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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenal Disease is caused by the interruption of the _______

A

PAG axis

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2
Q

What kind of hormones does the Adrenal Gland produce?

A 
Sex Hormones
Androgens
- Progesterone
-Estrogens
-Anderostenedione
- DHEAS
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3
Q

T/F: Most Ferrets do not experience Adrenal Disease.

A

FALSE

Most ferrets have adrenal disease

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4
Q

Hormone producing tumor in the ferret is described as ________

A

Hyperadrenalcorticism

-Hyperplasia

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5
Q

T/F: Hyperadrenalcorticism in the ferret is the same as Cushing’s Disease.

A

FALSE

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6
Q

T/F: Clinical signs of hyperadrenalcorticism in the ferret include: Hair loss, pruritus, smelly, sexual, swollen vulva

A 
True
Rat tail Hair Loss
Big Nipples in males and females
Swollen vulva esp if estrogen producing tumor
Boys esp like the Sex!
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7
Q

What if you see a ferret with a SWOLLEN VULVA?

A

Think Adrenal- Estrogen producing tumor
or
Intact female in heat

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8
Q

Ferrets normally have small prostates. When do they enlarge? How do they appear

A

Dz- Adrenal Androgens

Become Cystic

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9
Q

T/F: The survival time with ferret adrenal disease is the same with medical & surgical txn.

A

True!

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10
Q

What is the goal to treating adrenal dz?

A

REDUCE SEX HORMONES

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11
Q

What can be used medically to reduce sex hormones in ferret adrenal dz cases?

A

Leuprolide monthly shots

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12
Q

The indication of end stage Adrenal disease in the ferret is ______

A

Patechial hemorrha

From long term estrogen tox causing BM suppression

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13
Q

T/F: The right adrenal gland in the ferret is embedded in fat

A

False

the left adrenal gland is embedded in fat

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14
Q

Which sx is mostly performed on the right adrenal gland in ferrets with adrenal dz?

A

Subtotal Adrenalectomy

It wraps aroudnt he dorsal surface of the vena cava. Other adrenal may be affected but do NOT take it out b/c may hit the vena cava

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15
Q

T/F: Leuprolide Acetate (Lupron) can be used in both ferrets and bird

A

True!

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16
Q

How does Leuprolide work and how long does it last?

A

GnRH agonist- stimulates LH/FSH
Stops steroidenesis and repro activity

Lasts ~ 1 month

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17
Q

How does Deslorelin compare to Lupron?

A

Same action
BUT last longer
However takes 3 weeks to set up so start with Lupron first then switch. Will save money

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18
Q

T/F: Insulinomas in ferrets can be cured completely

A

False!

Controllable, NOT curable

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19
Q

What signs do you see in ferrets with insulinoma?

A

Episodic weakness, Drooling, Weak rear end, Staring into space/Gazy eyes

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20
Q

What is the shock organ in ferrets?

A

Hind legs!

That’s why their rear end is weak when have insulinoma

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21
Q

How do you def diagnose insulinoma in ferrets?

A

Fasting glucose

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22
Q

How do you medically treat insulinomas in ferrets?

A

Maintain Blood glucose, Low carb diet

PREDNISONE= gluconeogenic
&
DIAZOXIDE= insulin blocker

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23
Q

The first line of txn in insulinoma ferret?

A

Predinosone- start at low dose

Good prognosis

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24
Q

Why would you use Famotidine in ferrets with insulinoma?

A

Nausea
If can get them to eat, they will feel better

(But ferrets prefer pediapred)

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25
What pancreatic sx can be performed in ferrets?
Nodulectomy
26
Lymphosarcomas are common and are found where in the ferret?
ANYWHERE young & older ferrets, multicentric, lymphadenopathy varying prognx
27
Majority ferret skin tumors are benign. What kind of tumors are these?
Mast Cell tumors Can be itchy & bloody Remove with sx, freeze, cryocaine Good prognx but txn lasts a few months and can relapse
28
What type of lymphoma is hard to treat in ferrets?
Retrobulbar where eyes bulge out
29
Why would you have a big spleen in the ferret?
Extramedullary hematopoiesis also bloody spleen with some white areas
30
The Trifecta of lymphomsarcoma in young ferrets esp is ____, _____, and ______
Mediastinal mass, big liver (hepatomegaly), and big spleen (splenomegaly)
31
T/F: Ferret spleen size is not synchronous with dz
True!
32
Tissue biopsy, aspirate are used to dx lymphosarcoma?
Yes
33
T/F: Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisolone can be used to treat Lymphosarcoma
True! sx debulk also cyclophosphamide= oral vincristine= IV once/month Prednisolone= oral
34
T/F: Ferrets do NOT get CV dz
False Get BOTH types of Cardiomyopathy= DCM and HCM
35
What other CV dz can ferrets get besides cardiomyopathy?
Heartworms Ivermectin as prevention!
36
T/F: Ferrets are at the top so they are fearless
True!
37
T/F: Rabbits are scary
True! | they are prey to others so they try to hide out & are unpredictable
38
T/F: Rabbits are rodents
False! | They are Lagomorphs
39
Rabbits lifespan? time of activity?
6-10 years | Nocturnal
40
When do Rabbit male testes descend?
3 months
41
Gestation period for rabbits is ______ days
30-33 days
42
T/F: Rabbits are born fully visible
False! born blund 4-12 are born at a time, weaned at 6 weeks, hind gut fermenters
43
T/F: Rabbits only have front open rooted teeth
False! front and back open rooted teeth Fiber chewing is important!
44
What are cecotropes?
Cecals= cecotropes= night stools
45
What instrument/device can you use to perform and oral exam on rabbits?
Welch- Allyn Bivalve Nasal Septum
46
Venipuncture sites in rabbits?
Lateral Saphenous, Cephalic, Jugular, Ear vein
47
When would you give a Rabbit IV fluids/med/treatment?
If in shock otherwise do SQ or oral treatments
48
Which vein do you use in a rabbit for IV therapy?
cephalic also can use ear BUT some IV inj cause marginal ear sloughs (valium)
49
Abx can cause toxicities in rabbits. Which are some good choices of abx for rabbits to help min this risk?
Quinolones, Sulfas, Chloramphenicol, Penicillin (inj only!), Metronidazole, Azithromycin
50
Which abx should you AVOID in rabbits?
Beta lactams, cefalosporins, oral penicillin, -mycins (except azithromycin)
51
T/F: Rabbits Never need analgesics
``` FALSE! Analgesia is very important for rabbits NSAIDS= carprofen, ketaprofen, meloxicam Opioids= buprenorphine, torbugesic, hydrocortisone Tramadol ```
52
T/F: Rabbits have a simple digestive tract like ferrets
False! | Rabbits have a complex digest tract but a simple stomach like ferrets
53
What is the pH of a rabbit stomach?
pH 1-2
54
T/F: Rabbits cannot vomit like horses
True
55
What is the largest GI organ in the rabbit?
Cecum thin walled, and coiled, ferments Soluble fiber, cecals/cecotrophs produced, aa VFAs and vitamins produced
56
What is the driving force in the rabbit GI tract?
Fiber! Insoluble fiber= motility modifier, NOT a direct nutrient
57
The 2 types of stool fiber results in is ___ and _____
cecals and hard feces
58
What is rabbit cecotrophy?
night feces/cecals 4 hrs after feeding, osorous, soft, mucous covered. Rabbits eat it straight out of their anus!
59
Rabbits should eat a _____ fiber and ______ carb diet
High Fiber, Low Carbs Grass high/leafy greens low pellets/fruit/treats/grains/nuts/seeds
60
GI stasis in rabbits is also known as
generalized ileus decreased stool production, lack appetite, can progress>> pain abdomen, hypotherm, shock
61
What concurrent dzs can see with GI stasis?
Kidney dz, Neuro dz, Dental spurs, Obesity, Pruritic Dermatopathy, Pododermatitis
62
T/F: Causes of GI stasis include high fiber diet, stress, obesity, inactivity, reduced hingut motility, abnormal fermentation, pH changes. Dysbiosis and Enterotoxemia.
False | Low fiber diet
63
What are the two rabbit GI pathogens?
E. Coli & Clostridium spiroforme
64
How do you diagnose GI stasis in the rabbit?
Hx, clinical signs, abdominal palpation, rads, blood testing
65
rabbit GIs stasis options
LRS 75mg/kg/day, warm IV fluids, Metaclopramide, Cisapride, Opioids, Simethicone, Abdominal massage, exercise
66
When would you add abx to GI stasis txn? Which abx would you add?
long standing shocky hypothermic rabbits w/ mucoid feces | parental penicillin
67
T/F: True Trichobezoars are very common in rabbits like they are in ferrets
False! | fiber in diet prevents accumulation
68
T/F: Diarrhea in the rabbit can be ignored and treated lightly
False! True diarrhea in the rabbit si an emergency smelly, intermittent, stuck on butt
69
Predisposing factors to diarrhea in rabbit
obesity, inactivity, pain hind end (arthritis dermatitis), neuro dz, dental dz
70
How do you treat pasted cecals on the rabbits butt?
remove feces, shave fur, diaper rash txn, NSAIDs if severe, correct diet, wt loss midazolam
71
Rabbits' GI tract is unstable and are prone to ______ and _____
stasis and dysbiosis
72
Sneezing "snuffles" rabbit think
Pasteurella multocida colonizes nose at young age, cannot eradicate URT, rhinitis, sinusitis, dacryocystis. eyes almost always involved. Hard to tx sometimes
73
Should you culture rabbit nasal discharge?
Yes! | Deep culture
74
How many nasolacrimal duct puncta do rabbits have?
One! tortous, runs along top maxillary tooth roots from eye to nose. tooth roots can impinge on duct>> chronic epiphora
75
Which abx are used to tx rabbit resp issues?
Quinolones (enro/marbo-floxacin) Trimethoprim sulfa Azithromycin (the only mycin!)
76
What is a common intestinal parasite in young bunnies?
coccidia
77
Protocol in management of a dyspneic rabbit:
O2, Anxiolytic and sedation (Torb+ midazolam IV), analgesia nebulizer reassess in 30min then once calm can give fluids
78
Possible Causes for head tilt in a rabbit include:
#1 Otitis externa/interna & Encephalitozoon cuniculi
79
T/F: E. cuniculi I an obligate intracellular microsporidia parasite and is the rabbits natural host along with other species.
True! at birth, replicates in kidneys, neuro tiss affinity inflamm response, causes head tilts and seizures
80
T/F: Panacur + Prednisone + Quinolone + PCV/CBC are part of the typical therapy for E. cuniculi in rabbits
True! | fenbendazole, anti inflamm & decrease immune response, abx , check for anemia b/c can cause BM suppression
81
Rabbits with _________ dental dz should be pulled out of the breeding poll
Congenital incisor malocclusion Teeth grow fast! cannot eat, bottom teeth un to nose and can piece. Must cut incisors/6-8weeks
82
Treatment for incisor malocclusion
cut teeth/ 6-8 weeks
83
T/F: You can use the typical angles dog/cat dental drill for rabbits' teeth
False! | Need to use straight drill!
84
how can you dx dental abscesses?
palpation, oral exa, skull rads
85
Jaw abscesses are common in rabbits. What is the result?
thick caseous pus, osteomyelitis
86
Jaw abscess therapy include:
removal of necrotic debris, marsupializing for continued flush, Cefazolin soaked gauze packing (medicinal honey also)
87
What Is marsupializing?
taking inside lining of abscess, suture to skin so can flush daily, then can take sutures out eventually and pack with gauze
88
Dental abscess treatment includes:
parental penicillin long term txn Must use anaerobic drug!
89
The #1 cancer in rabbits is _______
Uterine Adenocarcinoma 80% occurrence some breeds, OVH recommended!
90
Decribe the rabbit female repro briefly
Bicornate, double cervix, lot of fat so hard to palpate
91
Metastatic locations for uterine adenocarcinoma in rabbits
lung, bone, soft tissue slow metastasis (7-9mo), resp issues!
92
T/F: Calciuria and urolithiasis in rabbits can both be managed and resolve medically
False! Calciria can resolve medically Need sx to resolve stones
93
"Vent disease" in rabbits is _____
Rabbit Syphilis, Spirochetosis scabs on face!
94
How do you diagnose rabbit spirochetosis, syphillus?
dz of young rabbits, scabs on nose & vent, biopsy/PCR, response to txn long acting penicillin
95
What is the ONLY ONE txn for rabbit syphillus?
Comi-Pen procaine and benzathine pG

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