Final Flashcards
What does lipoprotein lipase do?
Converts triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerides
What are the three ways to decrease triglycerides?
Decrease consumption
Decrease VLDL secretion
Increase lipoprotein lipase activity
What are the four ways to decrease cholesterol?
Decrease dietary cholesterol
Decrease bile acid reabsorption
Decrease cholesterol absorption
Decrease cholesterol synthesis
What are the 5 classes of drugs used in lowering triglycerides and/or cholesterol?
Nicotinic acid (Niacin) Fabric acid derivatives (Fibrates) Bile acid binding resins HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins) Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
What is at least one representative drug for nicotinic acid?
Niacin (nicotinic acid)
What is at least one representative drug for fibric acid derivatives?
Gemfibrozil
Fenofibrate
What is at least one representative drug for bile acid binding resins?
Cholestryamine
Colestipol
What is at least one representative drug for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
Lovastatin
Simvastatin
What is at least one representative drug for cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Ezetimibe
What are different factors that determine/influence the likelihood of infection of a microorganism
Virulence Numbers Host resistance Systemic level factors (e.g., antibodies) Local level factors
What are factors that influence the selection of antibiotic therapy?
Identification of the organism Susceptibility of the organism Site of infection Drug characteristics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Patient factors Allergy Safety Cost Route of administration
What is the post-antibiotic effect?
Suppression of microbial growth even after levels of antibiotic have fallen below the MIC
Length of time following the removal of antimicrobial drug to reach log-phase growth
What are patient factors that could influence the selection of antibiotic therapy?
Immune system Renal function Hepatic function Poor perfusion Age Pregnancy/lactation
What is empiric therapy?
The initiation of treatment before a firm diagnosis is made (usually involves broad spectrum antibiotics)
What is directed therapy?
The choice of treatment is based on knowledge of the organism that is the cause of the infection
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Anti-microbial agents acting on a limited group of microorganisms
What are extended spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against one class of organisms as well as a significant number in a different class
What are broad spectrum antibiotics?
Acts to kill a range of microbial species
What are some penicillinase-resistant penicillins?
Methicillin
Cloxacillin
What are some extended-spectrum penicillins?
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Which cephalosporin penetrates bone?
Cefazolin
Which cephalosporin crosses the BBB?
Cefuroxime
Which cephalosporins penetrate the CSF?
Cefotaxime and cefriaxone
Which cephalosporin has the longest half life?
Ceftriaxone
What are some lipolipids?
Daptomycin
Telavancin
Oritavancin
What are some beta-lactam-like agents?
Carbapenem-imipenem
Meropenem
Ertapenem
Monobactams-aztreonam
What are some protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?
Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Macrolides Clindamycin Chlorampheticol Oxazolindinones
What are the two drugs that make up synercid?
Quinupristin
Dalfopristin
What are the two drugs that make up cotrimoxazole?
Sulfonamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
What are factors that increase the risk of antibiotic resistant infections?
Patient-related factors
Hospital-related factors
Treatment-related factors
