer belongs to him
  • the greater the activity, the less he possess
  • labour is external to the worker (it does not belong to his intrinsic nature)
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8
Q

ex) McDonald’s window workers.. examples of alienation? (5 points)

A
  • internalization of grueling schedule (hectic when busy, cleaning when slow)
  • workers hide behind a corporation, no personal touch
  • creative exploration and self-development limited
  • no socializing with others
  • the needs and profit of the company come first
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9
Q

urbanization

A

refers to the concentration of a population into cities

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10
Q

how do cities reproduction class and racial inequalities? how is institutional discrimination evident in the social organizations of city spaces?

A
  • labeling areas (ex. slums)
  • building parks
  • encouraging commercialism
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11
Q

what is Africville?

A

a black community in Halifax founded in the 19th century by African-American refugees (slaves)

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12
Q

what happened to Africville? what did the city do?

A

City of Halifax and various businesses started to invade it in 19th century

  • demolition of homes for rail lines
  • construction of industries
  • residents were denied building permits ti improve their home
  • requests for water and other services were denied
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13
Q

in 1964, Halifax did what to Africville?

A

phase it out by forcibly relocating its residents

it was an “intervention strategy to solve the social and economic problems of Africville residents”

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14
Q

what happens in relocation?

A

planed social change approved by and intiated by public agency
-involuntary relocation by residents

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15
Q

4 models of relocation:

A
  1. development model
  2. liberal-welfare model
  3. political model
  4. traditional model
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16
Q

development model of relocation:

A

econocentric, undemocratic

-the needs of the city are put before the people’s needs

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17
Q

liberal-welfare model of relocation:

A

similar to development model, but supports relocatees

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18
Q

political model of relocation:

A

aims to encourage citizen participation

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19
Q

traditional model of relocation:

A

planned social change at community level

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20
Q

“no place for home” by Cordon talks about what?

A

downtown eastside Vancouver

  • 1 mile along Hastings Avenue
  • one of the city’s oldest neighbourhoods
  • homeless, drug use, poverty, prostitution
  • single room occupancy (SRO) hotels provide a cheap place to live
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21
Q

what is ‘the shift east’?

A

new developments in downtown east Hastings

  • retail, boutiques, luxury lofts
  • SRO prices are seen as valuable, prices increase
  • current residents can no longer afford to live there
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22
Q

The Vancouver Agreement aims to do what?

A

turn problem hotels (mostly SROs) into safe, clean places to live
problem: rising price

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23
Q

gentrification

A

coined by British sociologist Ruth Glass in 1960

  • referred to changes she observed in inner city London neighbourhoods
  • shift in urban spaces
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24
Q

the Industrial Revolution brought on 5 new concepts:

A
  1. new sources of energy
  2. centralization of work in factories
  3. manufacturing and mass production
  4. specialization (repeating the same task)
  5. wage labour
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25
Q

pros of the Industrial Revolution: (2)

A

gradually raised the standard of living

-expanded the market

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26
Q

cons of the Industrial Revolution:

A

unequal benefits of factory jobs (factory owners rich while workers close to poverty)
-poor working conditionals, especially for women and children

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27
Q

post industrial economy

A

a productive system based on service work and high technology
-automated machinery

28
Q

3 significant changes from the Industrial Revolution to post-industrialism

A
  1. from tangible products to ideas (computer programmers, graphic design, advertising, etc)
  2. from mechanical skills to literacy skills (knowing how to read, write and use a computer)
  3. from factories to almost anywhere (laptops, cellphones, etc. you can take work anywhere)
29
Q

global economy

A

expanding activity that crosses national borders

30
Q

global economy and its 5 major consequences:

A
  1. global division of labour
  2. more products must pass through more nations
  3. national Govs no longer control the economic activity that takes place
  4. a small number of businesses controls the vast amount of economic activity
  5. raises concerns about the rights and opportunities of workers
31
Q

capitalism

A

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of production are privately owned

32
Q

capitalism and its 3 key features:

A
  1. private ownership of property
  2. pursuit of personal profit
  3. competition and consumer choice
33
Q

pros of capitalism:

A
  • taxation and regulation agencies
  • mandate minimum wage
  • enforce safe workplace standards
  • regulate corporate mergers
  • support farmers
  • administer welfare, pensions, and employment insurance
34
Q

socialism

A

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of production are collectively owned
ex) China and Venezuela

35
Q

socialism has 3 key features:

A
  1. collective ownership of property (housing available to all)
  2. pursuit of collective goals (work for the common good of all)
  3. government control of the economy (commercial advertising has a very small role)
36
Q

communism

A

a hypothetical economic and political system in which all members are socially equal
-different than socialism, goes beyond it

37
Q

welfare capitalism

A

an economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy wit extensive social welfare programs

  • high taxation aimed at the rich to fund universal health care
    ex) France, Sweden, Italy, Finland
38
Q

state capitalism

A

an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but co-operate with the government

  • controlling foreign imports to help them compete i world market
    ex) Japan, South Korea, Singapore
39
Q

capitalism vs. socialism

A

capitalism has higher standard of living, freedom to pursue self-interest, higher GDP, but higher economic inequality

40
Q

primary labour market (part of the dual labour market)

A

jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers

  • careers
    ex) medicine, engineering, law, upper management
41
Q

secondary labour market (part of the dual labour market)

A

jobs that provide minimal benefits to workers

  • low skill, blue collar assembly lines
  • little job security
    ex) low level service jobs, clerical positions
42
Q

labour unions

A

worker organizations that seek to improve wages and working conditions through various strategies, including negotiations and strikes

  • highest levels are in government or public administration (70%)
  • union membership has declined since the 80’s
43
Q

profession

A

a prestigious whit collar occupation that requires extensive formal education (usually a bachelor degree or more)

44
Q

sociologists studying professions have assumed that an occupation is a profession to the extent that it demonstrates the following 4 characteristics:

A
  1. theoretical knowledge
  2. self regulating practice
  3. authority over clients
  4. community orientation rather than self interest
45
Q

self employment

A

earning a living without working for a large organization

  • highest levels in fishing, trapping, and agriculture
  • 12% of Canadians
46
Q

under employment

A

employment that uses less than a person’s full credentials, talents or abilities

  • almost 50% of young workers with degrees are underemployed
  • the glass ceiling for women
  • highest risk for blacks and aboriginals
47
Q

underground economy

A

economic activity involving income or the exchange of goods/services that is not reported to the government as required by the law

  • small scale: babysitting, garage sale
  • criminal activity: drug dealing, prostitution
  • largest segment: “honest” people who fail to accurately file income taxes
48
Q

the information Revolution is the increased use of computers. What are 5 changes with increased computer use?

A
  1. computers are de-skilling labour
  2. computers are making work more abstract (use symbols/programs) to preform tasks
  3. computers limit workplace interaction
  4. computers increased employers control over employees
  5. computers allow companies to relocate work
49
Q

corporations

A

an organization with a legal existence including rights and liabilities apart from those of its members

50
Q

conglomerate

A

a giant corporation composed of many small corporations

-linked through interlocking directories and owning each other’s stock

51
Q

modernization theorists vs. dependency theorists

A

modernization- claims that MNCs raise the stadard of living in poor countries by offering jobs and advanced technology
dependency- claims that MNCs make global inequality worse by forcing poor countries to produce for the rich, making them more dependent

52
Q

metropolis

A

a large city that dominates the surrounding area both socially and economically
-a population of at least 100,000 spread among one or more municipalities

53
Q

suburbs

A

urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city

54
Q

megaloposis

A

a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
ex) the area between Washington and Boston

55
Q

Tonnies’ gemeinschaft

A

‘community’

a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

56
Q

Tonnies’ gesellschaft

A

‘association’
a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of self-interest
-common with cities
-much is lost

57
Q

Durkheim’s mechanical solidarity

A

traditional rural life

  • social binds based on common sediments and shared moral values
  • similar to Tonnie’s gemeinschaft
58
Q

Durkheim’s organic solidarity

A
  • social bonds based on specialization and interdependence
  • similar to Tonnies’ gesellschaft but is more optimistic
  • more individual choice, moral tolerance, privacy
59
Q

Simmel’s blase attitude

A

to prevent being swept up in everything else in the city, people in urban centers develop a blase attitude in which they tune out much of what goes on around them
-detach as a survival strategy to focus on themselves and who matters to them

60
Q

Park (Chicago School) view on cities

A

city is organized in a mosaic of distinctive ethnic communities, commercial centers, and industrial districts

  • these ‘natural areas’ develop and change in relation to one another
  • the city as a living organism
  • cities permit greater social freedom
61
Q

Wirth (Chicago School) view on cities

A

blended the ideas from Tonnie, Durkheim, Simmel and Park

  • defined a city as a setting with a large, dense and socially diverse pop.
  • limited social involvement with great social diversity= city people more tolerant
62
Q

problem with all these outlooks on cities:

A

they overlook the effects of class, race and gender

63
Q

urban ecology

A

the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities

64
Q

urban political economy

A

do not see the city as a living organism but rather as an area defined by mostly people with power (corporate leaders and political elite)

  • better addresses the harsh realities of urban life
  • limited to capitalist societies
65
Q

the first urban revolution

A

began with the appearance of cities 10,000ya

  • emerged in most regions in the world except NA and Antarctica
  • low rise buildings, narrow winding streets, and personal social ties
66
Q

the second urban revolution

A

began in about 1750 with the Industrial Revolution

  • planners created wider regular streets to accomdate commerce
  • emphasis on business and growth of cities made things more impersonal
67
Q

the third urban revolution

A

happening right now in poor countries

Sociology 121 (3 decks)

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