Final Flashcards
Uruguay road
8th round (negotiation) of multilateral agreements conducted by GATT. Led to the creation of the WTO. The WTO has better chances to to enforce existing trade agreements and pursue new ways of liberalization. Overall, it expanded cross-border trade with liberalization. Total international Ptrademulitples fourteen-fold over this period, as well as expansion of trade in manufacturers with a 26 fold increase. Brought major reduction in customs duties, quotas, and other measures that inhibited cross-border movements of merchandise. Lasted from 1986-1994.
Ecological footprint
Measure that demonstrates the impact of Earth’s carrying capacity by individuals or nations. Estimates the area of land and water required ti sustain a population for it’s standard of living. Ecological footprint varies among states. Globalization makes earths carrying capacity more unsustainable. Ecological footprint increases with the overuse of resources. Globalization has stimulated urbanization and consumption as well as emissions of effluents and waste gases. Free trade has disrupted ecologies. The US & China are the largest Co2 emitters. George argues how man-made economy “imports” high grade energy from the biosphere, and “exports” its wastes and used up energy into the biosphere. Natures capacity as a source and as a sink is limited. George states how in the ecological footprint nature must not merely accommodate more people but also larger people, rich people “weigh” more because they consume so much more than the poor.
Climate change
Industrial Revolution has been said to have increased green house gases leading to global warming, because of the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Methane emissions caused by agriculture have also contributed to climate change. Lamy believes that climate change is really not a normal international environmental problem because it changes living conditions and existing energy use and security. Has become the subject of “high politics”. Even though national leaders realize the impact of climate change on all living creatures and the health of the planet, they are still trying to negotiate and comprehensive climate agreement. States approach to climate change is a framework followed by protocols. Example the UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that later led to the creation of the Kyoto Protocol. Climate change discussion splits the North and South. McKibben from AE states We have no time left. Gets worse and worse, melting of ice creates more sunlight absorbed because lights not reflected anymore. We must quickly shift away from fossil fuels. Everyone will suffer from this. Predicts wars over essentials (food, water) will occur when carrying capacity decreases. Its not all chinas fault. Overall, he claims it’s not any countries fault for climate change. Climate change is not just an environmental problem, involves every other aspect as well including treasury, commerce. GC needs to be looked at more broadly. We cant reverse climate change. Warming is happening faster than we expected. Believes we wont end up doing anything about it by the end of the century. Lamy describes global enivronemtnal governance is required. Shorr from AE 2.6 states that time is running short to tackle climate change plus theres a pressure of it being self-imposed. Climate change game changers begin locally. International community is doing the wrong thing for combatting global warming.
Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change
Predict that if things done to reduce fossil fuel emissions there will be a rise in temperatures to about 11.5 Fahrenheit increase by 2099. Sea level rises and turbulent weather are also predicted. Disaseters to happen relate to the “malthesian” approach that disasters will occur when we overpass the carrying capacity. Formed by the UN, developed broad-based conclusions on CLimate change. 1995 report found that warming is dangerous and caused by humans. The 2007 report showed that it is very likely (more than 90% ) that heat trapping emissions have caused increase in global temperatures since the 1950’s. Many scientists believe the IPCC has been too conservative because member countries must sign off on the conclusions and because theres a time lag. Brings together the majority of the worlds climate scientists.
MDG’S & SDG’s
Adapted by the UN. Set time-limited, quantifiable targets across eight different areas including poverty health, gender, education, environment and development. First goal was to get red of extreme poverty and hunger, target was to reduce hunger by 50% by 2015. Very effective in the eyes of Lamy, but progress on reaching the MDG’s has been very uneven. SDG’s (Sustainable Development Goals) policy in economic, social and environmental areas that followed MDG’s.
Beijing consensus
Asian form of capitalism. State capitalistic system. Focused on the ecomnoy serving in interest of the state. This model is to increase national strength by making the state more independent and self sufficient. Seeks to concentrate power to serve the common good, where as the American model aims to break up any concentrated power. Economic development here means that people have more choice and opportunities to achieve personal wealth. Consumers welfare and interest are less important than the corporation that is producing good and services for the welfare of the state. Support industries at home and those abroad by their citizens. Uses governmental resources to secure markets and strategic resources for economic growth.
Rachel Carson
Wrote the book called Silent Spring in 1962. Conjoined the conservationist and antipollution agendas by drawing attention to the harmful effects of DDT (pesticide) on birds. Added to the publics concern. Political parties failed to effectively respond to these environmental issues so NGO’s such as Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature grew in hopes to add pressure to the governmental agendas.
Green peace
International NGO. Grew in hopes to add pressure to the governmental agenda. Strongly against nuclear energy, oil drilling.
Environmental regimes
These are global common regimes. They set a framework of rules to ensure mutual agreement between users about acceptable standards of behavior and levels of exploitation that can sustain commons ecology. Free riding can destroy regimes because other parties will see no reason to restrain themselves either. Very difficult to enforce compliance among sovereign states because of international law. The ultimate test of effectiveness of these regimes is whether or not the resources or ecologies concerned are sustained or improved. One of the first and least successful global commons regimes were the various fisheries commissions fir the Atlantic and elsewhere, which hoped to limit catches.
Commons issues
Overexploitation leading to extinction of species. Ocean being polluted by by land based effluent and oil and discharge from ships. Orbital debris in outer space left by satellite launches. Global atmosphere degradation in threatening ways through damage in the stratospheric ozone layer. Earths climate change due to the greenhouse effect. This is sometimes called “tradegy of the commons”, when theres unrestricted access to a resource so people grab as much as the can even if the resource is finite. It will be ruined by overexploitation. Can not be privatized so International cooperation required to sustain commons.Problem is people free riding and compliance. George describes tragedy of the commons as individuals pursuing self interest, destroying nature. George argues that the commons can however be sustained indefinately.
UNEP
Stated how Argentina has multiple its fish catch by five and because if that the depletion of fish stocks has led to net cost of about 500 million dollars in terms of damage ti fish pop. Located in Nairobi, Kenya. Created from the Stolckholm conference.
Group of 20
Established in 1999. Made up of finance ministers and central bank fovenors of 19 countries and the EU. Members include, Germany, Canada, Mexico, UK, US, Russia, Brazil, China. Informal forum created after financial crisis in the mid 1900’s. Discuss national policies, plans for international cooperation, and ideas for reforming institutions that govern the global economy. In Lamy, believe the G20 is a new global econ actor that may play major role in future of trade, development, and econ stability. Made up of finance ministers, central bank governors of the EU and 19 nonEU countries, both developed and developing. Including Brazil, Canada, China, France, India, Mexico, US, UK, Argentina, Japan etc) EU is also a member. More centered than G-7, but still tend to favor neoliberal policies emphasizing growth. US and China are the two main leading members of the G20.
World bank
Goal is to rebuild Europe from the damage of the war. Development assistance for other economies. With decolonization of European empires, economic development became the primary goal. Tradition: Head of IBRD is from the United States. Lamy sugests that the IMF and World Bank ensured that any little welfare enjoyed by vulnerable groups in developing countries was removed, contributing to a higher risk in hunger in third world. The IMF and IBRD symbolized a global turn toward liberalism and away from “mercantilism.”
TTP/TTIP
TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership)12 member countries participating in the negotiations: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the U.S. and Vietnam. The goal of the TPP is to “promote jobs and growth in the United States and across the Asia-Pacific region.” The agreement’s passage and implementation is a major priority for the current administration’s trade agenda. Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a free trade and investment agreement being negotiated between the U.S. and the European Union (EU), with a goal of strengthening the relationship between the U.S. and EU economies, increasing jobs, and overall economic growth in both regions. Critics claim that the agreement will assist in increasing corporate power. TTIP is a companion agreement to the TPP. Encourages more movement across borders and increase role of markets.
Precautionary principle
States that where there is a likelihood of environmental damage, there doesn’t need to be scientific proof required to ban an activity from happening. Used by policy makers to justify discretionary decisions. Implies there is a social responsibly to protect the people from exposure to harm. Applied to climate change, GMO’s, endangered species and other issues. First implementation was during the Montreal Protocol and later the Kyoto Protocol. Example, waiting time on new drugs and pharmaceuticals. Another example, deciding where and when to locate nuclear plants or drill for oil. Sometimes conflicts with the WTO who tries to remove trade barriers.
