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1
Q

What are 4 cancer treatments?

A

1) surgery - remove
2) radiation - damange cancer cells
3) chemotherapy/hormone therapy - damange cancer cells
4) trasplant e.g. bone marrow/stem cells

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2
Q

2 aspects of psychoncology

A

1) response of patients, family members etc

2) how psychology influences disease process

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3
Q

4 psycosocial interventions for cancer

A

1) behavioural therapy e.g. relaxation 3
2) educational theapy e.g. coping skills
3) psychotherapy
4) support groups e.g. social support/emotional expression

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4
Q

3 reasons for the myth of fighting spirit in cancer survival

A

1) file drawer problem
2) methodological and anayltical problems
3) imbedded in culture

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5
Q

3 examples of goals of end of life care

A

1) compassionate communication
2) family oriented care
3) avoid prolongation of death

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6
Q

3 examples of components of a good death

A

1) preparation of death
2) pain and symptom management
3) clear decision making

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7
Q

3 thmes of qualitative research with CF

A

1) treatment burden
2) physical limitations
3) tensions between normal and not normal

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8
Q

4 types of noise in communication theory

A

1) physical eg. glare
2) cognitive e.g. distration
3) affective e.g. bad mood
4) socio-cultural e.g. diff. culture so can’t make sense of the message

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9
Q

3 important aspects of HCP and patient communication

A

1) helath promotion
2) disease prevention
3) treatment

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10
Q

2 things that HCP and patient communication allow for

A

1) talk about symptoms

2) discuss treatment options

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11
Q

2 problems with HCP and patient communication

A

1) gaps in understanindg

2) lack of emotional reassurance

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12
Q

Describe deviant patient persepctive

A
  • problems from the patient (non-adherance)

- not good assumption to make

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13
Q

Authortarian doctor perspective - describe it

A
  • is the problem of the doctor’s power role

- continuum of stype from patient-centered to doctor-centered (more adherence if leaning toward patent centered)

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14
Q

4 aspects of patient communication

A

1) undersstand perspective of patients
2) shared understanding of illness
3) take into account psychosocial context
4) share power and responsbility with patient and HCP

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15
Q

4 types of e-health

A

1) health information on the internet - quality?
2) online support groups - anoynomity
3) patient provider email contact - quality, liability, fees etc. fairness to HCP workload
4) electronic health records - pricacy and ethic issues

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16
Q

What are 3 components of high health literacy

A

1) functional e.g. read and write
2) interaction e.g. how well you engage in resources etc.
3) critical e.g. can you communicate properly with doctor

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17
Q

4 aspects of effective health communication

A

1) targeted to specific population
2) specific behaviour/health outcome
3) consideration of content and medium of message e.g. poster/commercial etc.
4) mechanisms for evaluation

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18
Q

Describe risks (2 types)

A

1) screening
2) immunization
- deals with risk of disease and identify early so they are immune and never get it in the first place

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19
Q

Describe screening

A
  • a population strategy (groups at heightened risk)

- don’t have any symptoms but are high risk

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20
Q

4 problems of screening

A

1) technical implementation - need lab
2) reluctance in adoption - people don’t come
3) unexpected negative side effects of participation
4) debate about effectivness of forms

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21
Q

Describe some context dependent effectiveness of screening

A
  • invasive
  • prevalence - if low then not effective
  • cultural belies
  • economic factors - need to allocate funds
  • availability of cures
  • progression of disease - if short then no point of screening
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22
Q

3 motivational factors of breast canacer screening

A

1) high prevalence
2) link between early identification and survival
3) support from groups e.g. pink ribbon

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23
Q

Name some barriers to breast cancer screening

A
  • not necessary if you don’t have symptoms
  • worry of radiation
  • fear of examination
  • fear of result
  • don’t want to think about it
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24
Q

3 meanings of cancer and screening

A

1) feared disease - don’t want to draw attention to canacer because it is a incurable and painful disease - scared to talk
2) beliefs - if detected = already too late; fate determines who gets cancer
3) breast, cervical and sexuality - canacer is threat to female identity; promiscuity = go get a PAP

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25
Q

name 3 consequences of cancer screening

A

1) anxiety of screening results
2) problem sof overdiagnosis
3) general negative side effects

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26
Q

What is immunization?

A
  • vaccination of the susceptible to protect person and ecourage protection of community as a whole = herd immunity; primary prevention = so they never get in in the first place
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27
Q

3 factors of social cognition model of immunization

A

1) percieved likelihood - of getting disease
2) percieved susceptibility
3) percieved severity

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28
Q

Socio-cultural context problems of immunization

A
  • the rising power of medical science
  • upper/middle class = loss of individual liberty
  • working class = growing power of the state
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29
Q

HCP problems of immunization

A
  • conflicting advice from diff. HCP
  • ethical issues of excusing an individual vs. benefit of the entire community e.g. if someone doesn’t get vaccinated because of religious reason but puts the society at sake for disease?
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30
Q

Some reasons why parent’s don’t let children get vaccinated

A
  • percieved danger of vaccine
  • doubts about medical claism
  • percieved ability to protect child
  • percieved liklihood of child getting disease
  • don’t have time –> more risk of drugs and street crime etc.
  • natural vs. unnatural
  • homephatic beliefs e.g. introduction of disease is seen as harmful
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31
Q

3 reasons for vaccination resistance

A

1) risk - how people calculate cost and benefit
2) reasons for refusing vaccination - e.g. homepathy and religion
3) trust - mistrust in government esp. from lower SES

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32
Q

what are 4 ways in which genetic risk can vary

A

1) rates of incidence
2) seriousness
3) available intervention for disease
4) experience of genetic risk

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33
Q

What are 4 important concepts of genetic risk

A

1) genetic science - Human Genome project
2) role of media - usually wrong; overemphasize genes vs. enviroment
3) genetic predisposition testing
4) genetic counselling - provide emotional support and decision making

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34
Q

2 limitations of predispotion testing

A

1) contoversial issues of prophylactic surgery e.g. angelina effect
2) more uncertainties than certainties e.g. 90% genes that give you cancer are non familiarl

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35
Q

2 ethical issues of predisposition testing

A

1) right to know vs. right not to know - conflict between individual’s right’s and another
2) implication for policy e.g. diffiucult to ask for permission to notify risk and formal/informal risk notication process differ

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36
Q

fear

A

there is a threat

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37
Q

anxiety

A

Fear oriented - what you are anxious about is less clear

38
Q

phobia

A

restricted to a certain event, concept etc.

39
Q

The p’s of acute pain and fear management (5)

A

1) process
2) pharmacological
3) psychological
4) physical
5) procedural

40
Q

Process on pain management

A
  • Caregiver presence (under 10)

- 10+ up to individual preference

41
Q

pharmacological pain mangement

A
  • use topic creams before injections - time is not a barrier
  • but not feasiable for low SES countires
42
Q

Psychological pain mangement

A
  • Do use neutral words
  • DON’T use reassurance or say it won’t hurt
  • Can use distractions but won’t work with people of high needle fear/adolescents/adults - only young children
43
Q

Physical pain management (3)

A

1) breastfeeding - or give sugar water before injection
2) hold upright (kangeroo care)
3) sit upright and hold - but if you have a history of fainting lie down or use muscle tension technique (not sure if viable for children)

44
Q

Procedural pain mangement

A
  • Don’t use aspiration
  • Give most painful last
  • for babies - inject in theights or use simulatanous injections (0-1 year old)
45
Q

4 types of statistical innumeracy

A

1) illusion of certainity
2) ignorance of risk
3) miscommunication of risk
4) clouded thinking - too much info

46
Q

4 types f risk research

A

1) risk perceptions
2) framing effects
3) improving risk perceptions
4) improving risk communication

47
Q

2 rationalities of risk perceptions

A
  • based on availability heuristics
    1) classical rationality: real world examples don’t use this because of restirctions (taking time to calculate all risk and benifits) - machines use this rationality
    2) bounded rationality: decision making confined without contraints
48
Q

3 types of contraints in bounded rationality

A

1) limited time
2) limited knoledge
3) limited mental computational power

49
Q

What is message framing

A
  • idea that logically equivalent (should be the same) information ca be communited in various way depending on the way it is frame/presented
50
Q

principle of invariance

A
  • idea that preference shouldn’t changed based on frame but this is not true and priniple of invariance does not hold
51
Q

6 types of framing

A

1) Negative vs. positing framing/gain framing vs. loss framing
2) relative vs. absolute risk
3) scales
4) political framing
5) promotion of health behaivours vs. maintenance of behaviours
6) quantitative vs. qualitative approahces

52
Q

When to use negative or positive framing:

  • pursuastion
  • medical screening
  • risky treatment
A
  • positive framing
  • negative framing
  • positive framing
53
Q

When to use gain frame message or loss frame message

A
  • gain frame: when targeting behaviour preventing onset of disease e.g. sunscreen
  • loss frame: when targeting behaviour detecting presence of disease
54
Q

Relative vs. absolute risk

A
  • Realtive risk looks better e.g. 13% difference; standardized so easier to use but is unethical becuase of the strong response difference
  • Absolute risk has smaller risk reduction e.g. 2% difference; people usually say no - should always use this
55
Q

Scales framing

A

response to people depend on how you set up the scale

56
Q

Political framing

A

context of how you present the issues

57
Q

2 other aspects of framing

A

1) promtion of health behaviour vs. maintenance of behaviours
2) quantitative vs. qualitative approahces (subjective experinece and political effects)

58
Q

Name some ways to improve accuracy of perception

A
  • individualize message
  • keep it short
  • group therapy approach
  • use verbal expression
59
Q

What are the 3 majors types of risk communications that are ambiguous

A

1) single event probabilities
2) relative risk e.g. 13%
3) conditional probabilities

60
Q

2 aspects of single event probabilities that are ambiguous

A

1) no relative class (comparison)

2) no empircal evidence to draw conslucsions of risk e.g. how do you conclude that somehting is low risk

61
Q

2 alternative suggestions for suppelmenting relative risk

A

1) absolute risk numbers

2) numbers needed to treat –> how many people need the treatment for one death to be prevented

62
Q

3 aspects of conditional probabilities that is confusing

A

1) p of event A given event B
2) p of event B given event A
3) p of event A and B

63
Q

4 factors of diagnostic tests

A

1) sensitivity - p that test will pick up disease if it is there
2) specificity - p that test will correctly determine that there is no disease presented
3) false positive rate - p that test will identify the disease when there is none
4) false negative rate - p that test will fail to identify disease when there is one

64
Q

2 main camps of obestiy research

A

1) those who support obesity science research it (biomedical research) - looks at dominant framing
2) those who are critical - looks at underlying assumptions that people make

65
Q

3 aspects of obestiy research that is criticized

A

1) what is reported
2) the way it is reported
3) the assumptions made

66
Q

3 components of obesity science research

A

1) public helath research
2) epidemological research
3) biomedical research

67
Q

3 ways in which crticial scholars have challenged obesity science

A

1) status as epidemic - induces fear; spread like a biological disease; represents a dominant discourse that slim bodies are ideal
2) authoritative and alarmist claims - make claims with no evidence and assumption relationship between weight and health
3) BMI assessing weight - is an artifact of epidemiological measures - no warrented to measure health

68
Q

4 popular beliefs about weight and health

A

1) correlation b/w weight and helath
2) correlation is a direct causal relationship (so people who are skinny are assumed to be healthier)
3) weight loss is a goal that leads to improvements in health
4) the cost-benfit ration to make people thinner assumes that fat people will have a disease; so many public health funding is use to pursue this outcome

69
Q

4 framing effects of obesity

A

1) problem frame (health frame) - medicalization problem
2) balme frame (individual and choice) - irresponsibility
3) social justice frame - fat is irrelevant to health
4) aesthetic frame - problem is our understanding of thiness and beauty

70
Q

Name some examples of advances in biomedical science and technology

A
  • organ transplatns
  • savior siblings
  • IVF sperm donors
  • life suppport
  • assisted suicided
  • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
71
Q

Name the 4 mid level principles of ethics

A

1) beneficence
2) mon-malfeasance
3) justice
4) autonomy

72
Q

3 contemporary trends of health a biomedicine (ELSI)

A

1) genetic research
2) bio banks and cohort studies
3) electronic health records

73
Q

Ethical issues of genetic research (2)

A

1) incidental findings - obligation to inform vs. respect of autonomy
2) risky of privacy infringement

74
Q

3 current interests in biobanking

A

1) bioinformatics and computational power
2) advance genomic knowledge and techniques
3) capital investing (bc very expensive)

75
Q

4 aspecs of capital investment in biobanking

A

1) large population level biobanks
2) increase commercial invovlement
3) international collborations
4) prospective nature of studies

76
Q

4 beneifts of bionanks

A

1) shortcut - don’t need to contact each individual for research participation
2) provide geentic markers for diagnostic testing
3) determine why peple respond to diff. drugs
4) pinpoint environmental toxins (is gene or enviroment)

77
Q

Open consent

A

using same consent for all research

78
Q

Tiered consent

A

DNA donated to specific research only

79
Q

Dynamic consent

A

ongoing consent and exchange between researcher and experimenter

80
Q

Ownership of biobanks (3)

A
  • who owns your body tissue after you die?
  • what about the implications for family?
  • what about benefit sharing e.g. $$
81
Q

4 ethical issues of electronic helath records

A

1) privacy infringement
2) lack of informed consent
3) health professional in safeguarding personal information
4) decisions regarding what goes into health record

82
Q

Community based participation in health

A
  • community members are equal partner and focus on connected form of research
83
Q

Public deliberation

A
  • mandated by goverement bodies to capture public option and opintion about issues that are considered “judgement”
84
Q

3 underlying deliberation guidelines

A

1) respectful engagement
2) participants are justified and challenged by others
3) conclusions are civic minded solutions - common ground

85
Q

2 diff. overarching goals

A

1) better decisions (collective and individual)

2) better citizens (increase political engagement and social capital to advocate for themselves)

86
Q

4 deliberative fears

A

1) unattainable
2) unnncessscary
3) prveleges = dominant voice
4) decision making bias e.g. groupthinnking, polarization etc.

87
Q

4 instances where public delibeation is appropriate

A

1) complex topic - need wide range of opinions
2) value-laden topics - competing values where facts don’t speak for themselves and regular people should deliberate - not professionals
3) controverisal issues/senstiive/highstakes
4) democrative legitimacy - to increase trust in government e.g. GM foods, vaccines etc.

88
Q

3 Steps in designing public engagement

A

1) Who? - recruitment process and conceptualization
2) How? - how many meetings, how to structure, how to inform
3) What to do with answers?

89
Q

Advances in biotechnology allow for what 5 things?

A

1) new treatment and diagnoses of illness
2) new choice
3) new forms and changes in social relationships
4) implications for individuals e.g. decision making
5) implications for policy e.g. ethics

90
Q

What are 4 new studies from biotechology

A

1) studies of patients
2) studies of technologies
3) anthropoligical studies of labs
4) studies of legal and policy aspects

91
Q

3 criteria to determine how good your genetic test is

A

1) analytical validity- how much scientific evidence is there?
2) clincial validity - how valid is knowledge in clincial setting e.g. prediction of disease
3) clincial utility - what are risk and beneifts of test

92
Q

3 examples of host behaviour modification

A

1) ant death grip fungus
2) mosquito host seeking behaviour
3) mice attraction to cat urine

Health Psychology (2 decks)

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