Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 100 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout a life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the age range of interest for developmental psychology?

A

Approved children 12 months through 12 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alcohol as a teratogen effects

A

Small stature, facial abnormalities, hyperactivity, intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phenytoin (dilantin) as a teratogen effects

A

heart defects, intellectual disability, cleft palate, slow growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Varicella (chicken pox) as a teratogen effects

A

scars, small head size, blindness, seizures, malformed and paralyzed limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aspirin as a teratogen effects

A

heart defects, intellectual disability, slow growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Jean Piaget

A

studied the development of cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Birth to age 2
“here and now” rather than past and future
exploration through moving and sensing
object permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-6 years
language accession
egocentrism
illogical reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

concrete operational stage

A

6-12 years
logical reasoning
master of conservation problems
“learn by doing”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

formal operational stage

A

12 years and above
abstract reasoning
idealism
improved problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Attachment theory

A

the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Using monkeys, challenged Freud (he said when you see attachment behavior it is due to survival) but Harlow believed there is an emotional attachment - hypothesis was supported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

studied secure vs insecure attachment. had mothers leave the room and the child’s response determined the type of attachment he/she had

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Insecure attachment

A

these children did not react ti their mother’s leaving with distress and allowed themselves to be comforted by the strange. When the mother returned, the child did not immediately approach her

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Secure attachment

A

Children played happily with the stranger so long as the mother was present but when the mother left, the child responded by crying and searching for her. Once the mother returned, she was greeted warmly and the child returned to his/her play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

John Bowlby

A

he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. He thought that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social psychology

A

How our thoughts, feelings and actions are influenced by others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Conformity

A

following the social norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Developed the study on conformity; asked participants to match a reference line to one of three comparison lines. One real participant was placed among a group of fake participants of which provided wrong answers- about 3 quarters of participants conformed on at least one trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normative social influence

A

the desire to be liked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Informational social influence

A

believing others are better informed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Demonstrated that when personal ethics come into conflict with demands from an authority, the authority usually wins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Milgram’s experiments

A

Had two participants, one the “teacher” (the real participant) the other the “learner” (the confederate). Punishment to learn the pairs of words was an electric shock, administered by the teacher to the learner using intimidating equipment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Milgram’s results

A

Proximity between teacher and learner - people are more likely to harm someone when they cannot see their pain
Obedience varies but none is immune - 65% of the American population would fully comply in his basic experiment
Demonstrated the power of authority to gain compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

prejudice

A

a prejudgment, usually negative of another person on the basis of his or her membership in a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

stereotype

A

a simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

bystander effect

A

The study of situational variables related to helping a stranger, most notably the decreased likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What caused study in the bystander effect?

A

In 1964, a woman named Kitty Genovese was murdered on a NYC street near her home late at night. Sensational news reports at the time stated that 38 of her neighbors watched for half an hour while Kitty struggled with her attacker without intervening or calling the police.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Group identity

A

Encouraging a group to adopt a unique identity and engage in competition with others can increase cohesiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

personality

A

characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

psychoanalytic perspective

A

the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

theory put forward by Sigmund Freud in which psychic energy moves among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the iceberg analogy

A

Used by Freud; We are only aware of a small percentage of the mind’s activities (the top of an iceberg that we physically see) and the rest of the activities going on are unconscious (the large part of the iceberg that is under water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

id

A

The component of Freud’s personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth (ex: hunger, thirst, sex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ego

A

the component of Freud’s personality theory that is the self that others see. Its tasks are to coordinate the needs of the id with reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

superego

A

the component of Freud’s personality theory that internalizes society’s rules for right and wrong, or the conscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

psychosexual stage

A

a stage in Freud’s theory of the developing personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

oral stage

A

birth to 1 year

pleasure obtained by sucking

43
Q

anal stage

A

1-3 years

conflict between child’s ability to eliminate wastes at will vs societal expectations of toilet training

44
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years

Oedipus and Electra complexes lead to identification with same-sex parent

45
Q

latency stage

A

6-12 years

focus on internalization of society’s rules

46
Q

genital stage

A

12 years and above

focus on adult sexual interests and behaviors

47
Q

Oedipus/Electra complex

A

The idea that the child’s first love object is the parent of the opposite sex. The child competes with the same sex parent for attention from the opposite sex parent.

48
Q

Penis envy

A

refers to the theorized reaction of a girl during her psychosexual development to the realization that she does not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a defining moment in the development of gender and sexual identity for women.

49
Q

castration anxiety

A

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

50
Q

fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

51
Q

Big Five Theory

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
52
Q

openness

A

characterized by an appreciation for fantasy, feelings, actions, ideas, values and aesthetics

53
Q

agreeableness

A

characterized by trust, compliance, modesty and tender-mindedness

54
Q

conscientiousness

A

characterized by competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline and deliberation

55
Q

extroversion

A

characterized by warmth gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotion

56
Q

introversion

A

characterized by coolness, reserve, passivity, inactivity, caution an negative emotion

57
Q

neuroticism

A

characterized by anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity, and vulnerability

58
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Locus of control

59
Q

external locus

A

You expect that most of the things that happen to you occur due to chance or luck or factors beyond your control.

60
Q

internal locus

A

You believe that most of your outcomes are due to your own efforts

61
Q

trait theory

A

A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

62
Q

abnormal psychology

A

the study of psychological disorders

behavior that is not typical, usual or regular

63
Q

Comorbidity

A

the presence of two or more disorders in the same individual

64
Q

Diagnosing a psychological disorder

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

65
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect and avolition/asociality

66
Q

anxiety disorders

A

represent an exaggeration of what is normally a useful response

67
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

when a person has experienced excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months that is not correlated with particular objects or situations

68
Q

panic disorder

A

characterized by repeated intense fear and autonomic arousal (several panic attacks)

69
Q

phobias

A

diagnosed when a person experiences unrealistic fear

70
Q

agrophobia

A

fear of open spaces

71
Q

social phobia

A

fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others, particularly during public speaking and when meeting new people

72
Q

OCD

A

a disorder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions

73
Q

PTSD

A

a disorder caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event

74
Q

mood disorders

A

contain two main categories: major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder

75
Q

major depressive orders

A

characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide

76
Q

bipolar disorder

A

mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression

77
Q

insight therapy

A

therapy that improves symptoms of psychological disorder by building the patients or clients understanding of his or her situation

78
Q

person-centered therapy

A

aims to achieve congruence

79
Q

behavior therapy

A

applications of classical and operant conditioning principles to the treatment of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems

80
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological disorders

81
Q

free association

A

the psychoanalytic technique of encouraging a patient to say whatever comes to mind without attempting to censor the content

82
Q

Who used free association in psychoanalysis?

A

Freud

83
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and patient or client

84
Q

psychosurgery

A

the attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery

85
Q

psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

86
Q

sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

87
Q

perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

88
Q

Where was the first psychology lab established? By who?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

University of Leipzig, Germany 1879

89
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

90
Q

cognitive psychology

A

perspective that focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, learning, memory, and thinking

91
Q

reinforcement

A

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

92
Q

punishment

A

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

93
Q

William James

A

considered the first psychologist

studied all aspects of human behavior

94
Q

structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

95
Q

functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

96
Q

gestalt

A

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

97
Q

Why are the words “it depends” so important for psychology questions?

A

Because it depends on the individual and the situation given

98
Q

Why can psychology be considered a science?

A

Because it uses systematic observations and experiments

99
Q

Watson

A

Behaviorism; “Little Albert Study”; aversion therapy

100
Q

Pavlov

A

Behaviorist-Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

101
Q

Bandura

A

Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory

102
Q

Skinner

A

Behaviorist-Proposed theory of operant conditioning with skinner box experiment, reinforcing rats behavior with rewards or punishments

103
Q

Maslow

A

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Psych 100 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions