Final Flashcards
ABA is based on _________
Operant Conditional Therapy
3 reasons why people with Autism exhibit behaviors:
- Attention
- Escape
- Avoid
What is the ABC’s of ABA
Antecedent- what triggers the behavior
Behavior- the action (either good or bad)
Consequence- the outcome of the behavior
DTT
Discrete Trial Training
VBA
Verbal Behavior Analysis
NET
Natural Environmental Training
PRT
Pivotal Response Training
B.F. Skinner: Verbal Behavior (1957)
Manding
Tacting
Echoic
Intraverbal
A ___________ should occur on every trial and be carefully faded to minimize errors.
Prompting
3 Behaviorist who had a large part in establishing behaviorism:
Skinner
Watson
Pavlov
For there to be a behavior it must be _________ and __________
Observable and Measurable
3 branches of behavior analysis:
Applied Behavior Analysis
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Professional Practice
7 Dimensions of ABA:
Applied Behaviorism Analytic Technological Conceptually Effectiveness Generality
List 3 important characteristics of ABA:
Has to be observable and measurable
ABC’s of ABA
Modify the behavior
List 5 areas of Application in BA:
Autism ADD-Attention Deficit Disorder ADHD- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder OCD- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Phobias
The founder of ABA was _________ but _________ perfected it.
Skinner
Lovaas
Who was the founder of Operant Conditioning?
Skinner
_____________ is any external or internal observable and measurable act of an organism.
Behavior
___________ is anything that is seen, heard, smelt, tasted, or felt.
Observable
__________ is anything that can be counted.
Measurable
_________ is something that stimulates or gets a reaction from something else.
Stimulus
___________ are a verbal or physical stimulus such as a command or request. What happens before the behavior.
Antecedents
_________ are the outcomes, conditional to the behavioral.
Consequences
The skill to be learned is broken down into the smallest units for easy learning.
Chaining
Are things used that fade systematically and as quickly as possible from a more intrusive prompt. They are used to teach or to obtain a particular behavior.
Prompting
Gradually reducing and eventually eliminating prompting.
Fading
_________ involves gradually modifying the existing behavior into the desired behavior.
Shaping
One technique found to be effective with some students, particularly children- the use of taped sequences as exemplars of behaviors.
Video Modeling
Anything that, when presented as a consequence of a response, increases the probability or frequency of that response.
Reinforce
A consequence that decreases the probability or frequency of that response.
Punisher
Involves from full physical (hand over hand) to hand on wrist, hand on elbow, hand on shoulder, shadowing, to fading your proximity.
Physical Prompt
Using language to prompt
Verbal prompt
Pointing or using motions
Gestural prompts
_______ is the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.
ABA
__________ is someone who does ABA and who is properly trained to do it well.
Behavior Analyst
____________ is a behavior analyst who has met the considerable educational requirements and passed a test to demonstrate their knowledge of ABA.
BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst)
_______________ is someone who does behavior therapy, and like a behavior analyst, should be trained to do it well.
Behavior Therapist
____________ is generally thought of as an approach to psychotherapy that relies on the use of therapeutic techniques based on principles of learning, primarily operant and classical conditioning
Behavior Therapy
_________________ refers to any of a number of types of psychotherapy that emphasizes trying to help clients deal better with their problems by helping them to change the ways they think or talk to themselves about things. It is NOT a part of ABA.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
______________ is the science of contingent relations between behavior and other events.
Behaviorology
Ogden Lindsley: if a dead man can do it, it’s not a behavior.
Dead Man’s Rule
_____________ are those behaviors targeted for change.
Target Behavior
_________________ refers to behavior that is potentially directly observable by the public.
Response.
One try, attempt, repetition, or instance of a behavior, often in a situation set up to teach the behavior.
Trail
_________________ are behaviors that are not effective in achieving their goal and/or have other unwanted consequences They may be socially or otherwise unacceptable because of their short-or long-term consequences for the individual who performs these behaviors or for their consequences or effects on others.
Maladaptive Behavior
_________________ is a behavior that immediately and predictably follows something in the environment.
Adaptive Behavior
_________________ are usually useful socially acceptable behaviors that are effective or functional in serving their purpose.
Verbal Behavior
___________ is a request. Asking for something. De-mand, com-mand.
Mand
________ is another verbal behavior term that essentially means to name or label something.
Tact
_________________ refers to behavior such as thinking, imaging and feeling that is not directly observable to the public Other actions inside our bodies, such as heart beat or brain waves, are also considered covert behaviors.
Covert Behaviors
_________________ refers not just to spoken language, but to other forms of communications as well, such as reading and writing. Sign language is a type of verbal behavior.
Overt Behavior
Autism Spectrum Disorder and the 3 levels:
Autism
Pervasive Developmental Disability-Not Otherwise Specified
Aspergers
Level 1: Requiring Support
Level 2: Requiring Substantial Support
Level 3: Requiring Very Substantial Support
__________ is what happened next after the target behavior occurs, usually immediately after.
Consequence
_______________ is the frequency with which a certain behavior occurs depends on what happens right after it occurs, that is, the behaviors immediate consequence.
Operant Conditioning
_________________ is when the consequences of behavior are such that they make the behavior or likely to occur again in the future.
Positive Reinforcement
Developed by E.L. Thorndike in the early 1900s used to emphasize the importance of the actual effects of behavior in the learning process.
Law of Effect
Try behaving in different ways until something that works to get the consequence or result that you want.
Trial and Error
_______________ is generally tangible or otherwise observable consequences. These are reinforcers that we can usually see, feel, touch, taste, or smell.
Extrinsic Reinforcers
______________ is the act of doing something may be reinforcing by itself. Creative activities are often considered to be intrinsically reinforcing.
Intrinsic Reinforcers
_________________ is a type of secondary reinforcement that involves getting attention from others.
Social Reinforcement
Such as money. In addition to being a conditioned reinforcer, generalized reinforcers, such as money, tokens, stars, chips, points and the like can have the reinforcing effects of the various reinforcers for which they can be exchanged.
Generalized Reinforcer
_________________ are used to reinforce generalized reinforcers- these are reinforcers that can be exchanged for generalized reinforcers (for things such as TV, car, clothes, books, toys, snacks, privileges, ect.)
Backup Reinforcer
When a bit of food is used as a reinforcers.
Edibles
Things that have lost their reinforcement capability for a brief time.
Satiation
Basically getting used to something.
Habituation
Behavior is increased by stopping an unpleasant or aversive condition as soon as the desired behavior occurs.
Negative Reinforcement
_________________is when the behavior puts an end to an already existing aversive situation.
Escape
_________________is behaving a certain way to avoid the aversive event before it occurs.
Avoidance
_________________ is the process through which behavior is eliminated by withholding reinforcement.
Extinction
The unwanted behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of an aversive consequence which results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior that immediately proceeded it.
Punishment
If a behavior is punished and suppressed in one situation where it is not punished
Behavioral Contrast
_________________ is the undesirable behavior is followed by the loss of subtraction if something that individual values.
Response Cost
When people receive reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement
The behavior is reinforced sometimes, but not always.
Intermittent Reinforcement, Partial Reinforcement
Schedule in which the individual is always reinforced for the same number of times the target behavior happens the simplest schedule to use.
Fixed Ratio
Schedule the number of responses required for reinforcement keeps changing. It is the average number of behaviors used for reinforcement. The most powerful and effective of the basic reinforcement schedules.
Variable Ratio
If the behavior occurs after the specified period of time is elapsed
Fixed interval
It doesn’t matter how many unsuccessful attempts for the behavior during a period of times, it only matters if the behavior occurred successfully once.
Variable interval
_________________ is the process by which we change schedules from continuous to partial
Thinning
_________________ or sometimes referred to as imitative, vicarious, observational or social learning, is the process through which an individual’s behavior changes after observing someone else (called a model) perform the behavior, rather than by personality performing the behaviors and directly experiencing the consequences.
Modeling
Includes the behaviors that someone has the ability to currently perform, right now, but most of which are not being presently performed.
Behavior Repertoire
Improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the participant/client
Effective
Theoretical and philosophical issues.
Behaviorism
Demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and no occurrence of the behavior-that is, was the subjects behavior that changed.
Analytic
____________ is providing behavior analytic services to consumers.
Professional practice
Produces behavior changes that last over time, appear in other environments, or spread to other behaviors.
Generality
Basic research
Experimental Analysis of behavior
Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior
Conceptually Systematic
Entails precise measurement of the actual behavior in need of improvement and documents that it was the subjects behavior that changed.
Behavioral
Applied research
Applied Behavior Analysis
Investigates socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the subject
Applied
This approach involves using something to trigger a desired response; it could be verbal or nonverbal or showing them something visual.
Prompting
The written description of all procedures used in the study is sufficiently Congolese and detailed to enable others to replicate it.
Technological
_________________ is the founder of behaviorism
John Watson
5 General Principles of the APA (American Psychological Association) Code of Conducts:
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
4 Domains of ABA:
Behaviorism
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Applied Behavior Analysis
Professional Practice
ABA
Applied Behavior Analysis
ADA
American with Disabilities Act
AS
Asperger’s Syndrome
ASA
Autism Society of America
CARS
Childhood Autism Rating Scale
DD
Developmental Disability
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders
FA
Functional Assessment or Functional Analysis
MR
Mental Retardation
OCD
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
ODD
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
OT
Occupational Therapy
Pat
Physical Therapy
PBS
Positive Behavior Support
PDD
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
PDD-NOS
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified
PECS
Picture Exchange Communication System
SIB
Self-Injurious Behavior
BCBA
Board Certified Behavior Analyst
FBA
Functional Behavior Analysis
HOH
Hand Over Hand
IEP
Individual Education Plan
NET
Natural Environment Teaching
PRT
Pivotal Response Teaching
SSB
Self-Stimulatory Behavior
Can
Verbal Behavior
DRA/I/O Behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative, or Other Behavior
CDC
Center of Disease Control and Prevention
WHO
World Health Organization
ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder
ABA
Applied behavior analysis
ABC’s of ABA
Antecedent-What triggers the behavior
Behavior- The act itself
Consequence- What happens after the behavior
A form of Autism with the main differences being these children are typically very verbal, have large social deficits, and have more neurological issues(such as being clumsy). These children often go undiagnosed until they are older.
Asperger’s Syndrome
This is the board certification required for a person to become a Behavior Analyst and it is recognized worldwide. In the field of ABA, this is the gold standard for professionals.
Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA)
Observable and measurable responses to cues in the environment
Behavior
_________ approach to treating Autism is based on the latest scientific research that shows Autism to have at least some biological causes, such as heavy metals or an over growth of yeast.
Bio-Medical Approach
Used to teach multi step skills in which the steps involved are defined and numbered. The steps are defined through task analysis. Can be either done backward, forward, or total task analyses.
Chaining
_______ is there actual age calculated by when they were born.
_______ is based on the child’s level of functioning and there adaptive skills.
Chronological Age
Developmental Age
This means having multiple diagnosis at the same time, such as a child being diagnosed with Autism, OCD, and an Anxiety disorder.
Co-Morbidity
_______ is simply what happens after the behavior. It can be good or bad.
Consequence
Describes anyone who creates the treatment/behavioral plans, trains and supervises staff, and may or may not assist with hiring staff.
Consultant
_____ is a classroom that has only special needs children. These classrooms have a smaller teacher to student ratio than an inclusive classroom.
Contained classroom
An ABA principle which states that the more deprived of a particular reinforcer, the more powerful that reinforcer will be.
Deprivation
A child is given a diagnoses of DD when they aren’t progressing as they should be and aren’t meeting developmental milestones such as crawling, sitting up, talking, etc.
Developmentally Delayed
A specific method of instruction in which a task is isolated and taught to an individual by repeatedly presenting the same task to the person
Discrete Trial Training
This is the demand of directive given to a child, to obtain a specific response. This is a technical term that basically means a demand or instruction you give to the child.
Discriminative stimulus
__________ is used by a variety of professionals across the world to diagnoses or treat individuals. The DSM is basically a handy manual that catalogs all mental conditions, disorders, and syndromes and explains how to diagnose each one.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
This is a VB term. _______ is being able to vocally imitate upon request.
Echoic
This is when a child”echoes” or imitates things they hear. It can be immediate or delayed.
What are the three forms?
Echolalia
Immediate
Delayed
Scripted
________ is when a child wanders away from a person, or an area they are supposed to stay in.
Elopement
_________ means speaker behavior, and refers to take that require a vocal response such as singing or talking.
Expressive
_______ is the withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in reduction of that behavior.
Extinction
What are two forms of language?
Expressive and receptive
Skinners 4 VB
Mand
Tact
Echoic
Intraverbal
________ is the increase in frequency and/or intensity of behavior in the early stages of extinction.
Extinction burst
This is the process by which all behavioral interventions are created. An FBA is intended to determine the function (or the reason) for a behavior, and then create an intervention based on that function.
Functional Behavior Analysis
These are the activities that require the coordination of the smaller muscle of the body, especially those of the hand.
Fine motor skills
___________ is a treatment method for autism that focuses on child-led, play focused activity using a naturalistic approach. It is not a type of ABA due to not being empirically supported.
Floor time
Term used to describe the ability to learn a skill in one situation and be able to apply it flexibly to other similar but different situations, people, places, and time.
Generalization
These are the activists we do using our larger muscles groups; like sitting, walking, and jumping
Gross motor skills
Acute reaction to sensory input(overly sensitive)
Hypersensitivity
Little or no reaction to sensory input( under-sensitive)
Hyposensitivity
_________ is the individualized curriculum plan that school age children have if they are in special education. An IEP is a legal document and the process should be taken very seriously and with much consideration for the child’s future.
Individual Education Plan (IEP)
______ is a classroom with both special needs and typical children learning together.
Inclusive classroom
This is the plan of action or the strategy you will use to change a behavior.
Intervention
This is a VB term. _______ is being able to label or describe an item without any stimuli present.
Intraverbal
ABA is sometimes referred as this, after Dr. Lovaas who conducted groundbreaking studies on autism and ABA in the 1950s which were critical to the development of this field.
Lovaas therapy
To ________ a child means that they can be successfully placed in a typical classroom, as opposed to a special education classroom.
Main Stream
This is a VB term. ______ is basically a “demand”. This is being able to verbally request something that one wants.
Mand
A mental disorder characterized by significantly under-average General intellectual functioning associated with impairments in adaptive behavior. It is classified on the basis of severity as mild, sever, and profound.
Mental Retardation (MR)
This refers to when a child inappropriately places items/toys, etc in their mouth. Depending on the child, licking items could also be considered this.
Mouthing
Take inedible things and eat them
Pica
______ is a type of ABA where learning occurs incidentally in the natural environment, such as the bus stop, in the tub, or during dinner.
Natural Environment Teaching (NET)
This was a form of autism. Despite popular opinion, it is not a way for doctors to “avoid giving a diagnosis of autism”. Basically, a diagnosis of this is as doctors way of telling you “your child is on the spectrum somewhere, but they aren’t fitting neatly into any one box”
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
Displaying excessively repetitive and stereotypical behaviors, such as asking for a pretzel 18 times in 5 minutes or repeating a line from a commercial over and over again.
Perseveration Behavior
______ is a communication system for functionally non-verbal individuals. The approach is designed to help young children with autism learn to initiate requests and communicate their needs.
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
This form of assistance or cue given to help your child complete a task. There are several different types of these: physical, gestural, position, model, verbal, symbolic, and visual.
Prompt
______ is something used to motivate a child not to complete a task or not to engage in behavior.
Punisher
_______ is a listener behavior.
Receptive
_______ is something used to motivate a child to complete a task, and as a reward for said task.
Reinforcer
When a reinforcer loses its effectiveness due to overuse.
Satiation.
This is when a child engages in a verbal stun where they repeat or “script”, phrases or entire sections of a TV show, movie, commercial, etc.
Scripting
This is when a child responds to a demand by either deceptively or expressively linking several responses together.
Scrolling
______ are actions that that the child performs that result in a physical injury to the child’s own body.
Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
Also referred as “Stimming”. These are self-initiated, repetitive movements.
Self stimulatory behavior (SSB)
______ refers to different strategies or techniques used to meet. Raise, or lower internal sensory needs such as weighted vests, sensory diets, or brushing procedures.
Sensory integration
These are professionals who often work with children with Autism to provide therapy services related to speech, movement, developmental goals, coordination, and functional communication.
Speech Language Therapist/Occupational Therapists/Physical Therapist
This is a VB term. _____ is being able to label or describe an item with stimuli being present.
Tact
This is the behavior of interest you are trying to increase, or decrease.
Target behavior
May refer to changes from one activity or setting to another such as from an early childhood program to school or from a preferred play activity to as work activity.
Transitions
Reducing the demands put upon the individual in an effort to avoid or decrease frustration levels.
Task reduction
______ is a type of ABA based on the works of B.F. skinner that focuses on understanding language as a behavior
Verbal Behavior(VB)
______ is away of describing a schedule of reinforcement.
Variable interval (VI)
______ is a way of describing a schedule of reinforcement.
Variable Ratio(VR)
