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FInal Special Species > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Disease is caused by the interruption of the _______

A

PAG axis

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2
Q

What kind of hormones does the Adrenal Gland produce?

A 
Sex Hormones
Androgens
- Progesterone
-Estrogens
-Anderostenedione
- DHEAS
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3
Q

T/F: Most Ferrets do not experience Adrenal Disease.

A

FALSE

Most ferrets have adrenal disease

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4
Q

Hormone producing tumor in the ferret is described as ________

A

Hyperadrenalcorticism

-Hyperplasia

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5
Q

T/F: Hyperadrenalcorticism in the ferret is the same as Cushing’s Disease.

A

FALSE

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6
Q

T/F: Clinical signs of hyperadrenalcorticism in the ferret include: Hair loss, pruritus, smelly, sexual, swollen vulva

A 
True
Rat tail Hair Loss
Big Nipples in males and females
Swollen vulva esp if estrogen producing tumor
Boys esp like the Sex!
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7
Q

What if you see a ferret with a SWOLLEN VULVA?

A

Think Adrenal- Estrogen producing tumor
or
Intact female in heat

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8
Q

Ferrets normally have small prostates. When do they enlarge? How do they appear

A

Dz- Adrenal Androgens

Become Cystic

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9
Q

T/F: The survival time with ferret adrenal disease is the same with medical & surgical txn.

A

True!

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10
Q

What is the goal to treating adrenal dz?

A

REDUCE SEX HORMONES

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11
Q

What can be used medically to reduce sex hormones in ferret adrenal dz cases?

A

Leuprolide monthly shots

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12
Q

The indication of end stage Adrenal disease in the ferret is ______

A

Patechial hemorrha

From long term estrogen tox causing BM suppression

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13
Q

T/F: The right adrenal gland in the ferret is embedded in fat

A

False

the left adrenal gland is embedded in fat

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14
Q

Which sx is mostly performed on the right adrenal gland in ferrets with adrenal dz?

A

Subtotal Adrenalectomy

It wraps aroudnt he dorsal surface of the vena cava. Other adrenal may be affected but do NOT take it out b/c may hit the vena cava

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15
Q

T/F: Leuprolide Acetate (Lupron) can be used in both ferrets and bird

A

True!

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16
Q

How does Leuprolide work and how long does it last?

A

GnRH agonist- stimulates LH/FSH
Stops steroidenesis and repro activity

Lasts ~ 1 month

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17
Q

How does Deslorelin compare to Lupron?

A

Same action
BUT last longer
However takes 3 weeks to set up so start with Lupron first then switch. Will save money

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18
Q

T/F: Insulinomas in ferrets can be cured completely

A

False!

Controllable, NOT curable

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19
Q

What signs do you see in ferrets with insulinoma?

A

Episodic weakness, Drooling, Weak rear end, Staring into space/Gazy eyes

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20
Q

What is the shock organ in ferrets?

A

Hind legs!

That’s why their rear end is weak when have insulinoma

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21
Q

How do you def diagnose insulinoma in ferrets?

A

Fasting glucose

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22
Q

How do you medically treat insulinomas in ferrets?

A

Maintain Blood glucose, Low carb diet

PREDNISONE= gluconeogenic
&
DIAZOXIDE= insulin blocker

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23
Q

The first line of txn in insulinoma ferret?

A

Predinosone- start at low dose

Good prognosis

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24
Q

Why would you use Famotidine in ferrets with insulinoma?

A

Nausea
If can get them to eat, they will feel better

(But ferrets prefer pediapred)

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25
Q

What pancreatic sx can be performed in ferrets?

A

Nodulectomy

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26
Q

Lymphosarcomas are common and are found where in the ferret?

A

ANYWHERE

young & older ferrets, multicentric, lymphadenopathy
varying prognx

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27
Q

Majority ferret skin tumors are benign. What kind of tumors are these?

A

Mast Cell tumors

Can be itchy & bloody
Remove with sx, freeze, cryocaine

Good prognx but txn lasts a few months and can relapse

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28
Q

What type of lymphoma is hard to treat in ferrets?

A

Retrobulbar

where eyes bulge out

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29
Q

Why would you have a big spleen in the ferret?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

also bloody spleen with some white areas

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30
Q

The Trifecta of lymphomsarcoma in young ferrets esp is ____, _____, and ______

A

Mediastinal mass, big liver (hepatomegaly), and big spleen (splenomegaly)

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31
Q

T/F: Ferret spleen size is not synchronous with dz

A

True!

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32
Q

Tissue biopsy, aspirate are used to dx lymphosarcoma?

A

Yes

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33
Q

T/F: Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisolone can be used to treat Lymphosarcoma

A

True!

sx debulk also
cyclophosphamide= oral
vincristine= IV once/month
Prednisolone= oral

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34
Q

T/F: Ferrets do NOT get CV dz

A

False

Get BOTH types of Cardiomyopathy= DCM and HCM

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35
Q

What other CV dz can ferrets get besides cardiomyopathy?

A

Heartworms

Ivermectin as prevention!

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36
Q

T/F: Ferrets are at the top so they are fearless

A

True!

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37
Q

T/F: Rabbits are scary

A

True!

they are prey to others so they try to hide out & are unpredictable

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38
Q

T/F: Rabbits are rodents

A

False!

They are Lagomorphs

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39
Q

Rabbits lifespan? time of activity?

A

6-10 years

Nocturnal

40
Q

When do Rabbit male testes descend?

A

3 months

41
Q

Gestation period for rabbits is ______ days

A

30-33 days

42
Q

T/F: Rabbits are born fully visible

A

False!
born blund
4-12 are born at a time, weaned at 6 weeks, hind gut fermenters

43
Q

T/F: Rabbits only have front open rooted teeth

A

False!
front and back open rooted teeth

Fiber chewing is important!

44
Q

What are cecotropes?

A

Cecals= cecotropes= night stools

45
Q

What instrument/device can you use to perform and oral exam on rabbits?

A

Welch- Allyn Bivalve Nasal Septum

46
Q

Venipuncture sites in rabbits?

A

Lateral Saphenous, Cephalic, Jugular, Ear vein

47
Q

When would you give a Rabbit IV fluids/med/treatment?

A

If in shock

otherwise do SQ or oral treatments

48
Q

Which vein do you use in a rabbit for IV therapy?

A

cephalic

also can use ear BUT some IV inj cause marginal ear sloughs (valium)

49
Q

Abx can cause toxicities in rabbits. Which are some good choices of abx for rabbits to help min this risk?

A

Quinolones, Sulfas, Chloramphenicol, Penicillin (inj only!), Metronidazole, Azithromycin

50
Q

Which abx should you AVOID in rabbits?

A

Beta lactams, cefalosporins, oral penicillin, -mycins (except azithromycin)

51
Q

T/F: Rabbits Never need analgesics

A 
FALSE!
Analgesia is very important for rabbits
NSAIDS= carprofen, ketaprofen, meloxicam
Opioids= buprenorphine, torbugesic, hydrocortisone
Tramadol
52
Q

T/F: Rabbits have a simple digestive tract like ferrets

A

False!

Rabbits have a complex digest tract but a simple stomach like ferrets

53
Q

What is the pH of a rabbit stomach?

A

pH 1-2

54
Q

T/F: Rabbits cannot vomit like horses

A

True

55
Q

What is the largest GI organ in the rabbit?

A

Cecum

thin walled, and coiled, ferments Soluble fiber, cecals/cecotrophs produced, aa VFAs and vitamins produced

56
Q

What is the driving force in the rabbit GI tract?

A

Fiber!

Insoluble fiber= motility modifier, NOT a direct nutrient

57
Q

The 2 types of stool fiber results in is ___ and _____

A

cecals and hard feces

58
Q

What is rabbit cecotrophy?

A

night feces/cecals 4 hrs after feeding, osorous, soft, mucous covered.

Rabbits eat it straight out of their anus!

59
Q

Rabbits should eat a _____ fiber and ______ carb diet

A

High Fiber, Low Carbs

Grass high/leafy greens
low pellets/fruit/treats/grains/nuts/seeds

60
Q

GI stasis in rabbits is also known as

A

generalized ileus

decreased stool production, lack appetite,
can progress» pain abdomen, hypotherm, shock

61
Q

What concurrent dzs can see with GI stasis?

A

Kidney dz, Neuro dz, Dental spurs, Obesity, Pruritic Dermatopathy, Pododermatitis

62
Q

T/F: Causes of GI stasis include high fiber diet, stress, obesity, inactivity, reduced hingut motility, abnormal fermentation, pH changes. Dysbiosis and Enterotoxemia.

A

False

Low fiber diet

63
Q

What are the two rabbit GI pathogens?

A

E. Coli & Clostridium spiroforme

64
Q

How do you diagnose GI stasis in the rabbit?

A

Hx, clinical signs, abdominal palpation, rads, blood testing

65
Q

rabbit GIs stasis options

A

LRS 75mg/kg/day, warm IV fluids, Metaclopramide, Cisapride, Opioids, Simethicone, Abdominal massage, exercise

66
Q

When would you add abx to GI stasis txn? Which abx would you add?

A

long standing shocky hypothermic rabbits w/ mucoid feces

parental penicillin

67
Q

T/F: True Trichobezoars are very common in rabbits like they are in ferrets

A

False!

fiber in diet prevents accumulation

68
Q

T/F: Diarrhea in the rabbit can be ignored and treated lightly

A

False!
True diarrhea in the rabbit si an emergency
smelly, intermittent, stuck on butt

69
Q

Predisposing factors to diarrhea in rabbit

A

obesity, inactivity, pain hind end (arthritis dermatitis), neuro dz, dental dz

70
Q

How do you treat pasted cecals on the rabbits butt?

A

remove feces, shave fur, diaper rash txn, NSAIDs if severe, correct diet, wt loss
midazolam

71
Q

Rabbits’ GI tract is unstable and are prone to ______ and _____

A

stasis and dysbiosis

72
Q

Sneezing “snuffles” rabbit think

A

Pasteurella multocida

colonizes nose at young age, cannot eradicate
URT, rhinitis, sinusitis, dacryocystis. eyes almost always involved.
Hard to tx sometimes

73
Q

Should you culture rabbit nasal discharge?

A

Yes!

Deep culture

74
Q

How many nasolacrimal duct puncta do rabbits have?

A

One!

tortous, runs along top maxillary tooth roots from eye to nose. tooth roots can impinge on duct» chronic epiphora

75
Q

Which abx are used to tx rabbit resp issues?

A

Quinolones (enro/marbo-floxacin)
Trimethoprim sulfa
Azithromycin (the only mycin!)

76
Q

What is a common intestinal parasite in young bunnies?

A

coccidia

77
Q

Protocol in management of a dyspneic rabbit:

A

O2, Anxiolytic and sedation (Torb+ midazolam IV), analgesia nebulizer
reassess in 30min then once calm can give fluids

78
Q

Possible Causes for head tilt in a rabbit include:

A

1 Otitis externa/interna

&
Encephalitozoon cuniculi

79
Q

T/F: E. cuniculi I an obligate intracellular microsporidia parasite and is the rabbits natural host along with other species.

A

True!
at birth, replicates in kidneys, neuro tiss affinity
inflamm response, causes head tilts and seizures

80
Q

T/F: Panacur + Prednisone + Quinolone + PCV/CBC are part of the typical therapy for E. cuniculi in rabbits

A

True!

fenbendazole, anti inflamm & decrease immune response, abx , check for anemia b/c can cause BM suppression

81
Q

Rabbits with _________ dental dz should be pulled out of the breeding poll

A

Congenital incisor malocclusion

Teeth grow fast! cannot eat, bottom teeth un to nose and can piece. Must cut incisors/6-8weeks

82
Q

Treatment for incisor malocclusion

A

cut teeth/ 6-8 weeks

83
Q

T/F: You can use the typical angles dog/cat dental drill for rabbits’ teeth

A

False!

Need to use straight drill!

84
Q

how can you dx dental abscesses?

A

palpation, oral exa, skull rads

85
Q

Jaw abscesses are common in rabbits. What is the result?

A

thick caseous pus, osteomyelitis

86
Q

Jaw abscess therapy include:

A

removal of necrotic debris, marsupializing for continued flush, Cefazolin soaked gauze packing (medicinal honey also)

87
Q

What Is marsupializing?

A

taking inside lining of abscess, suture to skin so can flush daily, then can take sutures out eventually and pack with gauze

88
Q

Dental abscess treatment includes:

A

parental penicillin long term txn

Must use anaerobic drug!

89
Q

The #1 cancer in rabbits is _______

A

Uterine Adenocarcinoma

80% occurrence some breeds, OVH recommended!

90
Q

Decribe the rabbit female repro briefly

A

Bicornate, double cervix, lot of fat so hard to palpate

91
Q

Metastatic locations for uterine adenocarcinoma in rabbits

A

lung, bone, soft tissue

slow metastasis (7-9mo), resp issues!

92
Q

T/F: Calciuria and urolithiasis in rabbits can both be managed and resolve medically

A

False!
Calciria can resolve medically
Need sx to resolve stones

93
Q

“Vent disease” in rabbits is _____

A

Rabbit Syphilis, Spirochetosis

scabs on face!

94
Q

How do you diagnose rabbit spirochetosis, syphillus?

A

dz of young rabbits, scabs on nose & vent, biopsy/PCR, response to txn long acting penicillin

95
Q

What is the ONLY ONE txn for rabbit syphillus?

A

Comi-Pen

procaine and benzathine pG

FInal Special Species (1 decks)

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