Final Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Cell and Structures
2
Q
Morphology
A
overall shape of plants
3
Q
nonvascular
A
do not have a vascular system (mosses)
4
Q
Gymnosperms
A
naked seeds, wind pollinated, cone like structure
5
Q
angiosperms
A
inside of a fruit, flowering plants
6
Q
totipotency
A
The ability of a cell to return to a materialistic state and produce a whole new plant.
7
Q
3 organs for plants
A
-leaf -stem -root - all other are modified from these
8
Q
monocotts
A
1 cotyledons
multiples of three
vascular bundles in the stem are random
Leaf Veination is parallel
9
Q
dicotts
A
2 cotyledons
multiples of four or five
Vascular bundles in a ring
Netted veins usually
10
Q
meristem
A
perpetually making new parts
-root and shoot Apical meristems
11
Q
Tissue system
A
- Dermal
- vascular
- ground
12
Q
leaf primordium
A
Youngest leaves
embryonic stage of growth
13
Q
Herbaceous (primary)
A
- primary growth (new part)
- coming from apical meristems
14
Q
Woody (Secondary)
A
increases diameter but doesnt add new parts comes from vascular cambium.
15
Q
plant tissues
A
an accumulation of cells
16
Q
Dermal
A
- epidermis: single layer of cells that interacts with the envornment
- periderm: replaces original epidermis in woody plants
17
Q
Vascular
A
- transport and support
- xylem and phloem
18
Q
Xylem
A
Transports water and mineral nutrients
From transpiration
Cells dead at maturity
19
Q
Phloem
A
- transports sugar (sucrose)
- From leaves to where it is needed (roots, fruits)
20
Q
Ground
A
- Some Functional role
- cortex (root)
- Pith (stem)
- Mesophyll (leaves)
21
Q
Cell membrane
A
Phospholipid bilayer
22
Q
Cell Wall
A
Cellulose, Lignin (If Dead)
23
Q
Protoplast
A
All things within the cell membrane (no cell wall) but connects adjacent cells.
24
Q
Apoplast
A
From the membrane of the cell outward (cell wall ect)
25
Symplast
The inside of a cell and not adjacent cells.
26
Primary wall made up of...
Cellulose and carbohydrates
27
Secondary wall
Cellulose and lignin mostly lignin
28
Paranchyma
- Found in all tissue systems
- living at maturity
- Thin primary wall
- metabolic role of somekind
29
Collenchyma
- Living in maturity
- Unevenly thick primary walls (with Pectin)
- Found only in ground cells
- Used for support
- usually under epidermis
30
Sclerenchyma
- dead at maturity
- Thick secondary walls
- xylem
31
Growth
irreversible increase in size (huge vacuole)
| -in meristems cells divide.
32
initial
during cell division the cell that stays behind
33
Derivative
Cell leaves after division
34
Differintiation
When cell matures to become part of a specific tissue system.
35
Dedifferintiation
When a cell expresses totipotency and goes back to a meristematic state.
36
Primary growth
-apical meristem -leave and becomes mature cells
37
Wave of maturation
the direction of maturation
38
Acropital
from the base to the tip
39
basipital
from tip to the base (leaves)
40
Protoderm
Transitional state for dermal cells
41
Ground Meristem
Transitional state for ground tissue
42
Procambium
Vascular transitional state
43
Intercalary Meristems
Meristems that will grow back in sections (Look like stripes) pocket so mature then immature. example : grasses
44
cytoplasam
stuff inside of the plasma membrane (liquid)
45
Secondary wall
forms on the inside, no longer flexable, everything inside dies
46
Pigments
either water or lipid soluable
47
Carotenoids
yellow and orange pigments (can be crystalline)
| turn leaves yellow and orange in the fall.
48
Water soluble found...
Usually in the vacuoles
49
Flavonoids
Found in vacuole
| two types
50
Flavonals
colorless and absorb UV rays
51
anthocynins
blue and purple
52
Middle lamella
Wall of pectin between sister cells
53
Plasma demata
pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum that got caught in between the walls. tubials that connect cells together
54
desmotubial
make the symplastic connection and the plasma desmata run run through it.
55
Ultra structure
Things you can see with and electron microscopes
56
electron microscope
100,000x uses magnets instead of a lens
57
Plastids
- Chloroplasts
- chromoplasts
- leukoplasts
- have their own DNA
58
Chloroplasts
photosythesis, two membranes
59
chromoplasts
Usuall carotinoids, lipid soluable, coloration, embedded in mebranes
60
Leukoplasts
Colorless,
- Amyloplast
- eliaoplasts
- proteinoplast
61
Amyloplast
Have starches
62
Eliaoplasts
oils
63
proteinoplasts
protein
64
Mitochondira
- double membrane
- own dna
- Food to energy
- lots of surface area
- multiple reactions (crebs cycle)
- Electron transport
65
Nucleaus
- Contains chromosomes (DNA) histone proteins
| - Transcription happens here
66
Histone Proteins
keep things from getting tangled
67
Endo-membrane system
-Nuclear envelope -ER -desmo tubials -golgi apparatus- e
68
Endoplamic reticulum
Makes the plasma desmata when dividing. helps to package things to send to golgi aparatus.
69
Rough vs. Smooth ER
Rough ER ( has rysosomes) synthesises proteins which smooth er packages
70
Golgi apparatus
Storage, Protein synthesis, packages proteins
71
Microfiliments
- Made of actin
- play a role in cytoplasmic steming
- move chloroplasts arounds
- help keep CO2 moving
72
Micro tubials
- spindels in cell meiosis
- made of little parts
- play role in cell shape
- right by cell walls
- build new cell walls
- guide Rosetts around
73
Rosettes
Synthesis microfiberal in the cell wall (cellulose chains)
74
Primary Cell wall
Cell wall layed down during growth and continuing until end of growth
75
Secondary Cell wall
Layed down after cell has stoped growing very rigid made of lignin
76
Concrete
Pectin, Hemicelulose and proteins
77
Rebar
strands of cellulose
78
Matrix
Pectin and hemicellulose that form long chanes of cellulose are trapped in
79
Lumen
Where the vacuole was, large hole in the middle of a dead cell.
80
Primary Pit Fields
Region where common wall between cells is thin and there are many plasma desmota.
81
Epidermis functions
```
Protection
absorbtion
sectetion
gas exchange
support
```
82
Primary growh Of epidermis
apical meristem to protoderm to epidermis (single layer of cells)
83
Secondary growth of epidermis
cork cambium to cork cells
84
Cuticle
- cutin (lipid) and wax
- glued to the surface with pectin
- prevents water loss
- not found on roots
85
Periclinal
Division parallel to the surface
86
Anticlinal
Perpendicular divisions .
87
Root hairs
Outgrowth of a single cell (then become multicellular)
Increase surface area
penetrate soil
Die and move on to younger parts
may have glands which secret a lubricant to push through soils.
88
Trichomes
any outgrowth of epidermis
hairs, scales, glandular.
no ground tissue
89
Stamata
Pair of guard cells that open and close to let CO2 in and as a consequence allow water to go out.
K2+ and CL+ enter the cell and through osmosis fill the guard cells and push them apart.
90
hypstomatas
bottom side of leaf
91
epistomatas
top of leaves (water Lilly)
92
amphistomatous
Both top and bottom of the the leaves (grass)
93
subsidiary cells
Sister cells of the guard cell and are right next to the guard cells
94
Secretion
Cleans things
moves things around
oils, resins, odors, water,.salts...
95
Transpher cells
Used for sectetion
Have increased surface area and lots of mitochondria
walls are very folded
96
External sectetion
Dermal (inside to outside)
have ground and vascular tissue involved
ex. Nectairy and glandular hair
through guard cells mostly
97
Internal Sectetion
Not dermal
| Either or both vascular or ground tissue.
98
Coleiter
Waxy coating to protect leaf primordia during times of dormancy or lack of growth.
99
Osmophore
Usually secteate odors (glands or hairs)
100
Hydathode
Usually found in tips of leaves
101
Gatation
plants secretes liquid water. helps repair xylem fix embalisms
102
Active Secretion
Cell is activly moving things into itself (Laticifer)
103
Passive
Has a cavity surrounded by cells and the cells transport with init.
104
Laticifers
Physical deterant to hervivory
contain latex which is sticky and can be poisonous.
Latex can be made of may things.
105
Phloem
Parenchyma
Fibers
Sieve elments
sieve cells and sieve tube member members
Move sugars (sucrose, Glucose and fructose)
positive pressure
106
Sieve Cells
Elongate, only primary walls, have sieve areas, lose orgenalles but are still technically alive. Have an albuminous cell (companion cell). sugar moves across overlapping sieve areas.
107
Sieve areas
transformed primary pit feilds
108
Sieve areas are formed..
callose lines primary pit fields and then erodes away leaving a sieve pore.
109
Sieve tube member vs. Seive Cell
Member: Seive plates and still have seive areas. Have a cap on end of bundle. most of sieve areas are towards the top.
Cell: Long tube of cells that overlap. Form a long tube.
110
Source
Where Sugars are made, stored or matabalized
111
Sink
Where sugars are being used, Roots meristem developing fruit, tuber or root.
112
Mass flow
water moves into dilute area with concentrated sugar. sugar is pushed out and moves to sink
113
phloem pressure...
Is positive
114
P proteins
Proteins that will block holes in phloem.
Callouse makes them permanent
sometimes called a slime plug
115
Cambium
Single row of cells. xylem inside phloem outside (secondary). leave initial behind
116
Rays
are useful for transport and storage.
117
Xylem
moves most water in plants
transports minerals in solution.
transpiration causes a negative pressure hydrogen bonds cause molecules to stick together. Stomata let water out.
118
Trachids
Clusters of overlapping pit pairs
| dead, thick secondary walls. Pits allow water transport
119
Hard woods
Angiosperms, paranchyma. fibers, vessle members trachids
120
Soft woods
Tracheids paranchyma
121
Angio sperm conducting cells
phloe: Seive tube members xylem: vessle members
122
Gymnospersm
Phloem:seive cells xylem:traxids
123
porosity
how many pores it has
124
aporous
no pores/vessles
125
diffuse porous
no difference between early wood and late wood
126
Ring Porous
big vessels in early wood small in late wood
127
Pariclinal
add to the xylem of phloem
128
Anticlinal
multiplicitive
129
Ray cell initial
parellel cells out to both sides
130
Fusiform initial
part of axial cells
131
Rays
Paranchyma cells
132
Axial
Tracheids, vessel members, sieve tube members
133
Heart wood
dark inner wood had deposited resins and gums that are secreted to protect from pathogens
134
Tyloses
paranchyma cells that balloon into a vessel member to block it off
135
Recepticle
the enlarged end of the flower stem or stalk to which the spals petals and stamens and carpels are attached
136
Sepals
Collectivly the calyx
137
Petals
Collectively the androecium
138
Pistil
consists of one or more carpels, simple pistel has single carple compound has many. colectivly the gynoecium
139
Complete flower
All floral aprts present
140
Incomplete flower
One or more of the four floral parts lacking
141
Perfect flower
Stamens and pistils present on the same flower. bisexual or hermanphroditic
142
imperfect flower
either stamens or pistils lacking. unisexular. only an androecium is a staminate flower while one possessinga gynoecium is a pistillate flower.
143
monoeious plant
pistillate flowers and staminate flowers on the same plant
144
dioecious
pistillate flowers restricted to one ploant, staminate flwers to anouther.
145
Spiral arrangment
floral pars arranged in a spiral
146
whorled arrangement
floral parts attached at one level.
147
Arrangment of floral parts
- spiral
| - whorled
148
Floral symmetry
regular
| irregular
149
regular
corolla made op of petals of simislar shape that radiate from the center of the flower and are equidistant from each other. radially symetrical
150
irregular
one or more members of at least one whorl are of different form from other members of the same whorl. bilaterally symetrical.
151
hypogynous
calix,petals and stameens attached to the receptical at the base of the ovary, which is superior
152
perigynous
petals and stamens attached tothe margin of a cup shaped extension of the recepticle. ovary free of surrounding pars and superior
153
Epigynous
sepals, petals and stamens apparently growing from top of ovary which is inferior.
154
Simple friuts
those which are developed from a single pistil and which consist of a single matured ovary together with any accessory structures closely associated with the ovary.
155
Fleshy fruits
those in which a part or all of the pericarp and any accessory structures becume fleshy at maturity
156
Berry
all parts of the pericarp fleshy or pulpy except the exocarp which is often skin like.
157
hesperidium
berry with leathery separable rind.
158
drupe
mostly one seeded fruits in which the exocarp is usually thin and skin like, the mesocarp fleshy and endocarp stony
159
pome
developed from a compound pistil with two or more carpels and an inferior ovary; floral tube forming major fleshy part of fruit; outer part of pericarp fleshy, endocarp cartilaginous.
160
Dry fruits
those in which the pericarp and accessory structures become more or less dry when mature
161
dehicent fruits
those which split open at maturity
162
Legume
developed from simple pistil; splitting along two sutures into to valves
163
follicle
developed from a simple pistil; splitting along one suture
164
capsule
developed from a compound pistil
165
indehiscent fruits
Those which do not split open at manturity
166
Grain or caryopsis
small one seeded; seed coat fused to pericarp over its entire surface.
167
Achene
Small one seeded; seed attached to pericarp at one point only; pericarp readily separable from seed coat
168
samara
winged achene
169
nut
pericarp hard or crustaceous throughout; usually from a compound pistil only one carpel of which develops; mostly one seeded usually with and involucre.
170
Aggregate fruits
those consisting of a number of similar small fruits all of which developed from a singal flower with many separate pistils and which mature together as a single unit on a common receptacle (together with anny accessory structues. mostly fleshy (strawperry, raspberry)
171
Multiple fruits
Those consisting of the matured ovaries of an entire inflorescence together with any accesory structures all adhering together in a single mass mostly fleshy
172
Protoxylem
-Elongate while functioning. -Mature first -have spiral or annular wall thickenings
173
Meta xylem
- has larger holes - more complete walls
174
Protoxylem lacuna
holes where the elongation was not able to compensate for the protoxylem.
175
phyllotaxis
Arrangement of leaves
176
Spiral
one leaf at a time, around 140 from each other
177
Opposite and decussite
two leaves at a time rotate 90 from each other
178
Whorled
Many leaves attached at a node
179
Distichous
All Leaves are in one plane. Not necessarily opposite of each other.
180
Leaf trace
When a vascular bundle breaks off to the leaf
181
Leaf Gap
Area with out vascular bundles
182
Lenticel
Small opening in the bark that allows co2 to diffuse in. cells surrounding it are loosely packed.
183
Areole
Small section of leaf surrounded by veins
184
interfasicular region
The region between vascular bundles that expresses impotency at the beginning of secondary growth.
185
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Way to get rid of old phloem. makes pheloderm 1-2 layers. outside is the cork. Walls have suberin. cells are dead and form a protecive barrier.
Cells in cortex become meristematic again and devide parachlinaly.
everything outside is dead.
186
Bark
From the vascular cambium out
187
Outerbark
innermost periderm out
188
inner bark
intermost cork cambium into vascular cambium
189
Simple leaves
- Blade/ lamina -petiole - Base stipule outgrowth protects leaf primordia -Blade is one structure
190
Compound
-blade is broken up -pinate or palmate
191
Pinate
broken up along a line. have a racnis or area between leaves.
192
Palmate
all leafletts attached at a single point
193
Bifacial leaf
Interacts differently on top then on bottom. Clearly have palacade and spongy mezaphyll. stomatas on bottom
194
Veination
Shape of veins
195
Netted
Veins are allover
196
Parrelel
buddles become long and paralell some have connections
197
Dikotimus or forking
Ginko
198
Hydrophytes
Like water
199
Mesophytes
Like normal conditions
200
xerophytes
Adapted to dry conditions -lower surface to volume -Store water in leaves - Lots of tricomes or hairs -help to reflect light to keep temperatures down- thicker than normal cuticle -mezophyll is very copact -limited co2 intake as it loses water -lots of schleranchyma -Stomates are protected in pockets known as sunken stomates
201
Buliform cells
Cells on a leaf that fill with water to push the leaf open to do more photosynthesis
202
Apical meristem
Forms midrip of leaf primordia
203
Plate meristem
Expands width of meristem with out making it thicker
204
adaxial
thickens midrib
205
intercallary
starts to expand the petiole
206
Plastochron
time between initiation of leaves -each leaf is and event unless in a pair
207
Basipital maturation
From the tip to the base
208
Absicion
When the leaf falls from the tree.
1. mobilization
2. Cell division
3. Absicion
209
Mobilization
Break down of chlorophyll and other nutrients to save resources.
210
Cell division
Forms a protective layer of cells to help plant survive absision. sereate pectinase to weaken middle lamella to create zone of weakness. Cell walls are suberized
211
Separation layer
layer of the leaf that protects plant and allows it to separate.
212
Bud Trace
leaf trace for a bud that connects it to the rest of the vascular system
213
Tap Roo
When the radicle continues to grow and there is one main root
214
Fiberous
not one main root but many roots
215
Adventitious roots
Come out of stem or other unusual place
216
Roots
Absorbtion
anchorage
storage function
217
Radicle
Embryonic root
218
Endodermis
Entermost layer of the cortex acts as a apoplastic barrier. can cross once it enters a cell
219
Pericycle
single layer of peranchyma cells
| important in the initiation of lateral roots
220
Appaplast
Wall space
221
Simplast
things insicde the cell membrande Allows plants to decide what it wants to let in
222
Suberin
impermiable lipid that doesnt let anything in or out
223
Capserian strip
Band of suberin that ives in the endodermis and doesnt let anything get in with out entering a cell.lignified wall forms inside of this
224
Root maturation
Acropital
225
Formation of lateral Roots
lump of tissue forms on the ends of protoxylem creating a root primordia. Root will then push throught the endodermis and the pericycle. may produce and enzyme to do so. Endodermis will eventually connect back up to the original endodermis
226
Mycorrhiza
Symbiotic relationship between a fungi and a plant. fungi usually gets carbs from plant and igives water and nutrients primarily phosphorous
227
Exomycorrhiza
Where the fungi do not penetrate the cell wall
228
Endomycorrhiza
When fungi penetrate the cell wall
229
Alternation of generations
When there are some stages where the plant is haploid and others where it is diplide
230
Sporophytes
make spores.
| flowers anther an ovary undergo miosis
231
gameophytes
make gametes
232
mitosis
one cell to two cells with the same number of chromosomes
233
meiosis
one cell to four cells one half original number of chromosomes
234
Sygony
when the egg and sperm combine to form a zygote
235
pollen grain
male gamedophyte
236
eggsacks
female gamedopyte
237
Stamen
Stalk like filament
238
Anther
Chambers that hold pollen grins (lockules)
239
caylx
Sepals of the flower; typically forming a whorl that protects the petals
240
Petals
collectivly th ecorolla
241
stamen
anther and filament; collectively the androecium
242
pistil
ovary style and stigma collectively the gynoecium
243
perianth
sepals and petals
244
simple
one carpel
245
compound
two or more carpels
246
carpel
Female reproductive organs consisting of the stigma style and ovary
247
intine
inside wall of a pollen grain made of cellulose
248
extime
outside wall of pollen grain made of cellulose and sporopollenis
249
apatures
zones of wekness
250
placenta
where overy is attached
251
funiculus
stalk connecting seed to the placenta
252
integuments
nutrient rich diploid wall around the seed
253
bract
leaves associeted with flower. below flower it is some how different
254
complete
contains all floral parts
255
incomplete
does not contain all floral parts
256
perfect
bisexual floweres
257
imperfect
contains only male or female parts in the flowers
258
monoecius
male and female flowers found in one plant
259
dioecius
male and female flowers found on separate plants
260
Regular flowers (actinomorphic)
symetric in many ways
261
irregular flowrs
zygomorphic symetric in only one way
262
adnate
fusion of unlike flower parts
263
connate
fusion of like parts (tube flower of a petunia)
264
hypoginous
below female part (superior ovary
265
perigynous
superior ovary but everything fuses at the base and forms a hypanthium around the female part.
266
epigynous
receptical grows around ovary and iverior ovary
267
Tepals
when petal and sepals all alike
268
sepals and petals
are modified leaves have an epidermis and spongy mezophyll leaves that are not differentiated for photosynthesis
269
Anther
pollen is produced; often 4 lobes; vascular tissue travels up
270
endothecium
opens and releases pollen
271
stomium
where epidermis splits open
272
tapetume
provides nutrients for the pollen grain
273
stigma
pollen receptive. secretory structure to help with pollen
274
style
may be hollow and will secreate things to help pollen called transmitting sissue
275
ovary
turns into the fruit
276
ovuals
turn into seeds
277
female gamete
either monosporic or tetrasporic
278
monosporic
three spores die
279
tetrasporic
all four survive but theree go on to become embryo sack
280
synergins
where the pollen tube enters the ovual
281
pollenation
when the pollen comes into contact with the stigma
282
Double fertilization
unique to angiosperms when one sperm fertilizes endosperm and one fertilizes the egg.
283
Globular stage
zygote gains polarity (root and shoot end).
284
heart stage
Things begin to elongate and differentiate
285
torpedo stage
formation of a vascular system primary meristems reveiled
286
Free nuclear indosperm
only the nucleus divides and there are lots of nuclei. may start to form cell walls allso
287
Albuminous seed
still has food next to embryo after it dries
288
exalbuminous
embryo has eaten up all nutrietion and it is storing it inside the plant ususally in cotyledons
289
Ovary wall
fruit wall, as many as three layers known as pericarp
290
endocarp
innermost layer
291
mesocarp
middle layer
292
exocarp
outer layer
293
acessary fruits
when floral cups/ hypanthium fuse and become part of th efruit
294
simple
floral pata are attached below. one flower one pistole
295
aggregate
multiple pistoles and one flower
296
multiple
fusion of many flowers pinneapple
297
epigeal
to have the cotyledons emerge Above ground for germination
298
hypogeal
when the cotyledens stay below ground for germination
299
imbibition
takes up water in preparation to sprout
300
stratification
when the seed has cold requirements
301
scarification
when the seed coat needs to be broken somehow
302
stolon
a form of vegitative reproduction where a adventatious shoot forms and the grows root where it touches the ground
303
Rhizome
where roots from a plant can form anouther plant
304
flowering stems
a sem produces a baby plant
305
senesence
when a plant grows out and then dies at certain points producing multiple plants
306
articulation
when a par of the plant falls of producing a new plant
307
tubers
like a potato
308
bulbil
like a onion or lily.
309
auxin
promotes root growth
310
cytokinetin
promotes shoot growth
311
Inflorescence type
1. Spike 2. raceme 3. panicle 4. umbel 5. compound umbel. 6. catkin 7. head
312
c3 photosythesis
plants growing with enough water
313
c4 photosythesis
Plants in dry climates. dark reactions done at night to conserve water.
314
Organelles
microscopic components of a cell
315
protoplasm
contents of a living cell
316
plasma membrand
what holds the protoplast
317
nucleus
contains genetic manterial and dna controls metabolism
318
vacuoles
water filled sacks and storage for cells
319
mitochondria
responsible for aerobic respiration
320
plastids
very versitle and multifunctional
321
dictyosomes
pakage materials for export from the cell
322
eragastic substances
chemical compounds that are stored as crystals, droplets or particles
323
gyaloplasam
liquid between all the other organells
324
coenocytes
really huge cells
325
fluid mosaic model
membranse are composed of two layers of lipids proteins are emmbeded between the lipid bilayer things can move in and out through diffusion
326
microbodies
temporary storage. single membrane structures
