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Physiology II Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what cortical layer is dominated mostly by axons?

A

layer I

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2
Q

what cortical layer is mostly dominated by stellate cells

A

layer II and layer IV

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3
Q

excitatory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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4
Q

inhibitory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter

A

GABA

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5
Q

most area of the cortex respond in obvious way to simple sensory stimulation

A

false

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6
Q

what cortical association area is associated with executive function of behavior

A

prefrontal association area

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7
Q

what cortical association area is associated with processes elaboration of thought

A

prefrontal association area

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8
Q

which cortical association area is associated with naming, recognition, language and spatial information

A

parieto-occipito-temporal association area

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9
Q

cortical neurons in association areas can change their function as functional demands change

A

true

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10
Q

neurons that fire together, wire together

A

true

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11
Q

what cells in the cortex function as an error detector, firing when expectation is not met

A

orbital frontal cortex (related to OCD when hyperactive)

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12
Q

most left handed individuals have right cortical dominance

A

false

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13
Q

most left handed people have left cortical dominance

A

true

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14
Q

most right handed people have right cortical dominance

A

false

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15
Q

most right handed people have left cortical dominance

A

true

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16
Q

which is more duel dominant left handed people or right handed people

A

left handed people

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17
Q

lesions in the association areas of the cortex typically have pronounced and predictable qualities

A

false

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18
Q

lesions in the association areas of the cortex typically have subtle and unpredictable qualities

A

true

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19
Q

which association area is associated with visual recognition of familiar faces

A

parieto-occipitotemporal

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20
Q

what condition occurs when the parieto-occipitotemporal association area is damaged

A

prosopagnosia

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21
Q

normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus collosum

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22
Q

what allows one hemisphere to inhibit the other hemisphere

A

corpus collosum

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23
Q

normally what allows the bulk of information to transfer between anterior portions of the temporal lobe

A

anterior commisure

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24
Q

what is the dominant function of the right cortex

A

non verbal visual experiences

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25
Q

what is the major function of the hippocampus

A

reflective memory

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26
Q

what is the major function of the cerebellum

A

reflexive memory

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27
Q

what memory function is associated with the prefrontal cortex

A

working memory

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28
Q

long term potentiation is important in what hippocampal function

A

storage of memory (consolidation of memory)

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29
Q

what peptide can block the formation of long term memories

A

Zeta inhibitory peptide

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30
Q

what is the major effect of the reticular formation of the pons on the cerebral cortex

A

diffuse stimulation

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31
Q

if there is a lesion above the level of the fifth cranial nerve what is the result

A

coma

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32
Q

posterior hypothalamic neurons containing what substance are associated with wakefulness

A

histamine

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33
Q

what area exerts control over both SNS and PSNS as well as the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

what function is associated with the ventromedial nucleus

A

satiety

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35
Q

the greatest amount of stage IV occurs during the first half of the night

A

true

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36
Q

slow wave sleep is interrupted by increasing periods of REM

A

true

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37
Q

in REM sleep most skeletal muscles are in a paralysis state

A

true

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38
Q

a person usually awakens spontaneously from slow wave sleep

A

false

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39
Q

a person usually awakens spontaneously from REM sleep

A

true

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40
Q

REM-ON cells are synonymous with noradrenergic neurons of thee locus ceruleus

A

false

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41
Q

REM-OFF cells are associated with….

A

locus ceruleus

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42
Q

what product synthesized by the pineal gland enhances sleep

A

melatonin

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43
Q

during REM sleep what does the EEG look like

A

highly desynchronized

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44
Q

insulin resistance may b a consequence of sleep deprivation

A

true

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45
Q

macrophages have adrenergic receptors that can bind norepinephrine from SNS

A

true

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46
Q

increased sympathetic nervous system activity typically stimulates the production of antibodies

A

false

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47
Q

increased sympathetic nervous system activity typically inhibits the production of antibodies

A

true

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48
Q

what interleukin will induce fever

A

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF

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49
Q

what can inhibit the release of tumor necrosis factor from splenic macrophages

A

vagal stimulation

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50
Q

if the vagus nerve is severed what is the result

A

no fever

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51
Q

spinal cord injury patients have increased NK cell formation

A

false

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52
Q

spinal cord injury patients have decreased NK cell function

A

true

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53
Q

what can negate the anti-stress effect of PM melatonin injection on immobilized mice infected with the vaccina virus

A

naltrexone- opiate receptor blockers

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54
Q

once they return to their targets regenerated axons form functional nerve endings

A

true

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55
Q

what are the direct parts of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

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56
Q

what are hypothalamic functions

A

regulation of body temperature, motivational drives, thirst and hunger

57
Q

with regard to the pleasure circuit of the rat what area (nucleus) is associated with gabaergic projections to the ventral tegmental area

A

nucleus accumbens

58
Q

with regard to the pleasure circuit of the rat what projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, striatum, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

A

dopaminergic projections

59
Q

the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is enriched with neuropeptide receptors

A

true

60
Q

what glia in the CNS form a function syncytium and communicate via calcium waves

A

astrocytes

61
Q

what glia in the CNS function in the formation of myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

62
Q

what glia in the PNS function in the formation of myelin in the PNS

A

schwann cells

63
Q

what glia in the CNS are important in pH regulation

A

oligodendrocytes

64
Q

what glia in the CNS function as macrophages in the CNS

A

microglia

65
Q

what acts to supress hunger, increase energy utilization, promotes weight loss, and is produced by adipose cells and can target the hypothalamus

A

leptin (the exact opposite is ghrelin)

66
Q

What cortical layer is dominated by pyramidal cells?

A

Layer III and Layer V

67
Q

what cortical association area is associated with behavior, motivation and emotion

A

limbic association system

68
Q

in the human cerebral cortes the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated

A

false

69
Q

what nucleus is associated with the release of serotonin, usually inhibitory, induces sleep, pain control and mood

A

raphe nucleus

70
Q

most incoming sensory signals terminate in which cortical area

A

layer 4

71
Q

the major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originates from what cell

A

pyramidal cells

72
Q

cortical neurons that fire when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes what neurons

A

mirror neurons

73
Q

what pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of the temporal lobes

A

anterior commissure

74
Q

what is the normal function of cells in the orbital fontal cortex

A

function as an error detector, fire when expectation not met

75
Q

between a left handed individual and a right handed individual which has more left cortical dominance

A

right

76
Q

with individuals that have their corpus callosum cut, the left hemisphere tends to match objects based on what

A

function

77
Q

with individuals that have their corpus callosum cut the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on what

A

appearance

78
Q

after identification of a face, projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allows us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified

A

amygdala

79
Q

after phineas gage recovered what was the state of his recovery

A

made a full physical recover, but personality altered

80
Q

when the a prefrontal lobotomy is performed what can one expect to happen to the patient

A

loss of ability to solve complex problems, loss of ambition, purposeless motor activity

81
Q

normally what allows the bilk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

82
Q

in most people the right cortex is actually dominant in

A

non verbal visual experiences (body language)

83
Q

what is the function of the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe

A

processing emotion

84
Q

the size of a cortical cell body correlates best with

A

the length of its axon

85
Q

every cubic inch of the cerebral cortex has how many miles of nerve fibers in it

A

10,000

86
Q

what area is most important in declarative/reflective/episodic memory function

A

hippocampus

87
Q

which area is important in reflexive learning or memory i.e. physical skills repeated over and over

A

cerebellum

88
Q

the hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which two pathways

A

alveolar, perforant

89
Q

what are promotes more flexible associations with memory function i.e. recognizing a business colleague at the grocery store

A

hippocampus

90
Q

in memory the links between individual neurons which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process

A

long term potentiation

91
Q

what maintains long term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and is thought to be important for consolidation of memory

A

protein kinase M zeta

92
Q

decrease response ro repetitive benign stimulus

A

habituation

93
Q

seen following a noxious stimulus- overrides effects of habituation

A

sensitization

94
Q

important in acquisition of language

A

imitative learning

95
Q

innervated cells release what substances that promote innervation of those cells

A

nerve growth factors

96
Q

what area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory and a lesion here will likely result in coma

A

reticular formation of the pons

97
Q

following his hippocampal removal what memory function was still intact

A

reflexive memory

98
Q

what neurotransmitters are associated with wakefullness

A

histamine, acetylcholine, glutamate

99
Q

strong stimulation in the central grey surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius is associated with

A

unpleasant feeling

100
Q

central tegmental area

A

dopamine

101
Q

megnocellular nucleus

A

acetylcholine

102
Q

locus ceruleus

A

norepinephrine

103
Q

which area exerts control over both the SNS and PSNS as well as the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

104
Q

stimulation in which area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior

A

central grey around the aqueduct of sylvius

105
Q

what are the two basic emotional states

A

conservation and arousal

106
Q

which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated are associated with rage , fighting, thirst

A

lateral hypothalamus

107
Q

satiety and tranquility are associated with stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus/area

A

ventralmedial nucleus

108
Q

which area of the cortex functions as a gutter which highly processed sensory signals drain into after complex sensory processing

A

hippocampus

109
Q

bilateral ablation of the amygdala is associated with

A

loss of fear, excessive sex drive, excessive tendency to observe objects orally, change in dietary habits

110
Q

with regard to a typical nights sleep the greatest amount of stage 4 occurs in the first half of the night

A

true

111
Q

stimulation of what area is sleep promoting

A

anterior hypothalamic preoptic region

112
Q

where is the sleep modulating center located

A

nucleus basalis

113
Q

lesions in which nuclei will initially produce insomnia

A

raphe nucleus

114
Q

during which sleep stage is the cortical EEG highly desynchronized and similar to being awake

A

REM

115
Q

what prostaglandin which is highly concentrated in preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep

A

PGD 2

116
Q

how can sleep deprivation promote fat storage

A

lack of sleep decreases growth hormone levels, a powerful lipolytic agent

117
Q

a sort of paralysis normally occurs during REM sleep to keep you from physically acting out your dreams which is reflected by

A

30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons

118
Q

stimulation of what nerve may most likely decrease the incidence of seizure

A

vagus nerve

119
Q

how could chiropractic intervention most likely decrease incidence of seizures

A

by decreasing abnormal nerve traffic in the CNS

120
Q

stimulation of GABA receptors have what effect

A

open chloride channels (Cl-)

121
Q

increased sympathetic nervous system activity has what effect on production of antibodies

A

inhibits

122
Q

lymphocytes possess receptors for neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine

A

true

123
Q

what pituitary hormone can counteract the fever producing effects of IL-1

A

alpha MSH

124
Q

after injury IL-1 stimulated the synthesis of

A

nerve growth factor

125
Q

spinal cord injury patients have decreased function in

A

NK cells, T cells, and cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)

126
Q

which pituitary hormones can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis

A

growth hormone and prolactin

127
Q

beta endorphins stimulate activity of T,B and NK cells

A

true

128
Q

experimentally if two adjacent digits are sewn together what would occur

A

a cortical reorganization whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually

129
Q

in mice who where immobilized and given the vaccina virus what treatment prevented high mortality normally seen with these stressors

A

PM melatonin injection

130
Q

compare the regenerative capacity in the PNS vs. the CNS

A

PNS>CNS

131
Q

in the adult human where has neurogenesis been shown to occur

A

hippocampus

132
Q

the cerebral cortex has the capacity to reorganize itself in the face of reduced or enhanced afferent input

A

true

133
Q

what effect does removal of the pituitary gland have on the bodies ability to mount a local inflammatory response to a chemical applied to the skin

A

decreases

134
Q

what is a source of GABAergic projections that inhibit the ventral tegmental area

A

nucleus accumbens

135
Q

what is the major source of dopaminergic projections in the pleasure circuit of the rat

A

ventral tegmental area

136
Q

in the brain what cells are coupled together via gap junctions and form a functional syncytium that allows for the spread of calcium waves

A

astrocytes

137
Q

what glia are involved in pH regulation in the brian

A

oligodendrocytes

138
Q

astrocytes both synthesize and uptake neurotransmitters from the ECF in the brain

A

true

Physiology II Final (1 decks)

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