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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout a life span

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2
Q

What is the age range of interest for developmental psychology?

A

Approved children 12 months through 12 years

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3
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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4
Q

Alcohol as a teratogen effects

A

Small stature, facial abnormalities, hyperactivity, intellectual disability

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5
Q

Phenytoin (dilantin) as a teratogen effects

A

heart defects, intellectual disability, cleft palate, slow growth

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6
Q

Varicella (chicken pox) as a teratogen effects

A

scars, small head size, blindness, seizures, malformed and paralyzed limbs

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7
Q

Aspirin as a teratogen effects

A

heart defects, intellectual disability, slow growth

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8
Q

Jean Piaget

A

studied the development of cognition

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9
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Birth to age 2
“here and now” rather than past and future
exploration through moving and sensing
object permanence

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10
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-6 years
language accession
egocentrism
illogical reasoning

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11
Q

concrete operational stage

A

6-12 years
logical reasoning
master of conservation problems
“learn by doing”

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12
Q

formal operational stage

A

12 years and above
abstract reasoning
idealism
improved problem solving

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13
Q

Attachment theory

A

the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety

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14
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Using monkeys, challenged Freud (he said when you see attachment behavior it is due to survival) but Harlow believed there is an emotional attachment - hypothesis was supported

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15
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

studied secure vs insecure attachment. had mothers leave the room and the child’s response determined the type of attachment he/she had

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16
Q

Insecure attachment

A

these children did not react ti their mother’s leaving with distress and allowed themselves to be comforted by the strange. When the mother returned, the child did not immediately approach her

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17
Q

Secure attachment

A

Children played happily with the stranger so long as the mother was present but when the mother left, the child responded by crying and searching for her. Once the mother returned, she was greeted warmly and the child returned to his/her play

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18
Q

John Bowlby

A

he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. He thought that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.

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19
Q

Social psychology

A

How our thoughts, feelings and actions are influenced by others

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20
Q

Attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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21
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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22
Q

Conformity

A

following the social norm

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23
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Developed the study on conformity; asked participants to match a reference line to one of three comparison lines. One real participant was placed among a group of fake participants of which provided wrong answers- about 3 quarters of participants conformed on at least one trial

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24
Q

Normative social influence

A

the desire to be liked

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25
Informational social influence
believing others are better informed
26
Stanley Milgram
Demonstrated that when personal ethics come into conflict with demands from an authority, the authority usually wins
27
Milgram's experiments
Had two participants, one the "teacher" (the real participant) the other the "learner" (the confederate). Punishment to learn the pairs of words was an electric shock, administered by the teacher to the learner using intimidating equipment.
28
Milgram's results
Proximity between teacher and learner - people are more likely to harm someone when they cannot see their pain Obedience varies but none is immune - 65% of the American population would fully comply in his basic experiment Demonstrated the power of authority to gain compliance
29
prejudice
a prejudgment, usually negative of another person on the basis of his or her membership in a group
30
stereotype
a simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category
31
bystander effect
The study of situational variables related to helping a stranger, most notably the decreased likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increase
32
What caused study in the bystander effect?
In 1964, a woman named Kitty Genovese was murdered on a NYC street near her home late at night. Sensational news reports at the time stated that 38 of her neighbors watched for half an hour while Kitty struggled with her attacker without intervening or calling the police.
33
Group identity
Encouraging a group to adopt a unique identity and engage in competition with others can increase cohesiveness
34
personality
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
35
psychoanalytic perspective
the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior
36
psychodynamic theory
theory put forward by Sigmund Freud in which psychic energy moves among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, superego
37
the iceberg analogy
Used by Freud; We are only aware of a small percentage of the mind's activities (the top of an iceberg that we physically see) and the rest of the activities going on are unconscious (the large part of the iceberg that is under water)
38
id
The component of Freud's personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth (ex: hunger, thirst, sex)
39
ego
the component of Freud's personality theory that is the self that others see. Its tasks are to coordinate the needs of the id with reality
40
superego
the component of Freud's personality theory that internalizes society's rules for right and wrong, or the conscience
41
psychosexual stage
a stage in Freud's theory of the developing personality
42
oral stage
birth to 1 year | pleasure obtained by sucking
43
anal stage
1-3 years | conflict between child's ability to eliminate wastes at will vs societal expectations of toilet training
44
phallic stage
3-6 years | Oedipus and Electra complexes lead to identification with same-sex parent
45
latency stage
6-12 years | focus on internalization of society's rules
46
genital stage
12 years and above | focus on adult sexual interests and behaviors
47
Oedipus/Electra complex
The idea that the child's first love object is the parent of the opposite sex. The child competes with the same sex parent for attention from the opposite sex parent.
48
Penis envy
refers to the theorized reaction of a girl during her psychosexual development to the realization that she does not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a defining moment in the development of gender and sexual identity for women.
49
castration anxiety
In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.
50
fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
51
Big Five Theory
``` Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism ```
52
openness
characterized by an appreciation for fantasy, feelings, actions, ideas, values and aesthetics
53
agreeableness
characterized by trust, compliance, modesty and tender-mindedness
54
conscientiousness
characterized by competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline and deliberation
55
extroversion
characterized by warmth gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotion
56
introversion
characterized by coolness, reserve, passivity, inactivity, caution an negative emotion
57
neuroticism
characterized by anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity, and vulnerability
58
Julian Rotter
Locus of control
59
external locus
You expect that most of the things that happen to you occur due to chance or luck or factors beyond your control.
60
internal locus
You believe that most of your outcomes are due to your own efforts
61
trait theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
62
abnormal psychology
the study of psychological disorders | behavior that is not typical, usual or regular
63
Comorbidity
the presence of two or more disorders in the same individual
64
Diagnosing a psychological disorder
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
65
Schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect and avolition/asociality
66
anxiety disorders
represent an exaggeration of what is normally a useful response
67
generalized anxiety disorder
when a person has experienced excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months that is not correlated with particular objects or situations
68
panic disorder
characterized by repeated intense fear and autonomic arousal (several panic attacks)
69
phobias
diagnosed when a person experiences unrealistic fear
70
agrophobia
fear of open spaces
71
social phobia
fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others, particularly during public speaking and when meeting new people
72
OCD
a disorder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
73
PTSD
a disorder caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event
74
mood disorders
contain two main categories: major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
75
major depressive orders
characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide
76
bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
77
insight therapy
therapy that improves symptoms of psychological disorder by building the patients or clients understanding of his or her situation
78
person-centered therapy
aims to achieve congruence
79
behavior therapy
applications of classical and operant conditioning principles to the treatment of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems
80
cognitive-behavioral therapy
combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological disorders
81
free association
the psychoanalytic technique of encouraging a patient to say whatever comes to mind without attempting to censor the content
82
Who used free association in psychoanalysis?
Freud
83
psychotherapy
treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and patient or client
84
psychosurgery
the attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery
85
psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
86
sensation
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
87
perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
88
Where was the first psychology lab established? By who?
Wilhelm Wundt | University of Leipzig, Germany 1879
89
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
90
cognitive psychology
perspective that focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, learning, memory, and thinking
91
reinforcement
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
92
punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
93
William James
considered the first psychologist | studied all aspects of human behavior
94
structuralism
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
95
functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
96
gestalt
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
97
Why are the words "it depends" so important for psychology questions?
Because it depends on the individual and the situation given
98
Why can psychology be considered a science?
Because it uses systematic observations and experiments
99
Watson
Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"; aversion therapy
100
Pavlov
Behaviorist-Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
101
Bandura
Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory
102
Skinner
Behaviorist-Proposed theory of operant conditioning with skinner box experiment, reinforcing rats behavior with rewards or punishments
103
Maslow
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Psych 100 (1 decks)

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