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Sex And Gender > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Sexuality

A

Erotic desires, sexual practices, or sexual orientation

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2
Q

A society’s system of sexual norms function as

A

Moral and emotional controls over sexual behaviour

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3
Q

Culture & sexuality 3 points:

A
  1. All societies have sexual cultures and codes of sexual practices as complex as our own
  2. Sexuality must be understood as part of the total social system
  3. Sexual behaviours vary
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4
Q

Highly sexually permissive cultures

A

Mangaia of South Pacific

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5
Q

Least permissive cultures

A

Inis Beag of Ireland

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6
Q

Some cultures view kissing as

A

Unnatural, an unhygienic repulsive habit

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7
Q

Homosexuality (western model)

A
  • As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex;
  • also refers to a person’s sense of identity based in those attractions, related behaviours, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions
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8
Q

Homosexuality (non-western model)

A
  • Many cultures lack categories or general concepts that cover the meaning of the contemporary western notion of homosexuality
  • societal attitudes towards same sex relationships haves varied over time & place
  • 12% preindustrial cultures reported no concept of homosexuality
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9
Q

Ford & Beach 1951

A
  • Same- gender sexual relations were considered acceptable and normative in certain people at certain times in the life cycle in 64% of the 77 societies studied
  • most often older boys/ men acting as mentors to younger boys
  • part life cycle that includes exclusive heterosexuality, marriage, and children later
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10
Q

Sambia- Papua New Guniea

A
  • sex can never be isolated from larger social context of family, kinship, religion, and community
  • various rituals
  • nature provides men’s genitals but initiation ritual crucial to becoming a man and maintains manliness
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11
Q

Sambia stages of rituals

A
  1. 7-10; nosebleed ritual
  2. 11-13 tee purification
  3. 14-16 puberty rite, kill
  4. +1 year marriage
  5. Wife’s first menstruation; separate home
  6. Birth of first child; full manhood after 2nd child
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12
Q

Semen Sambia

A
  • Semen is an elixir of life, a vital constituent of growth and well- being, and a necessary means for the production of masculinity
  • must be ACQUIRED
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13
Q

Nosebleed rituals- Sambia

A
  • boys eliminate feminine blood

- other rituals replace the feminine substance with the substance that makes them men (semen)

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14
Q

What are all Sambian males first sexual relations?

A
  • With boys

- later with woman as part of their socially sanctioned life cycle

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15
Q

Pre colonial Azande

A

Azande Boy-wives:

  • bride wealth
  • unavailability of marriageable women
  • adultery severely punished
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16
Q

What 3 things does sexuality overlap with in the chart?

A
  • marriage
  • religion
  • reproduction
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16
Q

Uganda

A
  • anti homosexuality law 2014
  • jail counselling LGBT & those HIV & AIDS
  • several nations review development aid to Uganda
  • world bank froze loan health care
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17
Q

Call me Kuchu

A
  • Uganda
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18
Q

Africa & same sex marriages

A
  • historical & anthropological evidence
  • variety same sex marriages
  • current homophobic attitudes fats from colonial period (British empire)
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19
Q

Homosexuality Uganda today

A
  • gay marriage is illegal & its criminal to engage in same-sex sexual acts
  • homosexuality largely invisible; most don’t want to know anything about homosexuality
  • strict modest codes, taboos about open discussion of sex or sexuality, prohibition sexual displays
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20
Q

Newspapers Uganda

A
  • capitalize homosexual issues
  • become competitively sensationalist
  • make look like magazine
  • the government uses it; moral compass
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21
Q

Uganda life

A

High unemployment rates, below- average wages, high taxes, high food prices, poor health care, civil war in north

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22
Q

Government in Uganda

A
  • deflect attention away from their issues by creating “the other”
  • instead blaming political mismanagement and corruption focus is shifted to “the vice of homosexuality” and the “evil of prostitution”
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23
Q

Rural economy interconnected with

A
  • Marriage, kinship, and -reproduction
  • social status family rests on production children- secure inheritance & land; children take care elders-> gay people do not reproduce or marry
  • LGBT people believed to test the well being of the family, perceived as putting more importance on self than on community
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24
Q

4 points Uganda

A
  1. Traditional views on sexuality
  2. Media portrayals & manufacture of a moral panic
  3. Challenge to social norms regarding the role of children and identity
  4. Perceptions about privileging “special” rights
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25
Q

Intersex

A
  • Variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female
  • vary in gender identification &I sexual preference
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26
Q

Stats intersex

A

.1-.2% live births are ambiguous enough to require special medical attention
Overall about 1.7% of human births are intersex
6,500 intersex babies born in Canada each year

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27
Q

Kliefelter Stndrome

A
  • XXY; have extra X chromosome

- Tall with slightly feminized physique but look male

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28
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

A single X chromosome

  • externally and internally appear female
  • menstruation doesn’t start & breasts don’t develop
  • babies underdeveloped ovaries
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29
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • partial or complete unresponsive mess of cells in a growing embryo to the presence of androgens
  • can appear male, female, or range variations
    XY chromosome
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30
Q

5 Alpha Reductase Deficiency

A
  • Recessive intersex condition caused by a genetic mutation- present in 12 of 13 families in a small remote village of Dominican Republic
  • an entire village in which genetics have made a third sex
  • society has constructed a third gender to match the third sex
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31
Q

4 ways people use to classify gender

A
  1. Genitals
  2. Occupation
  3. Sexual preference
  4. Ritual powers
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32
Q

Examples of cultures that determine gender from occupation

A

Maori- additional gender identities for biological male and females who pursue traditional roles generally assigned to the opposite sex
First Nations: biological males engage female activity, biological females who engaged in male activities (Blackfoot: manly hearted woman, Lakota winkte, Zuni two spirit)

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33
Q

Variations in gender by occupation

A
  • degree integration into society
  • variant role behaviours
  • public recognition
  • expected treatment
  • sacred Vs secular power
  • path to recruitment
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34
Q

Shared features in gender by occupation

A
  • cross dressing
  • occupations of other sex
  • same sex (different gender) sexuality
  • recruitment process
  • special language and ritual roles
  • associations with spiritual power
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35
Q

Brazil, Thailand, and the Phillipines

A

Male variants are expected to take on the female seal role

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36
Q

Travesti South America

A

A person who was born male, has a feminine gender identity, and is primarily sexually attracted to a non- feminine men

37
Q

In India, Europe in the Middle Ages, and in Balkans

A

Female variants renounce their sexuality to redefine their gender

38
Q

Sadhin Hindu India

A

A biological female commuted to celibacy, wearing men’s clothing & close-cropped hair

39
Q

Examples sexual preference classification gender

A
  • sworn virgins
  • Dahomey amazons Benin
  • sadhim Hindu India
  • Metis Nepal
  • Kathoey Thailand
40
Q

Examples ritual power categorization gender

A

Buginese

Hijras

41
Q

Buginese

A

3 sexes and 5 genders including bossy, and “transcendent gender- either encompasses all 5 genders or none at all”

42
Q

Hijras

A

Third gender category in some Indian cultures - set around religious context
- viewed spiritually powerful, able to bless people and events

43
Q

Family

A

A social unit characterized by:

  • economic cooperation
  • management of reproduction and child rearing
  • common residence
  • adults in a socially approved sexual relationship
  • recognized rights and obligations
44
Q

Nuclear family

A

2- generation family based on marital ties

45
Q

Extended family

A

Social unit based on blood ties among 3 or more generations of kin

46
Q

Kinship

A

Culturally variable systems of social ties deriving from the recognition of relationships based on blood (consanguineal relatives) or marriage (affinal relatives)

47
Q

Fictive kin

A

Relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations, but not based on consanguineal or affinal ties

48
Q

Household

A

A set of individuals who share living space and some set of activities

49
Q

We’re low income African American and African Caribbean households composed of nuclear families?

A

No

50
Q

Assumptions of low- income African households

A
  1. Matti focal families and households were deviant due to illegitimate children & unstable mating partners
  2. Mother centred households wet disorganized & detrimental to the well being of their members
51
Q

Why these households?

A
  • adaptive responses slavery
  • blood ties could be trusted and were more stable than marriage ties
  • economic conditions (men migrate for long periods for work, local employment unstable, poverty and high unemployment)
52
Q

Caribbean (chamberlain)

A
  • absence parents & distribution of childcare to extended family members
  • many Afro- Caribbean households are not structured around the nuclear family
  • migration
  • absence parents due to need for income
  • childcare collective responsibility
53
Q

Functions of Caribbean households

A
  • parents are free to migrate to work
  • reciprocal financial and emotional support
  • “old age security”
54
Q

Domestic kin networks US

A
  • high birth rates in US African-American ghettos
  • perceived disinterest of men in their children
  • ubiquity of welfare dependency
55
Q

The flats

A
  • serious chronic unemployment
  • basis of family structure & cooperation extended kin networks related through children, marriage & friendship
  • domestic, matrix oval networks spanned multiple kin- based households and aligned to provide domestic functions
  • individual household composition fluctuated, but domestic networks maintained continuity
56
Q

Basis networks in flats

A
  • mutual aid among siblings
  • domestic cooperation of close adult females
  • exchange of goods and services between male and female kin
57
Q

Why did men appear to be uninterested fathers?

A
  • social controls discouraging marriage type unions limited the father’s role in the mother’s domestic network
  • a man was expected to participate in his own kin networks, providing for his mother’s kin group
58
Q

Father- child relationship

A
  • acknowledged paternity
  • his kin activated their claims on the child
  • the mother has drawn these people into her personal network
  • a mother viewed her children’s father as a friend of the family who could be recruited for help, not as a father failing his parental duties
59
Q

Adaptive features of the flats

A
  • patterns co- residence
  • kinship based exchange networks
  • elastic household boundaries
  • lifelong bonds
  • social controls limiting marriages
  • domestic authority of women
  • limitations on the role husband/ father
60
Q

Meadow View

A
  • loose, family- based networks
  • no child care programs
  • symbolic relationship between working poor mothers and non- working welfare taking mothers
  • employment could be maladaptive
  • reliance on maternal centred family networks is crucial to survival
61
Q

Type 1 FGC

A

Prepuce removal only or prepuce removal and partial or total removal of the clitoris

62
Q

Type 2 FGC

A

Removal clot pros plus part or all of the labia minors

63
Q

Type 3 FGC

A
  • removal of part or all of the labia minors, with the Lanka majors seen together, covering the urethral and vagina and leaving a small hole for urine and meatiest fluid
64
Q

Human rights advocates and FGC

A
  • no informed consent, and girls denied the right to decide if their bodies will be permanently altered
65
Q

Reasons for FGC

A
  • part of the rite of passage into marriageable womanhood (Maasai)
  • defines gender identity (Cameroon)
  • preserves virginity (Sudan)
66
Q

FGC in Sudan

A

88% girls

  • not function of lack of education, wealth, or urban vs rural residence
  • infibulation: one practice in a complex of norms regulating women’s sexuality
67
Q

Infibulation health risks

A
  • scar tissue blockage of vagina and retention of menstrual blood
  • scar tissue can impede urination
  • high incidence of chronic urinary tract & pelvic infections
  • fistula
68
Q

Sexual purity and family honour in Sudan

A
  • infibulation to prevent premarital sex
  • seclusion of women
  • ceiling in public
  • child betrothal
  • marital virginity test
69
Q

Assumptions Sudan

A
  1. Women are vulnerable to sexually aggressive men and need to be protected
  2. Women have little control over their sexual desires
70
Q

Function of infibulation Sudan

A

To transform a girl or woman into a Sudanese virgin, and therefore marriageable

71
Q

Do more men or women support continuation of infibulation

A

Girls & women more

72
Q

Role of midwives

A
  • performed initial procedure
  • created opening for sexual intercourse
  • increases size opening for childbirth
  • reinfibiulation
  • one f stud- bearing role a woman could achieve in Sudan
73
Q

Cultural significance infibulation in Sudan

A
  • in the context of polygyny, a mechanism for controlling women’s sexuality
  • preservation of gender identity and feminine personhood, including body construction
74
Q

Abortion in Romania

A

Nicolae Ceasusescu

  • prohibited
  • over 9 000 women down due to complications from illegal abortions
75
Q

Natal policies

A
  • fines for childless persons
  • official decorations
  • state sponsored assistance
  • propaganda
  • black market contraceptives
  • state mandates gynaecological exams
  • Pregnancy monitoring
76
Q

Gender stratification

A

The degree to which human groups allocate material and social rewards to people based on their gender;
There is general asymmetry in access to wealth, power, and prestige favouring men across all cultures

77
Q

Gender inequality index

A
  1. Reproductive health: maternal mortality rate, adolescent fertility rate
  2. Empowerment: share of parliamentary seats, higher education attainment
  3. Labour market participation
78
Q

Gender stratification dimensions

A
  1. Social roles attributed to men and women , how are they differentially valued
  2. Culture value attached to women’s and men’s contributions to their families
  3. Who has access to positions of power and influence?
  4. Who has access to and owns resources?
  5. Who has control over personal decision- making?
79
Q

Social roles differentially valued?

A

Gender wage gap across different occupations

80
Q

Cultural value attached to women’s and men’s contributions to their families?

A
  • in full time dual- earner couples in Canada, women spend 28 hours a week more than men taking care of children & doing domestic chores
81
Q

In many cultures women are oriented to the _______; while men are oriented to the ______\__

A

Domestic sphere; public sphere

82
Q

Across cultures the public role of men is

A

More highly value and holds greater authority than the domesticate role of women

83
Q

3 things associated with women having higher status:

A
  1. Contribution to material welfare
  2. Control over key resources
  3. Descent and post marital residence (matrilineal- women’s status tends to be higher)
84
Q

Pastoralist

A

Herders
Lack of property ownership, patrilineal residence, patrilineal descent, and a rigid division of labour often keep women out of the public sphere in pastoral societies

85
Q

Tuareg

A

The pastoral exception

  • polygyny is rare
  • political structure is male dominated, but women’s opinions are highly valued
  • Tuareg women own property independently of husbands
  • sedentarism has potential costs and benefits for women
86
Q

Awlad ‘Ali Bedouin (Egyptian western district)

A
  • patrilineal descent, endogenous marriage, patrilineal residence, gender segregation
  • women no political presence, property, or representation in the larger system
  • women had autonomy within household and community
  • info flowed in one direction: from men to women
  • women had informal influence in public decision making & influenced the public image of men through ridicule, gossip, and the honour and modesty code
87
Q

Asante

A

Despite matrilineal descent, some matrilineal residence, and control over the market, inheritance practices and polygyny us marriages negatively affect woman’s roles and status

88
Q

Asante ideals and practices

A

Underline the importance of economic support in enacting motherhood
- demonstrate how influence and authority in the public sphere does not always transfer to the domestic sphere

89
Q

In all states but Rwanda and Bolivia Women make up

A

Less than 50% of the seats; averaging 20% worldwide

  • UN estimates women need to constitute 30% of a legislative body to exert meaningful influence
90
Q

Rwanda

A

After genocide nearly 50% of seats

- constitutional guarantee women hold at least 30% seats (elected women only elections)

Sex And Gender (1 decks)

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