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POLI 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

aggregate partianship

A

the proportion of poll respondents labeling themselves Republicans or Democrats

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2
Q

aggregate public opinion

A

the sum of all individual opinions (stable and coherent)

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3
Q

ambivalence

A

a state of mind produced when particular issues evoke attitudes and beliefs that pull in opposite directions (middle-wing)

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4
Q

attitude

A

an organized and consistent manner of thinking and feeling about people, groups, social issues, or, more generally, any event in one’s environment

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5
Q

cognitive shortcut

A

A mental device allowing citizens to make complex decisions based on a small amount of information. For example, a candidate’s party label serves as a shortcut by telling voters much about his or her positions on issues.

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6
Q

conservative

A

In the United States, a proponent of a political ideology that favors small or limited government, an unfettered free market, self-reliance, and traditional social norms.

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7
Q

framing

A

Providing a context that affects the criteria citizens use to evaluate candidates, campaigns, and political issues.

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8
Q

ideology

A

A comprehensive, integrated set of view about government and politics.

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9
Q

issue public

A

Groups of citizens who are more attentive to particular areas of public policy than average citizens because such groups have some special stake in the issues.

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10
Q

liberal

A

In the United States, a proponent of a political ideology that favors extensive government action to redress social and economic inequalities and tolerates social behaviors that conservatives view as deviant. Present-day liberals advocate policies benefiting the poor, minority groups, labor unions, women, and the environment and oppose government imposition of traditional social norms.

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11
Q

measurement error

A

Uncertainties in public opinion, as revealed by responses to polls, that arise from the imperfect connection between the wording of survey questions and the terms in which people understand and think about political objects.

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12
Q

opinion leaders

A

A citizen who is highly attentive to and involved in politics or some related area and to whom other citizens turn for political information and cues

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13
Q

political socialization

A

the process by which citizens acquire their political beliefs and values

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14
Q

priming

A

Occurs when readers and watchers of news relates to the criteria with which we evaluate candidates or elected leaders are influenced by what the press covers in a very specific way- it influences what they think ABOUT, not what they THINK.

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15
Q

random sample

A

a group of people who all have an equal chance of being a part of a study or poll

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16
Q

scientific polling

A

tool developed in the twentieth century for systematically investigating the opinions of ordinary people, based on random samples.

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17
Q

15th Amendment

A

right of citizens of USA to vote shall not be denied or abrided by US and any state by race, color, or previous condition of servitude

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18
Q

19th Amendment

A

allowed for women to vote

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19
Q

26th Amendment

A

allowed for the lowering of voting age to 18 years

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20
Q

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

A

outlaw use of unlimited contributions to parties (soft money)

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21
Q

FECA and the FEC

A

Federal Election Campaign Act (1971) provided partial public funding for presidential campaigns and required full public reporting of and strict limits on all contributions and expenditures in federal elections. Federal Election Commission was developed to enforce the law and to collect and publish detailed information of campaign contribuitons and expenditures

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22
Q

hard money

A

FEC regulated money for candidates

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23
Q

independent campaign spending

A

Campaign spending-by a person or organization for or against a political candidate- that is not controlled by or coordinated with any candidadtes campaign

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24
Q

influences on voter turnout

A

literally anything… education; African Americans and Hispanics vote less; People who live in southern states; More deeper roots to their communities = more likely to vote; those with confidence in understanding and engaging in politics; those who have a higher ability to influence the decisions of government are more likely to go out; stronger partisan and electoral preferences go out to vote more; those in competitive campaigns; when there are lower legal barrier more likely to go out and vote

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25
Q

issue voting

A

Voting for candidates based on their position on specific issues, as opposed to their party or personal characterisitics

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26
Q

performance voting

A

Basing votes for a candidate or party on how successfully the candidate or party performed while in office

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27
Q

soft money

A

Money used by political parties for voter registration public education, and voter mobilization. Until 2002, when Congress passed legislation outlawing soft money, the government had imposed no limits on contributions or expenditures for such purposes

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28
Q

suffrage

A

the right to vote in political elections

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29
Q

Australian ballot

A

A ballot prepared and distributed by government officials that places the names of all candidates on a single list and is filled by voters in private. First adopted in US in 1888, the Australian ballot replaced oral voting and party-supplied ballots

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30
Q

caucus

A

A closed meeting of a political or legislative group to choose candidates for office or to decide issues of policy.

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31
Q

closed primary

A

primary in which only voters who are registered with a particular party can vote

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32
Q

coalition-building

A

Process by which people come together to form a coalition; temporary aligning to to achieve a common purpose

33
Q

divided government

A

A term used to describe government when one political party controls the executive branch and the other political party control one or both houses of the legislature

34
Q

mobilization

A

Also known as “getting out the vote.” Mobilization occurs when activists working for parties, candidates, or interest groups ask members of the electorate to vote.

35
Q

national party conventions

A

gathering of delegates to select a party’s presidential and vice presidential ticket and to adopt its national platform

36
Q

New Deal coalition

A

An electoral alliance that was the basis of the Democratic dominance from the 1930s to the early 1970. The alliance consisted of Catholics, Jews, racial minorities, urban residents, organized labor, and white southerners.

37
Q

nominating convention

A

A political convention used to select a candidate to run in an upcoming election

38
Q

open primary

A

Primary election where voters are not required to declare party affiliation

39
Q

The First Party System (1790-1824)

A

Opposition to Hamilton’s program; Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalist; Loose coalitions

40
Q

party identification

A

An individual’s enduring affective or instrumental attachment to one of the political parties; the most accurate single predictor of voting behavior.

41
Q

party label

A

A label carrying the party’s “brand name,” incorporating the policy positions and past performance voters attribute to it

42
Q

party machines

A

State or local party organization based on patronage. The work to elect candidates to public offices that control government jobs and contracts, which, in turn, are used by party leaders (often denigrated as “bosses” to reward the subleaders and activists who mobilize voters for ht party on Election Day

43
Q

party polarization

A

increased partisanship among parties

44
Q

patronage

A

The practice of awarding jobs, grants, licenses, or other special favors in exchange for political support

45
Q

political party structure

A

Party-in-the-electorate (Registered voters, Party identification, and Party base); Party organization (National, state, and local & Committees and activists); Party-in-government (Elected officials under party label; Leadership in legislatures)

46
Q

Progressive Era

A

A period of American history extending roughly form 1880 to 1920 and associated with the reform of government and electoral institutions in an attempt to reduce corruption and weaken parties

47
Q

split-ticket voting

A

The act of voting for candidates from different political parties for different offices- for example, voting for a Republican president and a Democrat for senator.

48
Q

two-party system (Duverger’s Law)

A

A political system in which only two major parties compete for all of the elective offices. Third-party candidates usually have few, if any, chances of winning elective office

49
Q

winner-take-all elections

A

Where in a large elections the seats are awarded to the highest vote getters without ensuring fair representation for minority groups

50
Q

Access

A

The ability of privileged outsiders, such as interest group representatives, to obtain a hearing from elected officials or bureaucrats

51
Q

Citizen’s United v. FEC

A

5-4 decision that 1st amendment kept the government from restricting independent political expenditures by nonprofit organizations

52
Q

grassroots lobbying

A

Lobbying conducted by rank-and-file members of an interest group

53
Q

insider tactics

A

Interest group activity that includes normal lobbying on Capital Hill, working closely with members of Congress, and contributing money to incumbents’ campaigns. Contrasts with OUTSIDE TACTICS.

54
Q

interest group proliferation

A

Organized groups of people seeking to influence public policy

55
Q

lobbying

A

Activities through which individuals, interest groups, and other institutions seek o influence public policy by persuading government officials to support their groups; position

56
Q

moral incentives

A

The personal satisfactions of active self-expression through contribution or other involvement

57
Q

outsider tactics

A

Interest groups activities designed to influence elected officials by threatening to impose political costs on them if they do not respond. Tactics include marches, demonstrations, campaign contributions to opponents, and electoral mobilization

58
Q

PACs

A

A federally registered fund-raising group that pools money from individuals to give to political candidates and parties

59
Q

pluralism

A

A theory describing a political system in which all significant social interests freely compete with one another for influence over the government’s policy decisions.

60
Q

public interest lobby

A

A group that promotes some conception of the public interest rather than the narrowly defined economic to other special interests of its members.

61
Q

selective incentives

A

Private goods or benefits that induce rational actors to participate in a collective effort to provide a collective good

62
Q

social movements

A

Amorphous aggregates of people sharing general values and a desire for social change.

63
Q

super PACs (independent-only committees

A

may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, associations and individuals, then spend unlimited sums to overtly advocate for or against political candidates

64
Q

credibility

A

The widespread suspicion among reporters that presidents will lie to the media when doing so serves their interest and they think they can get away with it

65
Q

infotainment

A

Increasing popular, non-traitional source of political information that combines news and entertainment. Examples include talk shows and political comedy programs.

66
Q

leaks

A

Strategically consequential information given to reporters on the condition that its source not be identified by name

67
Q

libel

A

A published falsehood or statement resulting the defamation of someone’s character. The First Amendment does not protect libelous statements.

68
Q

media bias

A

Bias or slant in the selection of which news to report and how the news is reported

69
Q

muckraking

A

Journalistic investigation and exposure of scandals, corruption, and injustices, pioneered during the late-nineteenth-century Progressive Era.

70
Q

pack journalism

A

A method of news gathering in which news reporters all follow the same tory in the same way because they read each other’s cody for validation of their own

71
Q

prior restraint

A

A government agency’s act to prohibit the publication of material or speech before the fact. The courts forbid prior restraint except under extraordinary conditions.

72
Q

slander

A

Forms of false and malicious information that damage another person’s reputation

73
Q

trial balloon

A

Policy announced by the President in order to test public opinion and floated either by members of Congress of the media.

74
Q

yellow journalism

A

Style of journalism born of intense competition on characterized by screaming headlines and sensation stories. Coined at the end of the nineteenth century, the term referred to the yellow ink in which the NEW YORK WORLD’s comic strips were printed.

75
Q

The Second Party System (1824-1860)

A

The “corrupt bargain” of 1824; (Jackson) Democrats vs. Whigs- state vs. national; National party conventions; The spoils systems

76
Q

The Third Party System (1860-1894)

A

Democrats vs. Republicans; Party machines; Australian ballots and primaries; Civil service reform

77
Q

The Fourth Party System (1894-1932)

A

Republican ascendancy; Dominance of Congress; Great Depression

78
Q

The Fifth Party System (1932-1960s?)

A

The New Deal coalition

POLI 1 (1 decks)

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