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Psych 360 Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

A desired state; provides the direction for problem-solving behavior

A

goal

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2
Q

A goal undertaken in the service of another goal

A

subgoal

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3
Q

An action that changes one problem state into another

A

operator

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4
Q

Based on transcripts of subjects ask to “think aloud” while solving problems

A

protocol analysis

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5
Q

The set of possible states that could be generated by applying all available operators to the current state, repeating for all the resulting states, and so on until the goal state is reached.

A

problem space

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6
Q

Representation of the situation at the start of solving a problem

A

initial state

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7
Q

Representation of the present situation in a problem solving task.

A

current state

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8
Q

Representation of the desired situation in a problem-solving task.

A

goal state

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9
Q

A sequence of states through a problem space leading from the initial state to the goal state

A

solution path

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10
Q

Represents operators in the form of condition-action rules

A

production rule

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11
Q

Searching for a goal sate by generating the entire problem space

A

exhaustive search

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12
Q

A problem solving strategy in which operators are selected to decrease the difference between the current state and the goal state

A

difference reduction

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13
Q

A problem solving strategy in which blocked operators lead to the creation of new subgoals

A

means-end analysis

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14
Q

A tendency to see the conventional uses of familiar objects, and to fail to see novel uses

A

functional fixedness

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15
Q

A tendency to continue using a familiar procedure to solve new problems, which may interfere with discovering more efficient procedures

A

set effects

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16
Q

refers to the fact that an infinite number of utterances are theoretically possible in any human language

A

productivity

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17
Q

refers to the fact that languages are structured and rule-governed

A

regularity

18
Q

a system of rules for describing a particular language; consists of phonology, morphology, and syntax

A

grammar

19
Q

smallest unit of speech sound

A

phoneme

20
Q

smallest part of a word that carries independent meaning

A

morpheme

21
Q

rules describing how words may be combined to maker acceptable utterances in a given language

A

syntax

22
Q

the study of meaning e.g. the meanings of words and whole sentences

A

semantics

23
Q

something that stands for or represents something else, without physically resembling it, i.e., the relation is arbitrary

A

symbol

24
Q

a coherent unit of syntax within a sentence

A

phrase

25
Q

the structure of sentences as analyzed into their consistent phrases

A

phase structure

26
Q

consists of a noun or pronoun plus modifiers

A

noun phrase

27
Q

consists of a verb plus modifiers

A

verb phrase

28
Q

the “language of the mind”; abstract, non perceptual, nonverbal representation of meaning, e.g., propositional code

A

mentalese

29
Q

the “dictionary in the mind” which contains information about the meanings and syntactic categories of all the words a person knows

A

mental lexicon

30
Q

connected speech or text

A

discourse

31
Q

the process by which words in a sentence are transformed into a mental representation of their combined meaning

A

parsing

32
Q

a sentence in which we make the wrong interpretation initially and a must go back and correct ourselves

A

garden path sentence

33
Q

representation of the events or relations described in a text/discourse; may be non-propositional (e.g., mental imagery)

A

situation model

34
Q

learning or reasoning based on specific examples

A

induction

35
Q

judging the probabilities of events based on how easy it is to recall examples of each

A

availability heuristic

36
Q

judging the likelihood of an outcome based on how easy it is to imagine a plausible series of events leading to that outcome

A

simulation heuristic

37
Q

a failure to appreciate the independence of random events, e.g., to believe that if tossing a coin yields 10 “heads” in a row, then the next toss is more likely to yield a “tails”

A

gambler’s fallacy

38
Q

believing that a subset can exceed the size of the set that contains it. i.e., that the probability belonging to categories A and B can exceed that of belonging to category A

A

conjunction fallacy

39
Q

the prior probability of a given event before any further information is provided, e.g., the probability that some random person is an engineer, without knowing any anything specific about them

A

base rate

40
Q

a tendency to make different choices among the same alternatives, depending on how the problem is worded

A

framing effects

Psych 360 Final (1 decks)

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