Final Flashcards
What effects our person perception?
Effects of physical appearance: we rate those more attractive more positively
Cognitive schemas
Stereotypes: will ignore info that goes against belief
Prejudice and discrimination: attitude and act
Subjectivity: cling to original perception and fill in blanks based on stereotypes
Evolutionary perspective: ingroup and outgroup
What was bards study?
Took two groups of collage aged kids
One were primed with senior related words and the other with neutral words
Times how long it took them to walk to elevator
First group took longer
What are attributions?
Internal: within a person aka personality
External: beyond their control aka environmental
What are some biases in attribution?
Generally self protecting
Fundamental attribution error: overestimate the internal ex. Assuming someone is rude instead of having a bad day
Defensive attribution: tendency to blame victims because if it’s their fault it won’t happen to me
Self serving bias: blame sometime external if we succeed = internal
How does culture explain behaviour?
Individualism: doing it on your own
Collectivism: focus on group membership, have lower rates of fundamental attribution error
What are some key factors in attraction?
Physical attractiveness: evolutionary basis
Matching hypothesis
Similarity: what are the key features
Reciprocity: if I am nice to you you will be nice back
Romantic ideals: ideas of what love is
Proximity
What was hatfields and berschieds perspective on love?
Passionate vs compassionate love
Passionate: usually first to emerge with sexual and emotional feelings
Compassionate: connection and sharing
What was sternbergs perspective on love?
Intimacy and commitment
Intimacy: warmth and sharing (similar to hatfield)
Commitment: third kind of love
What were Hazan and shavers perspectives on love?
Love as attachment
Peoples romantics relationship in adulthood are similar in form to their attachment patterns in infancy
What are the three components to making social judgements?
- Cognitive(thought), affective(emotional), and behavioural: don’t always match
- Attitudes and behaviour: don’t always match
- Source, message, and receiver
What are implicit and explicit attitudes?
Implicit: covert and expressed in subtle autonomic responses
Explicit: attitudes we hold consciously and can easily describe
What is the IAT test?
Assess implicit prejudice against blacks by tracking how quickly subjects respond to images of black and white peoples paired with positive or negative words. Will react more quickly to pairing of black or bad and white or good if prejudice
What is the persuasion process?
Who (the source) communicates what (the message) by what means (the channel) to whom (the receiver)
What variables influence the four persuasion processes?
Source: credibility, expertise, likability, trustworthiness, attractiveness, etc…
Message: fear appeal vs logic, one-sided vs two-sided argument, number of strong or weak arguments, repetition
Channel: person, radio, tv, etc…
Receiver: personality, expectation, strength of preexisting attitudes, prior knowledge
What is the mean exposure effect?
Increased exposure leads to increased liking
What is the traditional view of attitude and behaviour? How does Bem’s theory differ from this?
Traditional: attitude determines behaviour
Bem’s: behaviour determines attitude as they draw inference about their behaviour
Proved to sometimes be true
How does group productivity and social loafing affect behaviour?
People don’t pull their weight and shed responsibility
They also might not be confident with ideas
What is group think?
Groups make bad decisions When there is a very strong, directive leader Causes pressure Highly cohesive Illusion of inbaulnerability
What is group polarization?
Movement of views held by individuals in groups
How is neuroscience applied to social situations?
Theory of mind Aggression: ingroup vs outgroup Attributions: bias Self judgement: ethnocentric-I'm better than you belief Attitude change
What is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice can exist without discrimination and discrimination wiping prejudice causing a disparity between attitude and behaviour
What is the bio psychosocial model?
3 overlapping causes
Interaction between these three
Mind and body are no longer separate
What is health psychology?
Changing patterns of illness
The promotion of health and maintenance
Discovery of causation, prevention, and treatment
What are the appraisals of stress?
Stress lies in the eye of the beholder: what do we feel is a threat
- cumulative nature of stress: used to be viewed as just major traumatic events but now realize small daily hassles do more harm
- cognitive appraisals: primary (do I care?) and secondary (how do I deal?)
What are the three main types of conflict?
Approach-approach: person is torn between two positive goals
Avoidance-avoidance: person is torn between two negative outcomes
Approach-avoidance: one goal to consider with both positive and negative aspects
What four aspects can cause or influence stress?
Frustration: blocked goal
Conflict: two or more incompatible motivations
Change: having to adapt
Pressure: expectations to behave in a certain way
What are some emotional responses to stress?
- Annoyance, anger, rage
- Apprehension, anxiety, fear
- Dejection, sadness, grief
- Positive emotions: sometimes develop skills and strengths
What does the stress process work?
A potentially stressful event elicits a subjective appraisal of how threatening an event it.
If it is viewed with alarm, it may trigger emotional, physiological, and behavioural reactions
What is the inverted u hypothesis?
Increased arousal is associated with improved preformance up to a point. Optimal level of arousal depends on the complexity of the task. On complex tasks a low level is optimal where as on simple tasks preformance may peak at much higher levels
What is the physiological response to stress?
Can be partially controlled
Fight or flight response
Selye’s General adaption syndrome
What is Seleys General adaption syndrome?
Defined the concept of stress
- Alarm: sharp dramatic increase in response
- Resistance: stressor remains present and response increases steadily and remains at high level
- Exhaustion: psychological or physiological, open to illness and health problems
What are some behavioural responses to stress?
Giving up - frustration-aggression hypothesis
Blaming others or yourself - catharsis
Defensive coping
Constructive coping
What is defensive coping?
Indulging oneself: substance abuse Defense mechanisms: - denial of reality - fantasy: imaginary achievement - isolation - undoing: try to atone for our acts - overcompensation: cover up
What is constructive coping?
- Confront the problem
- Realistically appraise it and possible approaches
- Regular disruptive emotions
What are the brain body pathways to stress?
Pathway through ANS controls release of catecholamine hormones that help mobilize the body for action
Pathway through pituitary and endocrine controls release of corticosteroid hormones that increase energy and ward off tissue inflammation
What are the effects of stress on psychological functioning?
Impaired task preformance
Burnout
PTSD
Psychological problems and disorders
Positive effects:
- resiliency: some overcome and come out with no negative effects
- caused by personality, social support, and motivation
What are the effects of stress on physical health?
Psychosomatic diseases: real problems with psychological cause
Heart disease:
- type A behaviour: competitive, impatient, hostile
- emotional reactions, depression and heart disease
Stress and immune functioning: reduced immune activity
What is the stress illness correlation?
One or more aspects of personality, physiology, or memory could play a role of a postulated third variable in the relationship between high stress and high incidence of illness
What factors moderate the impact of stress?
Social support: increased immune functioning
Optimism: more adaptive coping, pessimistic explanatory style
Conscientiousness: fostering better health habits
Autonomic reactivity: cardiovascular reactivity to stress
What are some health impairing behaviours that are common responses to stress?
Smoking Poor nutrition Lack of exercise Alcohol and drug use Risky sexual behaviour Transmission, misconceptions, and prevention of AIDS
What are some reactions to illness and the barriers to them?
Seeking treatment: ignoring physical symptoms
Communication with health care providers: barriers to effective communication
Following medical advice: noncompliance
What is Albert Ellis’s abc model of emotional reactions?
Argues that events themselves do not cause emotional distress. Rather the distress is caused by the way people think about negative events
Activating event - belief system - consequence
What is the medical model of psychological disorders?
Physical illness that can be diagnosed
What is abnormal behaviour?
3 criteria:
- deviant
- maladaptive: can you continue to function
- causing personal distress: so sad you don’t want to leave your room
- how long has this been going on?
What are three myths about psychological disorders?
- Incurable
- Causes people to become violent or dangerous
- Behave in bizarre ways
Define epidemiology and prevalence
Distribution of disorders in a population
% of a specific disorder in a population over a specific time period
Define diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis
Distinguish one from the other
Causes
Probably course
Define comorbidity
Coexistence of two or more disorders
How are psychological disorders classified?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
3 sections:
1. Historical material
2. Criteria for main diagnostic categories and other disorders
3. Assessment of measures and criteria for psychological disorders that need further research
What are the issues with the classification of disorders?
Clearly categorizing
Overlapping of symptoms
Labelling causes risk of stereotypes
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
Free floating anxiety
Intense anxiety not tied to anything specific and is more intense than makes sense
What is a phobic disorder?
Persistent irrational fear
Incredibly intense
Specific focus of fear
What is panic disorder?
Sudden onset of physical symptoms
May be chronic or only occur once
Physical symptoms of anxiety/leading to agoraphobia
What is agoraphobia?
Fear of going out in public
Comorbidity with panic attacks
What so obsessive compulsive disorder?
Obsession: thoughts
Compulsions: behaviours (checking, order, cleanliness, hygiene, and hoarding)
What is PTSD?
Many symptoms
Reliving trauma, anxiety, guilt, aggressive, emotional numbness, loss of social ability
What are the biological factors of the ethology of anxiety disorders?
Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
GABA circuits in the brain: neurotransmitter regulating fear
What are the cognitive factors of the ethology of anxiety disorders?
Judgements of perceived threat
Thinking patterns cause neutral events to be perceived as threatening
What other factors influence the ethology of anxiety disorders?
Conditioning and learning:
Acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning and maintained through operant conditioning
Stress:
A precipitator: can cause or increase symptoms
How does condition explain phobias?
Many phobias appear to be acquired through classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus is paired with an anxiety arousing stimulus
What is dissociative amnesia?
Forgetting as a result of an extremely traumatic event
Memory of the event is still there but cannot be accessed for a period of time
What is dissociative fugue?
Same as amnesia but also forgetting personal informations
Often coupled with flight wandering
Generally more to do with chronic stress
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Multiple personality disorder
Very distinct from each other but are not aware of each other
Causes by a severe emotional trauma during childhood
What is the controversy surrounding multiple personality disorder?
Dramatic increase in cases recently
May just be extreme role playing
Symptoms increased when became relevant in media almost like a hysteria reaction
Therapist who strongly believes in it may suggest it to a client who believes them and begins role playing
What is major depressive disorder?
Mood disorder which interferes with daily functioning
What is bipolar disorder?
Manic depressive disorder
Phases of depression with manic episodes
May have some symptoms but not all and may only have one episode
Give some facts about suicide
90% of those suffer from pyschological disorders
60% of than 90% suffer from mood disorders
What is the etiology of mood disorder?
Genetic vulnerability
Neurochemical factors: norepinephrine and serotonin embalences, underdeveloped hypocampus
Cognitive factors
Hormonal: increase cortisol levels
Dispositional: perfectionists, sociotropic, autonomous
Interpersonal roots
Concussions
What are the emotional symptoms of manic and depressive episodes?
Manic: elated, euphoric, sociable, impatient
Depressive: gloomy, hopeless, withdrawn, irritable
What are the cognitive symptoms of manic and depressive episodes?
Manic: racing thoughts, flight of ideas, desire for action, impulsive behaviour, talkative, self-confident, experiences delusions of grandeur
Depressive: slowness of thought, obsessive worrying, inability to make decisions, negative self image, self blame, dilutions of guilt and disease
What are the motor symptoms of manic and depressive episodes?
Manic: hyperactive, tireless, requiring less sleep, increased sex drive, fluctuating appetite
Depressive: less active, tired, difficulty sleeping, decreased sex drive, decreased appetite
What are the general symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusions and irrational thought Disturbed thought lies at core Deterioration of adaptive behaviour Hallucinations Disturbed emotions: extreme, inappropriate, or lack
What are the prognostic factors of schizophrenia?
Can be curable with treatment in some cases
Extreme sudden onset generally in early adulthood
Might need extensive long term care
What are positive or negative emotions?
Positive: addition of somethjng not normal
Negative: absence of normal behaviour
What is the etiology for schizophrenia?
Genetic vulnerability: 50% for identical, believed to be genes turned on by environment
Neurochemical: dopamine, drug use
Structural abnormalities: brain tissue degeneration
Neurodevelopmental hypothesis: prenatal
Expressed emotion
Precipitating stress
What are the different personality disorders?
Anxious-fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Dramatic-impulsive cluster: histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
Odd-eccentric cluster: schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
What is the etiology of personality disorders?
Genetic predisposition, inadequate socialization in dysfunction families
Arousal: prenatal alteration of arousal level causing more extreme event required to achieve challenge and arousal
What are some disorders of childhood?
Depression PTSD OCD ADHD Autism: very little known about etiology, diagnosed by preschool, some genetic evidence, social and emotional deficits as well as repetitiveness, cannot read emotions and well as issues with language development
Is there cultural variations in disorders?
Universalizability of symptoms with severe disorders=more biological cause
Content of dilutions are influenced by culture
What are some culture bound disorders?
Koro: Asian, fear penis will disappear into abdomen
Windigo: craving for human flesh, Algonquin natives
Anorexia nervosa: western cultures
What are the three types of eating disorders?
Bulimia: maintain a normal body weight characterized by emotional binging and purging or exercise
Binge eating: emotionally based binge eating, no purging, generally overweight
Anorexia: maintaining an extremely low body weight either by purging or restricting calories
What is the etiology for eating disorders?
Some evidence for genetic 30-40%
Imbalance in serotonin
Personality and risk: perfectionism and obsessive, bulimia linked to impulsive, sensitive
Cultural: media, eating, and exercise patterns
Family: controlling parenting styles
Cognition
What are the types of treatments for psychological disorders?
Insight therapies: Pershing increased insight reading the nature of difficulty and sorting through possible solutions, talk therapies
Behaviour therapies: changing overt behaviours based on principles of learning, working to alter maladaptive behaviours
Biomedical therapies: biological functioning interventions, drugs
Who seeks therapy?
Most commons are anxiety and depression
Long delays until treatment
Half of those who seek help do not qualify with a full disorder
Stigmatization
Who provides treatment ?
Clinical psychologists: full blown, serious disorders
Counselling psychologists: disturbances
Psychological associates (M.A)
Psychiatrists: md who specializes in diagnosis and treatment, prescribe drugs
Clinical social workers (M.A): wide range of therapeutic services
Psychiatric nurses (BA or MA)
Counsellors: schools and assorted human service agencies
What are insight therapies?
Involves verbal interactions intended to enhance clients self-knowledge and promote healthy changes in personality and behaviour
Non directive
Gets at root of problem
What is psychoanalysis?
Emphasizes recovery of unconscious conflicts, motive and defended
Sigmund Freud and followers
Goal/ discover unresolved unconscious conflicts
What are the steps to psychoanalysis?
Free association: clients spontaneously express thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, analyst must look for reoccurring themes
Dream analysis: interpreting symbolic meaning of dreams
Interpretation: attempts to explain significance of thoughts, feelings, memories and behaviours
Resistance: largely unconscious defends mechanisms
Transference: starts relating to the realist mimicking critical relationships
How did Freud view anxiety?
Unconscious conflicts among id, ego, and superego sometimes lead to anxiety and may lead to reliance on defence mechanisms
What is client-centred therapy?
Carl Rogers: unconditional and conditional love
Goal: restructure self-concept to better correspond to reality
Supportive emotional environment
Therapeutic climate: recreate early environment where love is unconditional
- genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy
What is Rogers view of anxiety?
Anxiety is rooted in an incongruent self concepts that makes one prone to recurrent anxiety and triggers defensive behaviour fuelling more incongruence
What therapies were inspired by positive psychology?
Wellbeing therapy: - Giovanni favi - seeks to enhance self acceptance, purpose, autonomy, and growth - gives sense of value and purpose Positive psychotherapy: - seligman - gets client to recognize strength and appreciate blessings, savour positive experiences, forgive, and find meaning - creates positive, loving environment
What are the different types of group therapy, it’s advantages, and the participants roles?
Group therapy: all have same issues and leader sets goals, initiates, maintains, and protect, non directive
Couples therapy: aimed at helping relationship
Family therapy: looks at role of family unit as being a contributor to someone’s mental health and well being
Participants roles: hear similar stories
Advantages: save money and time, safe environment, practice social skills
What are the issues with insight therapy?
Might just be spontaneous remission
Hard to define success
What are Skinners behaviour therpies?
Goal: unlearning maladaptive behaviours and learning adaptive ones
Systematics desensitization
Aversion therapy
Social skills training
What is systemic desensitization?
Joseph Wolpe Mainly used in anxiety and phobias Not actually place in situation Classical conditional Anxiety hierarchy: build hierarchy, learn relaxation techniques, imagine hierarchy
What is aversion therapy?
Alcoholism, sexual devience, smoking
Pairing it with something unpleasant
What is social skills training?
Modelling: big brother big sister program
Behaviour rehearsal: Stanford prison experiment
What is cognitive behavioural therapy?
Goal: to change the way clients think
Self instructional training
Cognitive therapy
Rational-emotive therapy
What is self-intructional training?
Detect and recognize negative thoughts
Reality testing
Kinship with behaviour therapy: how to respond
Who developed cognitive therapy?
Aaron beck
What is rational emotive therapy?
Develop internal instruction manual
Refer to manual for appropriate response
Albert Ellis
What did Aaron beck believe we’re the roots of disorders?
Negative thinking:
- blame setbacks in personal
Inadequacies
- focus selectively on negative events
- make unduly pessimistic projections about future
- draw negative conclusion about personal worth
All lead to increased vulnerability to depression
What is mindfulness-based cognitive behavioural therapy?
Zinder Segal
- Increased awareness
- Present moment: not past or future
- Self compassion: loving ourselves and not blaming ourselves
- Accepting things as they are
What are the issues with behavioural therapies?
Not suited for all problems
Have to be a good match or won’t be effective
What are the drugs treating antianxiety?
Valium, Xanax, buspar
What are the antipsychotic drugs?
Thorazine, mellaril, haldol
Cause tardive dyskinesia: person will suffer individual facial ticks
Clozapine: second generation without side effect
What are the antidepressant drugs?
Tricyclics: elavil, tofranil
MAO inhibitors: Nardil
Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors: Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
What are the mood stabilizing drugs?
Lithium
Valproic acid
What are the issues with psychopharmacotherapy?
Only eleviates symptoms Addiction Side effects Over perscribed Most data funded by companies
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
Electric shock to the brain to induce a brain seizure
Excites or inhibits the release of neurotransmitters
Primarily used in cases of extreme depression
High relapse rate and may cause cognitive damage
What are DSBs?
Deep brain stimulation techniques
Same idea as electroconvulsive therapy but also controls hormonal regulation
