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Radiography > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Xrays

A
  • Electromagnetic radiation
  • Electrons interact
  • Invisible
  • Can’t be felt
  • Ionizes atoms
  • Penetrates matter

Has particles and waves

xray beams are - charge

Absorbtion

  • Atomic number
  • Density of object
  • energy of xray

Cathode (filament): -

  • Coiled tungsten
  • High Melting point
  • High Atomic #
  • mA heats filament

Anode (target): +

  • Tungsten with copper base
  • Stationary (dental) or Rotating

1% are xrays, 99% are heat

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - father of xrays

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2
Q

Xray Damages

Ionization vs Excitation

Somatic vs Genetic

A

Ionization: Displaces electrons

Excitation: strikes electrons to higher orbit

Somatic: Damage over a person’s lifetime.

  • Cancer
  • Catarats
  • Anemia

Genetic: Damage to DNA/Choromosomes

  • Birth defects
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3
Q

Xray Safety

A

Dosimetry

maintain Distance

wear 0.5mm lead apron/gloves

Collimate

Use good technique chart and technique

Use 2.5 mm aluminum filters

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4
Q

Xray labels

A

Patient name

Vet hospital

Dr name

Date of radiograph

Patient ID (age, sex, breed)

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5
Q

Technique Chart

A

Extremity/Skull

Thoracic

Abdomen

Pelvis/Spine

Avian/Exotic

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6
Q

Xray Density vs Contrast

A

Density: Degree of darkness (mAs)

  • high Penetrating power
  • longer develepment time
  • longer development temp
  • increase in mAs
  • Increase KVP
  • High # of xrays reaching film

Contrast: brightness b/t 2 areas (kVp)

  • High Contrast = Short Scale (bones)
  • Low Contrast = Long Scale (lots of grays - abdomen)

Increase mAs 50%

  • cast
  • obses

Decrease mAs 50%

  • neonates
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7
Q

Photons

A

Bundles of energy

Has no electrical charge

Has no mass

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8
Q

wavelength vs frequency

A

Wavelength: Distance

Frequency: Cycle per second

Short wavelength = More Energy = Travels further

High frequencey = More penetration = Travels deeper

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9
Q

Elecrtromagnetic Spectrum

A

Radiowaves

Microwaves

Infradwaves

Visible light

UV

Xrays

Gamma rays

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10
Q

Heel Effect

Focal Spot

SID

Grid

Backscatter

A

Heel Effect: Decrease in xray intensity on anode side due to an anode target angle

  • Place thickest body part under cathode side

Focal Spot - where the electrons hit the target

  • small spot = sharper image
  • too small = overheats

SID - Distance b/t focal spot and film. 40

  • Short distance = decrease sharpness

Grid - Prevents scatter radiation. Placed b/t patient and film

Backscatter - Radiation scatter reflected from behind image plane to image

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11
Q

Xray Distortions

A

Geometric Distortion

  • object is not parallel to film

Foreshortening

  • 2 objects are not parallel to each other

Magnification

  • Object is further from film
  • Looks fuzzier

Elongation

  • Object is not directly under radiation source
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12
Q

Films

A
  • Silver halide film -> metallic silver (exposed)
  • Or Silver bromide
  • has fluroescent plastic
  • has phosphor crystals
  • 95% light is emitted from screen
  • 5% directly from xrays
  • Discard after 7 years or artifactual

Unexposed film & Processed: Clear

Exposed & Processed: Black

Exposed & Unprocessed: Purple

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13
Q

Film Processing

A

Development

  • 5-7 min. half the time of fixer
  • 68-72 temp
  • Converts silver halide into black metallic silver
  • Replace developer when green

Rinse (Stop bath)

  • 30 sec.
  • acetic acid
  • 68-72 temp
  • stops developing process
  • Clears contaminants

Fix

  • 10 mins. Double the time of developer
  • clears unexposed crystals
  • film is viewable after 1 min
  • Replace if clearingtime >2-3 min or over/under exposed

Wash bath

  • 20-30 mins
  • crucial - film will fade
  • prevents spots and streaks

Dry

  • prevents dust/dirt
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14
Q

Silver Recovery

A

Metallic Replacement - pass fixer in steel wool to replace silver with steel

Electrolyte Replacement - pass fixer b/t anode and cathode.

Chemical Precipitate - chemcially causes silver to precipitate out in a sludge

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15
Q

Film Postioning

A

VD/DV: head up

Lateral: Head is facing left with dorsal side up

Extremities: Toes down

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16
Q

Screens vs Non Screens

Latent Image

Speed

A

Screens

  • Lower mAs
  • Lower radiation
  • Lower exposure time
  • reduce motion
  • rare-earth lanthanides for better light conversion

Latent Image - converts xrays to visible light

Non Screens

  • Good for dental/bone
  • No loss of detail
  • longer exposure time
  • Responds directly to xrays

Speed

Large Crystals

  • Faster
  • Less detail
  • Penetrates thick tissue
  • Greater light emission

Smaller Crystals

  • Slower
  • Better detail
  • more radiation needed
17
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

Real time

Radiography

Screen is above table

Xray tube is below table

less resolution

Uses Cadium sufide screens

18
Q

Ultrasound

A

Things that can’t be identified on xrays

Motility

no radiation

Free fluid = good detail

Free gas = poor detail

Uses soundwaves (2mhz-10mhz)

Sound travels faster in solids, slower in gases

best in soft tissue

poor detail of bone and lungs

Ultrasound gel = eliminates air

Transducer: sound, electric energy to sound waves to electric energy

Phased Array - common transducer in vet meds

19
Q

Echogenicity

A

Indicates liquid or solid by intensity of reflected echo

Hyperechoic - Bright

Hypoechoic - Dark

Anechoic - non echoic

Red: blood is flowing towards you

Blue: Blood is flowing away from you

20
Q

C.T

A

Computerized Tomography

Uses radiation

fixed kVp 120

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nervous system, spine, obscure mass

Rotating xray tube. 360

Good contrast in bone

Cross sectional images

21
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Good Contrast for soft tissue

22
Q

Scintigraphy

A

Not a diagnotis tool

Need radioactive material (IV)

Low radiation

Physiology of organs

Identify lesions

Thyroid, Bone, Liver

23
Q

Musculoskeletal Diseases

A
  • Muscles
  • Ligament
  • Connective tissues
  • Bone/Cartilage

Legg-Calve Perthes

  • Necrosis of femoral head
  • Blood to bone interruption
  • Small dogs
  • <12 months age

Panosteitis

  • Patchy apperance to bone
  • Inflammatory condition
  • Large Dogs
  • 5-14 months

Arthritis

  • Inflammation in joint
  1. Infectious: caused by an infection
  2. Immune Mediated
  • Erosive - Small breeds (rheumatoid)
  • Nonerrosive - Large breeds

Spondylosis Deformans

  • Osteophytes b/t disc columns
  • too much vitamin A

Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD)

  • Piece of Cartliage sticks out into joint
  • Cartilage dies and tries to make fibrous
  • Cartilage joint thickens and stops bloodsupply
  • Medium-Large breeds
  • 6-9 months

Hip Dysplasia

  • Malformation of coxofemoral Joints
  • Large dogs
  • Heredity
  • PennHip or OFA organization

Patellar Luxation

  • displacement of patella
  • Small dogs

Fibrosarcoma

  • Cancer starts of in soft tissue and spreads to bone
24
Q

Long bone Anatomy

A
25
Q

Fractures

A

Simple Fractures

  • bone splits into 2

Comminuted Fractures

  • Bone splits into multiple pieces

Compound Fractures

  • Open fracture

Incomplete Fractures

  • aka greenstick fracture
  • bone is cracked on one side

Multiple Fractures

  • fractures on more than 1 sites

Joint Mouse

  • Fragment of bone is joint space

Stable

  • Fragments interlock

Unstale

  • Fragments do not interlock

Impacted

  • Fragments are pushed together shortening the bone

Condylar Fracture

  • Joint fracture

Avulsion

  • Bone displaced from muscle/ligament/tendon

Crepitus

  • crackling sound/feel
26
Q

Physeal Fractures

A

27
Q

Healing

Malformation

Deformity

Osteophytes

A
  1. Periosteal Reaction - 1st stage
  2. Callus Formation - 2nd stage

Malformation: Defect that occurs while bone is growing

Deformity: Abnormal alternations from previous bone

Osteophytes - bony projections aka bone spurs

28
Q

Contrast

A

Enhances visualization

+ Contrast

  • Barium or Iodinated
  • Radiopaque = White
  • Increase kVp 10%

- Contrast

  • Gas/Air
  • Radiolucent = Black
  • Decrease kVp 10%

Double Contrast

    • and - Contrast
  • Uric acid cystoliths
29
Q

Contrast Studies

A

Esophagram

  • Esophagus ~ Stomach
  • Barium orally
  • Pic. during and after swallow

Upper GI Series

  • Stomach, Small/Large Intestine
  • 4-8mL/kg of 30-60% contrast
  • Fast animal 12 hours
  • 4 views at 0
  • 2 views (rt & vd) at 15, 30,60,90 mins

Barium Enema

  • Rectum, Colon, Cecum
  • 10-15ml/kg rectally

Cystogram

  • Bladder, Iodinated

Pneumocystogram

  • Bladder, co2

Double Contrast Pneumocystogram

  • Bladder, both

Urethrogram

  • Kidney, ureter, bladder, iodinated

Excretory Urogram

  • Kidney & collection system
  • IV injection - iodinated or triiodinated
  1. Nephrogram - phase 1
  2. Pyelogram - phase 2

Myleography

  • Spine
  • Iodinated contrast
30
Q

Planes

A

Frontal Plane: Dorsal/Ventral

Saggital Plane: Left/Right sides

Transverse: Cranial/Caudal

Median Plane: Lt./Rt. Halves

31
Q

Animal Postioning

A

Abdomen

  • Expiratory phase
  • B.C.& measure: 13th rib
  • Diaphram ~ femoral head

Pelvis

  • FOV: part of lumbar ~ femur
  1. Lateral view
  2. VD view (Frog leg)
  3. Extended Projection

Cervical Spine

  • FOV: Base of Skull~1st few thoracic
  • DV

Thoracic Spine

  • FOV: C7~L1
  • BC: T7
  • Measure: 7th rib

Lumbar Spine

  • FOV: T13~Sacrum for lateral
  • FOV: L6~Illiac crest for VD

Thorax

  • Inspiratory phase
  • Lookfor metastasis
  • Low mAs, high kVP
  • FOV 1st rib ~13th rib (VD/DV)
  • FOV: manubrium~L1 (Lateral)

Skull

  • FOV: tip of nose ~ base of skull
32
Q

Dental

A

Dogs

3142

3143

Cats

3131

3121

Right Maxillary: 1

Left Maxillary: 2

Left Mandible: 3

Right Mandible: 4

Incisors: 01

Canine: 04

Premolars: 08 (Last premolar)

Molar: 09 (1st molar)

33
Q

Dental machine

A

Non screen

Good detail

SID 16” or less

  1. Parallel technique
  2. Bisecting Technique

Radiography (2 decks)

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