Final Flashcards
Major characteristics of Phylum: Chordata
pharyngeal slits (openings for filtering water), hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord (cartilaginous rod on dorsal side of gut, and postanal tail.
Urochordata (tunicates)
larva = bilateral symmetry, sessile as adults with gill slits. Adults also have outer tunic and excurrent siphon that squirts out water when it feels in danger.
Cephalochordata (lancets)
notochord runs from head to tail, body resembles a two edged sword. Filter feeders in shallow coastal waters.
Vertebrata
vertebral column instead of notochord, very distinct head, 7 classes of vertebrates.
Vertebrata: Agnatha
jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish) and earliest of vertebrates.
Vertebrata: Chondrichythes
cartilaginous fishes, development of jaw with 2 subclasses. Includeds sharks, rays, and skates.
Vertebrata: Osteichthyes
boney fish (most diverse group of all) w/ boney endoskeleton, modified gills, and internal air bladders for buoyancy and balance.
Vertebrata: Amphibia
Frogs, toads, and salamanders. 1st land vertebrates (actually just fish with short fleshy fins) mostly terrestrial but lay eggs in water. Eggs becomes tadpoles which go through a metamorphosis to become adults. 1st animals with LEGS AND LUNGS.
Vertebrata: Reptilia
turtles, snakes, and lizards. independent of water, go through internal fertilization. Lay eggs with a yolk.
Vertebrata: Aves
birds. only animals with feathers, vision is highly developed. Homeothermic and have high body temp, light weight skeleton and efficient muscles.
Vertebrata: Mammila
covered with body fat and hair for warmth. young are nourished by mothers milk.
ammocoete
larva of lamprey
endoskeleton
internal strucutre
lateral line
runs along each side of the body with sensory cells to detect vibrations.
tadpole
larva stage of amphibians (born in water and then go through a metamorphosis to become an adult.)
buccal funnel
mouth for agnatha with horned teeth and a rasping tongue.
amnion
encases developing embryo with a fluid filed cavity
chorion
outermost membrane of the egg, allows for oxygen to diffuse in.
yolk sac
provides food from yolk for the embryo via blood vessels.
allantois
surrounds a cavity into which waste products are excreted.
Epithelial tissues
protection (protect underlying tissue from dehydration) selectively permeable membrane (helps filter what comes in and goes out) sensory surfaces, and secrete fluids.
squamous
flat cells, look like a fried egg. located in the alveoli of the lungs, filtration system of the kidneys, and sites where lots of mvmnt is, for protection.
cuboidal
looks like cubes, nuclei are lined up. Found in tracts, and ducts and help secret fluids.
columnar
tall and narrow also lining the tracts and ducts and secrete fluids.
simple
only one layer of cells.
stratified
multiple layers of cells, stacked ontop of each other. Typically with squamous on outside, then cuboidal, and the basement membrane of columnar. SKIN
glandular
found in glands, not same protective functions as the rest.
Connective tissues
mostly support, also defend the body and store food. They are not tightly packed and normally suspended in extra cellular fluid. 2 major classes: proper and special.
C.T. Proper
loose and dense connective tissue
C.T. Special
blood, cartilage, and bones
fibroblasts
widely dispersed, irregular branching cells that secrete extra cellular fluid and sting fibrous proteins.
collagen
most commonly secreted protein by fibroblasts. (25%)`
loose C.T.
cells scattered w/in amorphous mass of proteins to form ground substance
dense C.T.
tightly packed collagen fibers (tendons and ligaments)
ground substance
proteins along with loose C.T.
elastin
protein molecule arrangement that allows for stretching
reticulin
thin, branching fibers that hold glands such as spleen and lymph nodes in place.
adipose tissue
each adipose cell contains 1 drop of fat.
triglyceride
the drop of fat in an adipose cell, becomes energy when hydrolzied
plasma
intercellular fluid matrix of blood
leukocyte
white blood cells (immunity)
erythrocytes
red blood cells that deliver oxygen to tissue and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs
platelet
ennucleated fragments of bone marrow that help with clotting
cartilage
found in skeletal joints, have chondrin and the cells are isolated.
chondrin
extra cellular fluid of cartilage for support and resilence
chondrocytes
cells that secret the matrix and chondrin
osteocytes
bone cells
lamellae
thin circular layers and how new bone forms
osteon
1 full system of lamellae around a central canal
canaliculi
bone cells specifically for communication
muscular tissue
contract due to the relationships between actin and myosin, have myofibrils with a single muscle cell that contracts. 3 total types.
skeletal muscle
(striated) attached to bones and controlled voluntarily
smooth muscle
long and spindle shaped with 1 nucleus. Line the walls of gut and vessels and contract involuntarily.
cardiac muscle
striated as well, chains of single nucleated cells that are connected by intercalated discs
intercalated discs
organize signals between cardiac muscles for a unified contraction of the heart.
neurons
cells specialized for transporting nerve impulses
glia
cells that help propagate nerve impulses and provide nutrients to neurons
cell body
contains nucleus - takes signal in from dendrite and sends it out through the axons
dendrites
signal receivers (then to the cell body)
axons
signal senders (to the next dendrite)
