FINAL :) Flashcards
Eye Gaze: Definition
When one person is looking in the eyes of another person but that person is not looking back
Definition: Mutual eye gaze
When the individuals are making eye contact
How often is Gaze used during an Interaction?
50%
Does gaze very on whether you are the listener or the speaker?
Yes
More while listening- 60%
Less while speaking-40%
What are the functions of gaze?
- Regulating Communication
- Monitoring feedback
- reflecting cognitive activity
How do we regulate communication with eye gaze?
opening up or closing comm with eye contact
- avoid eye contact don’t want to comm
- obtain eye contact to start convo
How do we monitor feedback with gaze?
use gaze to monitor other persons responses
ex: beginning relationship am i receiving positive feedback?
how does gaze reflect cognitive activity
- trying to process info
- what did you have for breakfast? 2 sec look away
- what are your plans in 10 years? 10 second look away
Expressing Emotion Gaze: Sadness
tend to look downward
Expressing Emotion Gaze: Guilt
look left and right, shifty eyes
Expressing Emotion Gaze: Thinking
looking up, fingers around your mouth when you’re introspective
Expressing Emotion Gaze: affection
eyes give clues as to level of affection
Communicate Nature of Relationship: Intimacy
- building relationship-more eye contact
- positive times more EC
- negative times less EC
Communicate Nature of Relationship: Dominance
Staring eye–> “Evil eye” not blinking shows dominance
ex: fishing boats, correctional camps cant look at officer
What is the visual dominance ratio?
VDR= % of time gazing while speaking / % of time gazing while listening
higher ratio = more dominate
Factors that Affect eye gaze: Culture
contact cultures have more eye gaze than non-contact cultures
-universally different on what gaze is acceptable vs not acceptable
Factors that Affect eye gaze: Sex
Females more comfortable with eye gaze than male
Factors that Affect eye gaze: Topic & Emotion
Positive= more eye gaze Negative= less eye gaze
Factors that Affect eye gaze: Tasks
competitive= check competition but not give as much eye contact
cooperative=mutual eye gaze
What’s the prototype face in western Caucasians and East Asians? General conclusions:
Western Caucasians eye gaze doesn’t play a factor in prototype face
-East Asians- gaze is important
Factors that Affect eye gaze: Individual/Personality
shy=less gaze
extraverted=more gaze
15% of the time considered cold, submissive, indifferent –> negative w/little eye contact
80% of time natural sincere etc–> positive with more eye contact
Pupil Dilation and Constriction
constricts based on physiological arousal
- dominant and confident has smaller pupils
- larger pupils when being loving
Pupil Dilation and Constriction: Hess
pupils dilate= positive towards someone
pupils constrict=negative towards someone
Pupil Dilation and Constriction:Hensley
look at 20 pics people with large pupil identified as more friendly- better social skills and more attractive
Pupil Dilation and Constriction: Stass and Willis
subjects interact with confederate–> large pupil = friendly, easy to talk to
—> unconscious
Factors that Affect pupil size:
Lighting- dark shrink-light dilate
Drugs- if you’re on anti depressants pupils dilate
physiological arousal
-excited or nervous about something pupils may dilate
-interested engaged
Vocalic qualities: Pitch
range-lowest note to highest note say question-pitch goes up statement-pitch goes down vibration of vocal folds vibration per second RESONANCE- vibration in the head cavity -lower has more resonance
Volume (intensity)
energy, loudness of voice
do you have loud of soft voice?
Rate (Tempo)
how fast or slow you talk
average range 100 words per min
like talking to someone with same range as us
Rhythym
•Does it have a good flow? Is it poetic/ sing-song-y?
•Do you have a lot of hesitations, stuttered starts?
Ex: MLK’s “I have a dream” speech—had a good rhythm
Articulation
- Degree to which you are clear & precise in what you’re saying; measure, forceful
- Is it more relaxed, or is it more mumbled? Less clear?
Vocal Segregates
(fillers) UM ah like you know uh huh mmmhmm
Silence
• Functions (e.g., evaluation, reflecting cognitive activity, punctuating/accenting)
Pauses and speech latency
- Pauses— silences in their own speech—grammatical pauses; in-between points
- Speech latency—Silence between 2 people talking—time between one person starts talking & other stops. It’s about 1 second.
Extralinguistic features
o Rate, rhythm
• Rate we have to hear them talk for a span of time to establish how many words per minute
o Duration of speech
• How long do you talk when you have the floor?
o Dialect & accent
• Dialect—verbal slang
• Accent—more specific to phonology
Attractive voice
o Moderate-high volume o Lower pitch for males/moderate pitch for females o More resonance o Moderate to fast rate • We don’t think Eeyore has an attractive voice o More articulation o Less monotonous o Less nasality o More fluency
Halo Effect
attractive voice= attractive person
Detecting characteristics from voice : Sex
females talk faster more articulate more vocal variety
Age
older rate slows down we get tremors
pitch range also slow
social status
research not support
race/ethnicity
o Are good at detecting this, especially from 2 very different cultures. We shy away from assumptions based on just the voice.
Interaction Synchrony
better able to establish an interaction w/ this
o Expect it to happen so when it doesn’t happen, we think it’s awkward.
o Come away w/ a negative interaction
Socialization
tendency to comm w/ other people; we socialize people from day 1, when we’re kids, to take turns.
o It’s a back & forth; you take a turn, I take a turn, you take a turn, etc.
o Have to teach kids you can’t interrupt others—wait their turn
• Nonverbal behaviors typically used to regulate interaction
rely on these
o “I’m done talking, you can talk now.” → We don’t say this
o We give people signals to talk or when you try to jump in → put your hand on their shoulder, touch the table, etc.
• Use these as a last resort
• Research focuses on dyadic conversations in acquaintance relationships
o Play by the social norms; what are the dimensions in these turn taking behaviors?
o Once we’re in a relationship, we know when they’re done talking & when you can talk.
o When will people use social norms in this turn taking behaviors
What are the 4 turn taking behaviors
- Turn Yielding
- Turn Maintaining
- Turn Requesting
- Turn Denying
Turn Yeilding(speaker)
• You have the floor but you give it to someone else
• Eye gaze—staring at someone indicates you want them to talk
Raising or lowering of pitch
Decreasing loudness
Slowed tempo
“Drawl” on last syllable
Use of utterances (e.g., “but ah…” “so…”)
Extended unfilled pauses
Body tension becomes relaxed
Gestures come to resting position
Gazing at other
Turn Maintaining (speaker)
• You want to keep the floor & not give it to anyone else
• Talk faster & shorter pauses, increased volume
Loudness increases
Gestures do not come to a rest
Upright posture
Increasing # of filled pauses
Perhaps lightly touching the listener—“It’s okay, I’m almost done…Let me finish…”
Avert eye gaze
Turn Requesting(listener)
• As a listener, you do things to request that you want the floor.
• Open mouth is a sign of requesting something to say
• Upright hand or a finger, cut them off by agreeing w/ them, short breaths like you’re about to speak
Upraised finger
Audible inhaling
Straightening of posture
Preening for speaker role
Speeding up speaker w/ nods & utterances (“mmhmm,”, “yeah”)
Stutter starts (trying to interrupt)
Simultaneous talk
Turn Denying (listener)
• Speaker gives you the floor but you don’t know what to say or have nothing to say. “You can have the floor back.”
• Silence, aversion of gaze,
Relaxed listening pose maintained
Maintain silence
Avert gaze
Encourage speaker to continue (through utterances or head nods)
Repeat last words of speaker
