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Child Development 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

3 Physical Manifestations of puberty

A

a rapid increase in growth
Development of primary sex characteristics
Development of secondary sex characteristics

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2
Q

Changes in patterns of sleep

A

melatonin levels rise later
still need 9 hours of sleep
not getting enough sleep

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3
Q

melatonin

A

hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness

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4
Q

deductive reasoning

A

a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens

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5
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

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6
Q

imaginary audience

A

the belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one’s behavior

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7
Q

personal fable

A

an adolescent’s belief that he or she is unique and therfore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior

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8
Q

Piaget’s view of adolescent thinking

A

the use of abstract thinking and deductive reasoning is what differentiates adolescent thinking from thinking used in childhood
not all adolescents (or adults) develop formal-operational thinking

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9
Q

information processing perspective

A

a perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process

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10
Q

Selective Attention

A

the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

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11
Q

Divided attention

A

the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time

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12
Q

working memory

A

the aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

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13
Q

long-term memory

A

the ability to recall something from a long time ago

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14
Q

autobiographical memory

A

the recall of personally meaningful past events

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15
Q

Social cognition

A

the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations and about social situations

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16
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions and knowledge that may be different from one’s own

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17
Q

mentalizing

A

the ability to understand someone else’s mental state

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18
Q

social conventions

A

the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations

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19
Q

Behavioral decision theory

A

an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making process

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20
Q

Sensation seeking

A

the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

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21
Q

Changes in social definition

A

how an individual is viewed by society

the process through which an individual’s position or status is redefined by society

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22
Q

Age of majority

A

the legal age for adult status

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23
Q

What changes do adolescents experience?

A 
identity
autonomy
intimacy
sexuality
achievement
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24
Q

The elongation of adolescence

A

going through puberty earlier and entering workforce later

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25
Q

The invention of adolescence

A

“adolescence” was not invented until the late 19th century

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26
Q

Current definition of adolescence

A

a lengthy period of preparation for adulthood, in which young people, in need of guidance and supervision remain under the support of their parents

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27
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

a new stage of life proposed by psychologist Jeffery Arnett
The period from 18-25 years old
Neither adolescence or adulthood
Characterized by 5 main features: explorations of possible identities, instability in work/relationships/living arrangements, focusing on oneself/becoming independent, the feeling of being in between, the feeling that life holds many possibilities

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28
Q

Family Systems Theory

A

a perspective on family functioning that emphasized interconnections among different family relationships

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29
Q

Midlife crisis

A

a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45
The age range of most adolescents’ parents

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30
Q

Cliques

A

small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age
Typically composed of people of the same age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background and sex(in early/middle adolescents)

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31
Q

Crowds

A

large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity

32
Q

The two forms of popularity

A 
sociometric popularity (how well-liked someone is)
Perceived popularity (How much status, or prestige, someone has)
33
Q

Three types of unpopular adolescent

A

Those who have problems controlling aggression’s (Reactive aggression)
Withdrawn (Shy, anxious and inhibited/ victims of bullying)
Aggressive and withdrawn (Hostile but nervous about initiating friendships)

34
Q

Consequences of rejection

A

negative consequences for an adolescent’s mental health and psychological development
Consequences differ for rejected youth who are aggressive versus those who are withdrawn
Those who are both aggressive and withdrawn are at the greatest risk

35
Q

Sense of identity

A

who are you?
Where are you headed?
What is your purpose?
What are your values?

36
Q

Identity crisis

A

a time of intensive analysis and exploration of different ways of looking at oneself

37
Q

identity vs. diffusion

A

the part of the process when a person is figuring out who they are.
the part of adolescence when a person has not yet fully realized their social identity or defined their personality traits and they are not actively seeking to
to develop and establish their identity they will need to make a series of choices and commitments

38
Q

Moratorium

A

when youth can remain in school and experiment with who they are and make plans for the future

39
Q

3 specific identities problems adolescents experience

A

identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
negative identity

40
Q

identity diffusion

A

did not successfully resolve identity crisis. Characterized by incomplete, disjointed identity
occurs when there is neither an identity crisis nor commitment

41
Q

identity foreclosure

A

premature commitment to identity before period of exploration

42
Q

negative identity

A

selection of “undesirable” identity

43
Q

identity achievement

A

occurs when an individual has gone through an exploration of different identities and made a commitment to one

44
Q

foreclosure

A

status is when a person has made a commitment without attempting identity exploration

45
Q

Self-esteem

A

how an individual feels about him or herself

46
Q

baseline self-esteem

A

aspect of self-image that stays stable

47
Q

Barometric self-esteem

A

aspects of how we feel about ourselves that shift from moment to moment

48
Q

Emotional autonomy

A

feeling independent
individuation
De-idealization

49
Q

Behavioral autonomy

A

acting independently

decision making

50
Q

Cognitive autonomy

A

thinking independently

changes in beliefs opinions and values

51
Q

Preconventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg)

A

typical of children

based on rewards and punishment

52
Q

Conventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg)

A

early adolescence

based on rules and conventions of society

53
Q

Postconventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg)

A

society’s rules seen as relative and subjective

54
Q

Self-handicapping

A

purposely behaving in ways that will interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing

55
Q

Mastery Motivation

A

intrinsic motivation

motivation to succeed based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task

56
Q

performance motivation

A

extrinsic motivation

motivation to succeed based on the rewards on will receive for successful perfomance

57
Q

intimate relationships

A

an emotional attachment between 2 people that is characterized by concern for eachother’s well-being, a willingness to disclose private and occasionally sensitive topics, and a sharing of common interests and activities

58
Q

secure attachment

A

between infant and caregiver is characterized by trust

59
Q

anxious-avoidant attachment

A

characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver

60
Q

anxious-resistant attachment

A

characterized by distress at separation and at anger at reunion

61
Q

internal working model

A

a set of beliefs and experiences people draw on in forming close relationships with others.
Can determine whether they go into relationships expecting acceptance or rejection

62
Q

Four aspects of positive sexuality that serve as a basis for positive discussions

A

Adolescent needs to feel comfortable with their own body
needs to accept sexual feelings as normal and appropriate
needs to feel comfortable in choosing to engage in or not engage in sexual activities
understand and practice safe sex

63
Q

individuation

A

the progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person

64
Q

de-idealization

A

seeing your parents as having a new role as also being an individual themselves

65
Q

Substance abuse

A

the misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life

66
Q

Externalizing disorder

A

problems are turned outward and manifested in behavioral problems (acting out)

67
Q

Conduct disorder

A

a repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others

68
Q

aggression

A

acts done to purposely hurt someone

69
Q

juvenile offending

A

delinquency processed in the juvenile justice system

70
Q

internalizing disorders

A

problems are turned inwards and manifested in emotional and cognitive distress

71
Q

depression

A

characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness and difficulty in finding pleasurable in formerly pleasurable activities

72
Q

primary control strategies

A

take action to solve the stressor

73
Q

secondary control strategies

A

find a way to relax and decrease stress

74
Q

where does stress come from for adolescents

A

major life changes (divorce, changing school, illness)
Chronically stressful conditions (poverty, disabling illness, family conflict)
Day-to-day hassles (school exams, fights with friends, arguments with siblings and parents)

75
Q

Parental Responsiveness

A

refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner

76
Q

Parental demandingness

A

refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child

Child Development 2 (1 decks)

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