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final Flashcards

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1
Q

policy entrepeneurs

A

those recognized for “stimulating more than…responding” to outside political forces on a given issue.

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2
Q

early deciders

A

fervent deciders who want to get out

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3
Q

active players

A

delay their commitments, inviting bids from various sides of the issue at hand and often ggaining leverage over the final language of legislation

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4
Q

late deciders

A

delay their decision (or reconsider an earlier commitment) until the very last moment. they forfeit influence over the basic framework of the measure. but late deciders are eagerly courted by all sides and may gain specific concessions

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5
Q

who is most likely to introduce a measure?

A

senior senators, those who are chairs or ranking members of high-volume committees.

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6
Q

why would someone decide not to have cosponsors on their bill?

A

if one is a ranking congressman one can arrange for hearings without support of cosponsors. single sponsorship is easier, if the bill became law, he would get more credit on his own

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7
Q

activity in Congress?

A

although members’ attendance at committee and subcommittee sessions was respectable (about 3/4 of the members showed up for at least part of each session), active participation-taking part in markup debate, offering amendments, and the like-was far less common. perhaps half a subcommittees members could be considered players by a generous counting.

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8
Q

what prompts activity in congress?

A

constituency-driven was especially common in the House Agriculture Committee. members in formal leadership positions are also more likely to take an active part in committee deliberations-in the know

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9
Q

what is a “pair” arrangement?

A

a member who wishes to be recorded on an issue but can’t be present for roll call may ask another member who plans on voting to announce positions in congressional record but neither actually votes

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10
Q

what is a free vote?

A

this happens when an individuals vote will not affect the final outcome. far more prevalent today than in the ’70s or ’80s

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11
Q

what is the trend in party unity voting?

A

party affiliation is the strongest single correlate fo members voting decisions

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12
Q

how has the party ideology changed in the last forty years?

A

in 1968 in House Democrats in almost every ideological niche, Republicans mostly on the right but a few are on the left, contemporary congress- republicans all on right and only a few democrats on right

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13
Q

What are the divisions within our party system?

A

it is polarized by party lines only a handful fell at middle, there is a conservative side/ liberals side. don’t cross and few conservative democrats

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14
Q

Define New Democratic Coalition?

A

group of centrist house democrats. tack left on social issues but veers toward center on business and economics oriented politics that could appeal to independent voters

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15
Q

what is log rolling?

A

is bargaining in which members exchange support so that all aprties to deal can attain individual goals

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16
Q

what is explicit bargaining?

A

take several forms which include making compromises, legislators may agree to split differences

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17
Q

what is inplicit bargaining?

A

occurs when legislator take actions designed to elicit certain reactions from others, even though no negotiations has taken place

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18
Q

what is the distributional hypothesis?

A

suggests that legislatures create committee to give lawmakers policy influence in areas critical to their reelection. members seek committee assignments to “bring home the bacon” to their constituents

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19
Q

what is informational hypothesis?

A

proposes that legislative bodies establish committees to provide lawmakers with the specialized expertise required to make informed judgments in a complex world

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20
Q

what is party hypothesis?

A

views committees as agents of their party caucuses. members are expected to support their party’s programs or, at minimum, not advance policies opposed by a majority of their own party

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21
Q

early Congress committes

A

were generally temporary panels created for a specific task. proposals were considered on the House or Senate floor and then were referred to specially created panels that worked out the details. opposite of today

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22
Q

what type of committee changed the way Congress made policy and allocated authority?

A

Permanent committees

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23
Q

what is a standing committee?

A

permanent entity created by public law or House or Senate rules

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24
Q

what are the different types of committees?

A
  1. standing committees
  2. select, or special
  3. joint
  4. conference committees
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25
Q

what is a standing committee?

A

permanent entity created by public law or House or Senate rules. process the bulk of congress’s daily and annual agenda

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26
Q

how are committee sizes and ratios established in the house?

A

majority leadership. because the majority party has the votes, it is the final arbiter if the minority protests its allotment of seats

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27
Q

how are committee sizes and ratios established in the Senate?

A

by majority and minority leaders

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28
Q

what is a subcommittee?

A

they perform much of the day-to-day lawmaking and oversight work of Congress

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29
Q

under house rule, what is the limit of subcommittees?

A

5

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30
Q

what is a select or special committee?

A

temporary panels that typically go out of business after the two-year life of the Congress they were created in

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31
Q

why are select panels created?

A
  1. they can accommodate the concerns of individual members.
  2. can be an access point for interest groups.
  3. supplement the standing committee system by overseeing and investigating issues that the permanent panels on may lack adequate time for or prefer to ignore
  4. set up to coordinate consideration of issues that overlap the jurisdictions of several standing committees
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32
Q

what are joint committees?

A

include members from both chambers. have been used since the first congress for study, investigation, oversight, and routine activities

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33
Q

what is a conference committee?

A

before legislation can be sent to the president to be signed, it must pass both the House and the Senate in identical form. one way this result is obtained is to create a conference committee

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34
Q

conference bargaining can be classified in roughly four ways”

A
  1. traditional,
  2. offer-counteroffer,subconference,
  3. sub-conference,
  4. pro forma
35
Q

what is the most desirable committee in the House?

A

Ways and Means and Senate Finance

36
Q

which committee is the burial ground for most legislation?

A

standing

37
Q

what is the house limit of the number of subcommittees?

A

5

38
Q

how many subcommittees can a house member be on?

A

4

39
Q

does a select committee have legislative authority?

A

no

40
Q

assignment pecking order in th House

A
  1. ways and means
  2. appropriations
  3. rules
  4. budget committee
  5. energy and commerce
41
Q

assignment pecking order in the senate

A
  1. finance
  2. appropriations
  3. budget
  4. foreign affairs
42
Q

seniority system pros

A
  1. fairness
  2. expertise
  3. stability
  4. encourages members to stay
  5. protection
43
Q

how can a chairman kill a bill?

A

by not holding any hearings

44
Q

calendars in the house

A
  1. union calendar-raising, authorizing, spending money
  2. house calendar-non-money measures
  3. discharge calendar-bills discharged form committees
  4. private calendar-private bills
45
Q

private calendar

A
  1. first and possibly third Tuesdays
  2. bipartisan panel screens bills
  3. bill must be placed on private calendar 7 days beore being called up
  4. number of private bills as decline recently
46
Q

what is privileged legislation?

A

five committees have direct access to the floor for selected bill. points of order may still be raised against privileged legislation unless they are waived y rules committee

47
Q

rules committee

A
  1. considers requests to have
  2. bills taken up out of order
  3. growth in power of committee
  4. role of committee as tool of speaker
  5. majority party has disproportionate share
  6. role of committee in scheduling legislation
48
Q

what are the types of rules?

A
  1. open
  2. closed
  3. modified rules
  4. waiver
49
Q

what committee is often called the third house of congress?

A

conference committee

50
Q

agreement between congressional houses without a conference:

A
  1. adopting the same bill verbatim

2. 2 houses may send versions between each other amending and changing before agreeing

51
Q

preconference considerations

A
  1. tactic; add expendable amendments. agree to give these up in conference
  2. tactic: deliberately leave something out of a bill that the other chamber ants. agree to accept in conference as concession
52
Q

selecting conferees

A
  1. the speaker of house and the presiding officer of senate usually pick the conferees
  2. they are typically appoint conferees from the list given in advance by committee leaders, who select members of their own committees
  3. party ratios generally reflect the party membership in the house and senate
53
Q

instructing conferees

A
  1. the house or senate may adopt motions instructing their conferees to sustain the majority position of the chamber on a particular amendment or provision
  2. instructions adopted by either chamber are not binding conferees may disregard instrctions
54
Q

bargaining in the conference

A
  1. pre-conference negotiations
  2. no formal rules
  3. conference chair selected on ad hoc basis
  4. conference is subject to outside pressures
55
Q

bargaining objectives

A
  1. sustain the objectives of your chamber
  2. satisfy majority of conferees
  3. produce a product that can be passed in both houses
56
Q

structured rule

A

are the most widely used of special rules. they limit the number of floor amendments to those specified in the special rule or, more typically, in the report of the rules committee accompanying the rule

57
Q

self-executing rules

A

embodies a two-for-one procedure- that is, when the house adopts a rule, it also automatically agrees to dispose of a separate matter, which is specified in the rule itself

58
Q

multiple-stage rulds

A

the rules committee will issue several rules for the same bill, often to facilitate coherent consideration of issues or to expedite action on legislation

59
Q

time-structured rules

A

to expedite floor action, the rules committee may issue rules that establish time limits on the entire amendment process

60
Q

bifurcated rules

A

make at least 2 separate bills in order for back-to-back considerations in the chamber

61
Q

what is the fundamental objective of the majority?

A

to maximize the achievement of its policy and political goals.

62
Q

discharge procedure

A

provides that if a bill has been before a standing committee for 30 legislative days. any member can introduce a motion to relieve the panel of the measure.

63
Q

what can you do when a major bill is being blocked?

A

do extraordinary measures.

  1. discharge petition
  2. rules committee extraction power
  3. discharging the rules committee
  4. calendar Wednesday
64
Q

what accounts for failure?

A
  1. members are reluctant to second-guess a committees right to consider a bill
  2. discharge violates normal legislative routine, and even members who support a bill blocked in the committee m. ay refuse to sign a discharge for this reason
  3. committees may nullify the discharge attempt by reporting the bill
65
Q

what can introduce rules for bills that the committee of jurisdiction does not want to report?

A

the rules committees extraordinary power

66
Q

what committee is used to consider private bills?

A

committee of the whole

67
Q

purpose of general debate

A
  1. it assures that the legislatures and public that the house makes its decisions in a democratic fashion, with due respect for majority or minority opinion
68
Q

who directs the course of each bill?

A

floor manager

69
Q

what involves the rights of the house collectively, its safety, dignity, and the integrity of its proceedings. this kind of question of question is brought before the house as a resolution, and it has precedence over every other motion except a motion to adjourn?

A

question of privilege

70
Q

what have republicans used in the past to frustrate democratic leaders?

A

motion to recommit(returning a bill to committee)

71
Q

pro forma amendments

A

strike the last word (or the requisite number of words)

72
Q

what are the two kinds of substitute amendments?

A

substitute and amendment in the nature of a substitute

73
Q

what is a substitute amendment?

A

that deals with part of abill

74
Q

what is an amendment in the nature of a substitute?

A

recommends new language for the entire bill

75
Q

cloture

A

senate rule whose principal aim is to end extended debate (the filibuster)

76
Q

the senate as only two calendars:

A

calendar of general orders and executive calendar

77
Q

what must be acted on in a session or they die?

A

presidential nominations

78
Q

holds

A

a notice by a senator to his or her party leader of an intention to object to bringin a bill or nominaigon to the floor for consideration

79
Q

what is managers stock in trade?

A

strategic calculations

80
Q

what is essential to the use of unanimous consent agreements?

A

bipartisan trust

81
Q

poison-bill approach

A

load down the legislation with controversial amendments, possibly sparking a filibuster and jeopardizing senate passage

82
Q

what are the three types of voting?

A

voice, division. and roll call

83
Q

5 steps in a conference committee process

A
  1. one house requesting a conference and the other chamber agreeing to it
  2. selecting and as a possibility, instructing conferees
  3. bargaining in conference, including negotiating objectives and procedural issues
  4. filing the conference committee report
  5. taking final house and senate action on the conference committee version o the bill

Government 322 (1 decks)

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