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History Of Science > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Marco Polo

A

(1254-1324) starts in Italy and goes throughout Europe, finds the Mongol Empire, brings back goods like spices, silk, and noodles

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2
Q

IBN Battuta

A

(1304-1369) traveled on land and sea, goal= world traveler, parents were killed from Black Plague

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3
Q

Silk Road

A

Starts in early Rome, flourishes global trade

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4
Q

Black Plague

A

Hits China first in 1200’s, in Europe from 1346-1453, pasteurella pest is a different form of the plague, travels along the Silk Road, crosses over species, fleas to rats to humans, affects 1/3 of population, Effects: quarantines, rioting, faiths criticized

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5
Q

Renaissance

A

A rebirth of interest in “antiquity”- belief that Greeks had more knowledge than current times

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6
Q

Gutenberg Press

A

Johannes Gutenberg

Started with 3 pages per day to 3600 pages per day

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7
Q

Reformation

A

Printing press fuels this, spread of info, hard to censor, individualism

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8
Q

Colombian Exchange

A

The widespread of animals, plants, cultures, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres (started by Columbus)

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9
Q

The Scientific Revolution

A

A paradigm that is formed and can be shifted with any evidence that goes against it. It’s a continuation that represents a major shift in thought/practice

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10
Q

Nicolas Copernicus

A

Found “anomalies”, formulated a model of the universe that placed the sun in the center of the universe , published On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres

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11
Q

Copernicus Revolution

A

The paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe , to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the solar system.

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12
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Published On New Starts, new breed of scientists (well funded and has his own equipment- microscope)
Tychonic System: the earth revolves around the sun, but everything thing else revolves around the earth

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13
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

A student of Brache, suggest elliptical movement (not circular), advocated the Copernican System, made Kepler’s Law

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14
Q

Kepler’s Law

A

A planet moves in an ellipse w/ the sun on one focus, used to tell where a planet will be based on the areas, size related to speed it revolves the sun (gravity), further away from the sun the slower the planet moves

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15
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Interested in improving telescopes- Dutch lens, 9x magnification, became known for telescopes. Patronage (funding) from the Medci family. Influenced by Copernincus

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16
Q

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

A

Written by Galileo, comparing the Copernican system with the Ptolemaic system

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17
Q

The Galileo Affair

A

Throwing off the handmaiden status

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18
Q

The Enlightenment

A

When science and religion make a distinct split, philosophical ideal of philosophers think of themselves and the world. Ideals: order, reform, progress. Became more specialized in fields of science and man centered (humans at the top of the hierarchy)

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19
Q

The Mechanical Philosophy

A

God is the clock maker and you understand him by knowing how the clock works. Says things such as magic and occult can be explained by reason and rational things. Affected women by giving them less value in science since they were associated with magic.

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20
Q

Deism

A

Combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe

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21
Q

Rene Descartes

A

“Cogito Ergo Sum”: I think therefore I am
Wrote the Discourse on Method: no void, light is made of particles, magnetism-argues that magnetism can be explained by screw objects with left and right hooked screws, everything is mechanical, corpuscles-small material objects that explains air or the screws in magnetism, or particles of light. Says animals and humans are complex machines.

22
Q

William Harvey

A

Circulatory System, medicine could be improved by the mechanical philosophy

23
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Agrees with mechanical philosophy. The Air Pump- springs like particles, popular science, saying air is made up of stuff

24
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

Finisher of Scientific Revolution, an Arian, alchemy, wrote Principia: laws in motion, Gravity, planetary movement, mathematics and science , wrote Optics: white light, The Prism, Boyle’s challenge

25
Q

Classification

A

Taxonomy, labeling, discovering, and ordering nature

26
Q

Carl Von Linne

A

Founded Taxonomy. Wrote System of Nature: created binomial nomenclature. Represented a divine plan of creation: pre-evolution, change as impossible, challenged the great “chain of being”

27
Q

Chain of Being

A

Back to Aristotle, somewhat like the first biologist created the hierarchy of all animals and degree of intelligence

28
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Challenging Linneaus, transformation, forerunner of evolution, “spontaneous generation”-animals come out of no where

29
Q

George Cuvier

A

Says extinction is possible and species die

30
Q

Problem of Extinction

A

People causing extinction, industrial revolution.

31
Q

James Ussher (Archbishop)

A

Ireland, counting generation in the bible, cross reference people and events. Came up with the birthday of the world: Sunday, Oct 23rd

32
Q

Buffon

A

Says Earth was created when something hit the sun which created all the planets, cooling earth (always cooling)

33
Q

Catastrophism

A

Quick abrupt change, geological recorded represented quick devastating changes

34
Q

Uniformity raining

A

Gradual changes, catastrophes are real but rare, “stable state” there are cycles but matter doesn’t change

35
Q

Charles Lyell

A

A uniformitarianism

36
Q

Neptunium

A

Benoit de Maillet- the main explanation for big changes in the earth. Massive flood that creates changes in the earth, from flood in Genisis

37
Q

Volcanism

A

The thought that the Earth started as big volcanoes. Slow change from the lava, slow creation of land . Deism.

38
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

Begins in England, steam engine, mechanization of labor, major shift in working conditions, increase in the standard of living, higher division of classes, pollution from factories

39
Q

J.B. Lamarck

A

Believes in spontaneous generation and that species don’t extinct. Hierarchy with humans at the top. Inheritance of acquired traits

40
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Raised in a rich intellectual environment. Anglican. Trained in medicine and had interests in nature. Rode on the Beagle. Observed Finches and Pigeons, notice variations in the beak. Says species can change, evolution.

41
Q

HMS Beagle

A

The ship made geological, zoological, entomological, and biological collections to bring back to England.

42
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Wrote an essay on The Principle of Population. Says food is arithmetic and population is exponential. Says there will be a point of crisis where population goes over food/resources can be produced

43
Q

Essay On The Principle of Population

A

By Thomas Malthus saying that the growing population would lead to poverty.

44
Q

William Wilberforce

A

A bishop that opposed Darwin’s evolution with religion.

45
Q

T.H. Huxley

A

Darwin’s Bulldog defending evolution.

46
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Herbert Spencer. Argues that what happen in nature helps us understand what happens in our society. Preferred by Lamarckian.

47
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

Send Darwin an essay that summarizes his his work

48
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

Recapitulation theory. Every human has to go through the same changes as all other species before birth. Believes in evolution. Tree of Life.

49
Q

The Eclipse of Darwinism

A

Natural selection only explains so much. Mutations the dominant explanation for change

50
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Darwin’s blending of traits. Saying traits would mix in their offspring. Argues for genes.

51
Q

Julian Huxley

A

Wrote Evolution: A Modern Synthesis. Argues for adaption, genes, gives us the modern evolution theory

52
Q

Global Trade

A

Caused the Black Plague, traveling bringing different species to and from Europe. The Silk Road flourished global trade

History Of Science (1 decks)

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