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Biol II Lab Practical > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Major characteristics of Phylum: Chordata

A

pharyngeal slits (openings for filtering water), hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord (cartilaginous rod on dorsal side of gut, and postanal tail.

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2
Q

Urochordata (tunicates)

A

larva = bilateral symmetry, sessile as adults with gill slits. Adults also have outer tunic and excurrent siphon that squirts out water when it feels in danger.

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3
Q

Cephalochordata (lancets)

A

notochord runs from head to tail, body resembles a two edged sword. Filter feeders in shallow coastal waters.

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4
Q

Vertebrata

A

vertebral column instead of notochord, very distinct head, 7 classes of vertebrates.

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5
Q

Vertebrata: Agnatha

A

jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish) and earliest of vertebrates.

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6
Q

Vertebrata: Chondrichythes

A

cartilaginous fishes, development of jaw with 2 subclasses. Includeds sharks, rays, and skates.

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7
Q

Vertebrata: Osteichthyes

A

boney fish (most diverse group of all) w/ boney endoskeleton, modified gills, and internal air bladders for buoyancy and balance.

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8
Q

Vertebrata: Amphibia

A

Frogs, toads, and salamanders. 1st land vertebrates (actually just fish with short fleshy fins) mostly terrestrial but lay eggs in water. Eggs becomes tadpoles which go through a metamorphosis to become adults. 1st animals with LEGS AND LUNGS.

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9
Q

Vertebrata: Reptilia

A

turtles, snakes, and lizards. independent of water, go through internal fertilization. Lay eggs with a yolk.

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10
Q

Vertebrata: Aves

A

birds. only animals with feathers, vision is highly developed. Homeothermic and have high body temp, light weight skeleton and efficient muscles.

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11
Q

Vertebrata: Mammila

A

covered with body fat and hair for warmth. young are nourished by mothers milk.

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12
Q

ammocoete

A

larva of lamprey

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13
Q

endoskeleton

A

internal strucutre

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14
Q

lateral line

A

runs along each side of the body with sensory cells to detect vibrations.

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15
Q

tadpole

A

larva stage of amphibians (born in water and then go through a metamorphosis to become an adult.)

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16
Q

buccal funnel

A

mouth for agnatha with horned teeth and a rasping tongue.

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17
Q

amnion

A

encases developing embryo with a fluid filed cavity

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18
Q

chorion

A

outermost membrane of the egg, allows for oxygen to diffuse in.

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19
Q

yolk sac

A

provides food from yolk for the embryo via blood vessels.

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20
Q

allantois

A

surrounds a cavity into which waste products are excreted.

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21
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

protection (protect underlying tissue from dehydration) selectively permeable membrane (helps filter what comes in and goes out) sensory surfaces, and secrete fluids.

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22
Q

squamous

A

flat cells, look like a fried egg. located in the alveoli of the lungs, filtration system of the kidneys, and sites where lots of mvmnt is, for protection.

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23
Q

cuboidal

A

looks like cubes, nuclei are lined up. Found in tracts, and ducts and help secret fluids.

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24
Q

columnar

A

tall and narrow also lining the tracts and ducts and secrete fluids.

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25
Q

simple

A

only one layer of cells.

26
Q

stratified

A

multiple layers of cells, stacked ontop of each other. Typically with squamous on outside, then cuboidal, and the basement membrane of columnar. SKIN

27
Q

glandular

A

found in glands, not same protective functions as the rest.

28
Q

Connective tissues

A

mostly support, also defend the body and store food. They are not tightly packed and normally suspended in extra cellular fluid. 2 major classes: proper and special.

29
Q

C.T. Proper

A

loose and dense connective tissue

30
Q

C.T. Special

A

blood, cartilage, and bones

31
Q

fibroblasts

A

widely dispersed, irregular branching cells that secrete extra cellular fluid and sting fibrous proteins.

32
Q

collagen

A

most commonly secreted protein by fibroblasts. (25%)`

33
Q

loose C.T.

A

cells scattered w/in amorphous mass of proteins to form ground substance

34
Q

dense C.T.

A

tightly packed collagen fibers (tendons and ligaments)

35
Q

ground substance

A

proteins along with loose C.T.

36
Q

elastin

A

protein molecule arrangement that allows for stretching

37
Q

reticulin

A

thin, branching fibers that hold glands such as spleen and lymph nodes in place.

38
Q

adipose tissue

A

each adipose cell contains 1 drop of fat.

39
Q

triglyceride

A

the drop of fat in an adipose cell, becomes energy when hydrolzied

40
Q

plasma

A

intercellular fluid matrix of blood

41
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cells (immunity)

42
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that deliver oxygen to tissue and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs

43
Q

platelet

A

ennucleated fragments of bone marrow that help with clotting

44
Q

cartilage

A

found in skeletal joints, have chondrin and the cells are isolated.

45
Q

chondrin

A

extra cellular fluid of cartilage for support and resilence

46
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells that secret the matrix and chondrin

47
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

48
Q

lamellae

A

thin circular layers and how new bone forms

49
Q

osteon

A

1 full system of lamellae around a central canal

50
Q

canaliculi

A

bone cells specifically for communication

51
Q

muscular tissue

A

contract due to the relationships between actin and myosin, have myofibrils with a single muscle cell that contracts. 3 total types.

52
Q

skeletal muscle

A

(striated) attached to bones and controlled voluntarily

53
Q

smooth muscle

A

long and spindle shaped with 1 nucleus. Line the walls of gut and vessels and contract involuntarily.

54
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated as well, chains of single nucleated cells that are connected by intercalated discs

55
Q

intercalated discs

A

organize signals between cardiac muscles for a unified contraction of the heart.

56
Q

neurons

A

cells specialized for transporting nerve impulses

57
Q

glia

A

cells that help propagate nerve impulses and provide nutrients to neurons

58
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus - takes signal in from dendrite and sends it out through the axons

59
Q

dendrites

A

signal receivers (then to the cell body)

60
Q

axons

A

signal senders (to the next dendrite)

Biol II Lab Practical (1 decks)

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