Final Flashcards
the study of effective speaking and writing and the art of persuasion, division between what is communicated through language and how this is communicated
rhetoric
the style and delivery of speech
lexis
consideration of things or substance
res
consideration of verbal expression
verba
the equipment required to achieve the intended meaning or effect
ornament
a speaker or writer tailors words to context and audiences towards some discernible result or effect
encompassing terms
a speaker or writer takes into account the contingencies of a given place and time, and considers the opportunities within this specific context for words to be effective and appropriate to that moment
kairos
takes into account how an audience shapes the composition of a text or responds to it
audience
requiring one words and subject matter be aptly fit to each other, to the circumstances and occasion, the audience and the speaker
decorum
encompassing terms (3)
kairos
audience
decorum
serve analytical and generative purposes
canons of thetoric
the discovery of ideas
invention
organization of these ideas - deciding on the focus of introduction, body and conclusion, deciding where, in the course of a speech, to put the strongest argument
arrangement
matter of finding and ordering words for clarity, correctness and effectiveness
style
canons of rhetoric (5)
invention arrangement style memory delivery
five encompassing concerns of style which relate style to grammar, audience, effective and affective appeals, the guiding principles of decorum and the importance of ornamenting language through figurative speech
virtues of style
stylistic concerns within the rhetorical tradition (4)
virtues of style
levels of style
qualities of style
figures of speech
virtues of style (5)
correctness clarity evidence propriety ornateness
to move
high style or grand style
to please
middle style
to teach
low or plain style
interpretive in nature and overlap broadly with figures of speech or the virtues and levels of style
qualities of style
often associated with politics and public life, is the kind of rhetoric that tries to get people to do things or not do them
deliberative rhetoric
deals with matters of accusation and defence
forensic rhetoric
ceremonial
epideictic rhetoric
inventional strategies
word cache/freewriting
journalists’ questions
Burke’s pentad
tagmemics
techniques or procedures for the exploration of ideas
heuristics
five terms Burke’s suggests for analyzing actions and human motives
act agent agency scene purpose
the writer considers his or her subject first as particle, then wave, then field
tagmemics
something static and defined
particle
something that changes over time and space
wave
something that is a context for other things - or something within context itself
field
the argument from the character of the speaker
ethos
the element of the speech that addresses the emotions of the audience
pathos
“arguments themselves”, the logical content of a speech
logos
comes from outside the speech itself
extrinsic
made in and by the speech itself
intrinsic
arguments that move from general propositions to specific ones in order to make a claims of some sort
deductive arguments
abbreviated version of a syllogism typically used in speech and writing when a deductive argument is what we want
enthymeme
of course fido will love that bone; hes a dog
enthymeme
arguments proceed from the specific case to the general one
inductive arguments
three kinds of syllogisms
categorical
hypothetical
disjunctive
major premise: all dogs love bones
minor premise: fido is a dog
conclusion: fido loves bones
categorical syllogisms
if-then statement
hypothetical syllogism
then statement
consequent
if statement
antecedent
either p or q, but not both
disjunctive syllogism
“locations” you can use for exploring “the available means of persuasion”
topoi
compare the number of working parents now to the number in 1950
past fact
since well-organized group daycare can provide a stimulating environment for children, it should be available to more children
greater and lesser
if daycare for those who can afford it means that x number of people can achieve meaningful employment, how many more people might be able to enter the workforce if we made daycare more affordable for everyone
a fortiori
elaborate the options for parents and children for whom daycare is not available
opposites
cite examples or on-site daycare to demonstrate what is possible
possible and impossible
use interviews to demonstrate the positive consequences to parents and children of responsible daycare
consequences
what is daycare?
definition
cite Quebec legislation to compare the economics of the subsidized option with providing financial incentives to people who want to, and can, look after their own children during the day
comparison
topos (8)
past fact greater and lesser a fortiori opposites possible and impossible consequences definition comparison
where writers take an oppositional line and argue directly against the arguments of possible opponents
refutative or refutation
writers anticipate the possible objections to specific arguments and build response to those objects into their essays
prolepsis
“to the man” or “to the women”
ad hominem; ad feminem
type of argument that falsely shifts the ground of debate, or changes the subject without seeming
red herrings
i wouldn’t believe anything that doctor says about smoking; shes a heavy smoker herself
red herrings
“to the people”
ad populum
plays on the listeners tendency or desire to do what other people are doing
bandwagon
stirs emotion in people by using terma that are very positively loaded or very negatively loaded
glittering terms
appeal to pity
argumentum as misericordiam
assumes as a premise a point that has yet to be proven; the absence of the proof is frequently deliberate
begging the question
assert their premise as their argument and they usually do so through assuming the listener is already in agreement with an embedded premise
circular argument
each analogy and each truncated analogy seen in the form of a metaphor, needs investigation to see if the comparison being made actually works
false analogy
when the sources are not qualified as authorities in the particular case
false authority
presents to the listener with two mutually exclusive options, as the only options available
false dilemma (false alternatives)
fallacy of induction, to generalize too quickly is often to draw conclusions based on insufficient data
hasty generalization
conclusions drawn from insufficient or insufficiently relevant premises, they usually indicate a gap in reasoning
non sequiturs
seeks to discount what someone has to say, whether or not it is logically valid or truthful, by suggesting a priori that the author’s association with some person, group or behaviour means the author cannot be trusted, and therefore neither can the argument
poisoning the well (association error)
“after this, therefore because of this”, fallacy of correlation and causation
post hoc ergo propter hoc
“with this, therefore because of this”, involves a false attribution of causation which suggests that because two things happen at the same time one causes the other
com hoc error
suggests false consequences, one act will supposedly inevitably lead to a whole host of other acts
slippery slope
the arguer unwilling to engage with a complex opposing position, will reinterpret the opposing position as more extreme or even entirely different than it actually is in order to argue against it more convincingly
straw arguments
ad hominem: ad feminam (1)
red herrings
ad populum (3)
bandwagon
glittering terms
argumentum as misericordiam
post hoc ergo propter hoc (1)
com hoc error
rhetorical fallacies (13)
ad hominem; ad feminam
ad populum
begging the question
circular argument
false analogy
false authority
false dilemma (false alternatives)
hasty generalization
non sequiturs
poisoning the well (association error)
post hoc ergo propter hoc
slippery slope
straw arguments
