Final Flashcards
3 Physical Manifestations of puberty
a rapid increase in growth
Development of primary sex characteristics
Development of secondary sex characteristics
Changes in patterns of sleep
melatonin levels rise later
still need 9 hours of sleep
not getting enough sleep
melatonin
hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness
deductive reasoning
a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens
metacognition
thinking about thinking
imaginary audience
the belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one’s behavior
personal fable
an adolescent’s belief that he or she is unique and therfore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior
Piaget’s view of adolescent thinking
the use of abstract thinking and deductive reasoning is what differentiates adolescent thinking from thinking used in childhood
not all adolescents (or adults) develop formal-operational thinking
information processing perspective
a perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process
Selective Attention
the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another
Divided attention
the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time
working memory
the aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved
long-term memory
the ability to recall something from a long time ago
autobiographical memory
the recall of personally meaningful past events
Social cognition
the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations and about social situations
theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions and knowledge that may be different from one’s own
mentalizing
the ability to understand someone else’s mental state
social conventions
the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations
Behavioral decision theory
an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making process
Sensation seeking
the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting
Changes in social definition
how an individual is viewed by society
the process through which an individual’s position or status is redefined by society
Age of majority
the legal age for adult status
What changes do adolescents experience?
identity autonomy intimacy sexuality achievement
The elongation of adolescence
going through puberty earlier and entering workforce later
The invention of adolescence
“adolescence” was not invented until the late 19th century
Current definition of adolescence
a lengthy period of preparation for adulthood, in which young people, in need of guidance and supervision remain under the support of their parents
Emerging adulthood
a new stage of life proposed by psychologist Jeffery Arnett
The period from 18-25 years old
Neither adolescence or adulthood
Characterized by 5 main features: explorations of possible identities, instability in work/relationships/living arrangements, focusing on oneself/becoming independent, the feeling of being in between, the feeling that life holds many possibilities
Family Systems Theory
a perspective on family functioning that emphasized interconnections among different family relationships
Midlife crisis
a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45
The age range of most adolescents’ parents
Cliques
small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age
Typically composed of people of the same age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background and sex(in early/middle adolescents)
Crowds
large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity
The two forms of popularity
sociometric popularity (how well-liked someone is) Perceived popularity (How much status, or prestige, someone has)
Three types of unpopular adolescent
Those who have problems controlling aggression’s (Reactive aggression)
Withdrawn (Shy, anxious and inhibited/ victims of bullying)
Aggressive and withdrawn (Hostile but nervous about initiating friendships)
Consequences of rejection
negative consequences for an adolescent’s mental health and psychological development
Consequences differ for rejected youth who are aggressive versus those who are withdrawn
Those who are both aggressive and withdrawn are at the greatest risk
Sense of identity
who are you?
Where are you headed?
What is your purpose?
What are your values?
Identity crisis
a time of intensive analysis and exploration of different ways of looking at oneself
identity vs. diffusion
the part of the process when a person is figuring out who they are.
the part of adolescence when a person has not yet fully realized their social identity or defined their personality traits and they are not actively seeking to
to develop and establish their identity they will need to make a series of choices and commitments
Moratorium
when youth can remain in school and experiment with who they are and make plans for the future
3 specific identities problems adolescents experience
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
negative identity
identity diffusion
did not successfully resolve identity crisis. Characterized by incomplete, disjointed identity
occurs when there is neither an identity crisis nor commitment
identity foreclosure
premature commitment to identity before period of exploration
negative identity
selection of “undesirable” identity
identity achievement
occurs when an individual has gone through an exploration of different identities and made a commitment to one
foreclosure
status is when a person has made a commitment without attempting identity exploration
Self-esteem
how an individual feels about him or herself
baseline self-esteem
aspect of self-image that stays stable
Barometric self-esteem
aspects of how we feel about ourselves that shift from moment to moment
Emotional autonomy
feeling independent
individuation
De-idealization
Behavioral autonomy
acting independently
decision making
Cognitive autonomy
thinking independently
changes in beliefs opinions and values
Preconventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
typical of children
based on rewards and punishment
Conventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
early adolescence
based on rules and conventions of society
Postconventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
society’s rules seen as relative and subjective
Self-handicapping
purposely behaving in ways that will interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing
Mastery Motivation
intrinsic motivation
motivation to succeed based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task
performance motivation
extrinsic motivation
motivation to succeed based on the rewards on will receive for successful perfomance
intimate relationships
an emotional attachment between 2 people that is characterized by concern for eachother’s well-being, a willingness to disclose private and occasionally sensitive topics, and a sharing of common interests and activities
secure attachment
between infant and caregiver is characterized by trust
anxious-avoidant attachment
characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver
anxious-resistant attachment
characterized by distress at separation and at anger at reunion
internal working model
a set of beliefs and experiences people draw on in forming close relationships with others.
Can determine whether they go into relationships expecting acceptance or rejection
Four aspects of positive sexuality that serve as a basis for positive discussions
Adolescent needs to feel comfortable with their own body
needs to accept sexual feelings as normal and appropriate
needs to feel comfortable in choosing to engage in or not engage in sexual activities
understand and practice safe sex
individuation
the progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person
de-idealization
seeing your parents as having a new role as also being an individual themselves
Substance abuse
the misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life
Externalizing disorder
problems are turned outward and manifested in behavioral problems (acting out)
Conduct disorder
a repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others
aggression
acts done to purposely hurt someone
juvenile offending
delinquency processed in the juvenile justice system
internalizing disorders
problems are turned inwards and manifested in emotional and cognitive distress
depression
characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness and difficulty in finding pleasurable in formerly pleasurable activities
primary control strategies
take action to solve the stressor
secondary control strategies
find a way to relax and decrease stress
where does stress come from for adolescents
major life changes (divorce, changing school, illness)
Chronically stressful conditions (poverty, disabling illness, family conflict)
Day-to-day hassles (school exams, fights with friends, arguments with siblings and parents)
Parental Responsiveness
refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner
Parental demandingness
refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child
