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Biochem 2 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Phosphagen System, Phosphocreatine (PCr) System, and Creatine Phosphate System are typically known as what pathway?

A

ATP-PC system

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2
Q

What is the cellular location of the ATP-PC pathway?

A

Mitochondria and cytosol

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3
Q

What is the key enzyme of the ATP-PC pathway?

A

Creatine kinase

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4
Q

What is the co-factor of the ATP-PC pathway?

A

Mg

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5
Q

What are the reactants/stimulators of the ATP-PC pathway? (2)

A

ADP (low energy) and PCr

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6
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of the ATP-PC pathway? (2)

A

ATP (high energy) and Cr

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7
Q

What pathway/system produces ATP the fastest?

A

ATP-PC system

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8
Q

Excess reactants have what affect a pathway/enzyme?

A

stimulates

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9
Q

Scarce reactants have what affect on a pathway/enzyme?

A

inhibits

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10
Q

Excess products have what affect on a pathway/enzyme?

A

inhibits

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11
Q

Scarce products have what affect on a pathway/enzyme?

A

stimulates

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12
Q

What is secreted in response to high blood glucose?
- Lowers blood glucose to baseline values
- Increases glucose in fat and muscle cells
(Ex: Fat synthesis, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis)

A

insulin

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13
Q

What is secreted in response to low blood glucose?

  • Increases blood glucose levels
  • Causes the LIVER to release glucose from storage (glycogen)
  • Causes the LIVER to make glucose (gluconeogenesis)
A

glucagon

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14
Q

What pathway breaks down carbohydrates anaerobically?

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

Glycolysis is a precursor to what two pathways?

A

Krebs Cycle and ETS (electron transport system)

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16
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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17
Q

What are the key enzymes in glycolysis? (4)

A
  1. Hexokinase/Glucokinase
  2. Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
  3. Pyruvate kinase
  4. Lactate dehydrogenase
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18
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?

A

PFK

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19
Q

What enzyme in glycolysis is stimulated by insulin and fructose, but inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?

A

glucokinase

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20
Q

What are the reactants/stimulators of glycolysis? (6)

A
  • Glucose
  • ADP
  • AMP
  • NAD+
  • Pi
  • Insulin secretion
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21
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of glycolysis? (5)

A

-ATP
-NADH
-Pyruvate
o Fast – pyruvate to lactic acid and alanine
o Slow – pyruvate to mitochondria to aerobic metabolism
-Lactic acid
-Alanine

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22
Q

Citric acid cycle and Tricarboxylic acid cycle are synonymous name for which pathway?

A

Krebs cycle

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23
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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24
Q

What are the key enzymes in the Krebs cycle? (4)

A
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • succinate dehydrogenase
  • malate dehydrogenase
    (“IASM”)
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25
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of Krebs cycle? (6)

A
  • fat
  • carbs
  • protein oxidation
  • acetyl CoA
  • NAD+
  • FAD
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26
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of Krebs cycle? (6)

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • GTP
  • CO2
  • ATP
  • citrate
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27
Q

What is the location of ETS?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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28
Q

What is the key enzyme of the ETS?

A

dehydrogenases

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29
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of the ETS? (5)

A
  • ADP
  • Pi
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • oxygen
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30
Q

What are products/inhibitors of the ETS? (3)

A
  • ATP
  • CO2
  • H2O
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31
Q

FA oxidation is also known as what?

A

Beta oxidation

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32
Q

What are the four steps of B-oxidation?

A

(OHOT) oxydation, hydration, oxydation, thiolysis

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33
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be acquired in the diet?

A

linoleic and alpha-linolenic

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34
Q

What is the location of B-oxidation?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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35
Q

Where in the cell is FA activated?

A

outer mitochondrial matrix

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36
Q

What is the key enzyme and rate limiting step in B-oxidation?

A

CPT 1 (carnitine complex)

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37
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of FA oxidation? (9)

A
  • exercise
  • fasting
  • high AMP (cAMP)
  • AMPk
  • Norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
  • ACTH
  • low energy
  • low blood glucose
38
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of FA oxidation? (5)

A
  • acetyl CoA
  • insulin
  • high glucose
  • high malonyl CoA
  • high energy
39
Q

What are the only ketogenic amino acids?

A

leucine and lysine

40
Q

Where in the cell does ketogenesis occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix (Liver)

41
Q

What are the key enzymes of ketogenesis? (2)

A
  • HMG CoA Synthase (Rate limiting)

- Pyruvate carboxylase

42
Q

What is the rate limiting step of ketogenesis?

A

HMG CoA Synthase

43
Q

What is the Cofactor for ketogenesis?

44
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of ketogenesis? (6)

A
  • Acetyl CoA
  • Low energy
  • Low/no cholesterol
  • Low blood sugar
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucagon
45
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of ketogenesis? (4)

A
  • Ketone bodies
  • High energy
  • High blood sugar
  • Insulin
46
Q

Glycogenolysis is also known as what?

A

glycogen degradation

47
Q

Where in the cell does glycogen degradation occur?

48
Q

What are the key enzymes of glycogen degradation? (5)

A
  • Glycogen phosphorylase (Rate limiting)
  • phosphoglucomutase
  • Glucosyl-(4:4)-transferase
  • Amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glucosidase
  • Phosphorylase kinase (substrate – calmodulin)
49
Q

What is the Cofactor of glycogen degradation?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

50
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of glycogen degradation? (8)

A
  • Low ATP
  • Low levels of glucose
  • Glucagon (liver)
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Exercise/muscle contraction (Calcium)
  • Low blood sugar
  • Fasting (liver)
51
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of glycogen degradation? (6)

A
  • Glucose-1-phosphate
  • Lots of ATP
  • High levels of glucose
  • Insulin
  • High blood sugar
52
Q

What amino acids are oxidizes in the muscles in relation to amino acid metabolism?

A

LIV GAA

leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine

53
Q

Where in the cell does amino acid metabolism occur?

A

Cytosol (except Carbamoyl phosphate which is in mitochondrial matrix)

54
Q

What are the key enzymes of amino acid metabolism? (2)

A
  • Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

- Glutamine synthetase

55
Q

What is the Cofactor for amino acid metabolism?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

56
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of amino acid metabolism? (6)

A
  • Low energy
  • Low glucose
  • Exercise
  • Fasting
  • Too much protein
  • Protein turnover
57
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of amino acid metabolism? (3)

A
  • High energy
  • High glucose
  • Insulin
58
Q

Where in the cell does fat synthesis occur?

59
Q

What is the key enzyme and rate limiting step of fat synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Rate limiting)

60
Q

What is the Cofactor for fat synthesis?

61
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of fat synthesis? (10)

A
  • High Energy/ATP
  • Insulin
  • Glucose
  • Acetyl CoA
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • Citrate
  • Sugar
62
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of fat synthesis? (3)

A
  • Low energy
  • ADP/AMP
  • Glucagon
63
Q

Where in the cell does cholesterol synthesis occur?

64
Q

What is the key enzyme and rate limiting step for cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA Reductase (Rate limiting)

65
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of cholesterol synthesis?

A

-ATP
-NADPH
-Acetyl CoA
-O2
Insulin & Thyroxine
-Glucose & Fructose
-Low sterol levels

66
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis?

A
  • ADP/AMP
  • NADP+
  • Glucagon
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Statins
  • High sterols
  • AMP Kinase
67
Q

What is the location of gluconeogenesis?

A

mitochondria and the cytosol

68
Q

What are the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis? (5)

A
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate
  • Fructose-1,6-BP
  • PEP Carboxykinase
  • Pyruvate Carboxylase
  • Glycerol (3) phosphate dehydrogenase
69
Q

What are the 2 cofactors of gluconeogenesis?

A
  • biotin

- Mg2+

70
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of gluconeogenesis? (5)

A
  • Glucagon
  • Acetyl CoA
  • Citrate
  • ATP
  • NADH
71
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of gluconeogenesis?

A
  • Glucose
  • Insulin
  • AMP/ADP
  • Fructose-2,6-BP
72
Q

What is the location of glycogen synthesis?

73
Q

What are the key enzymes of glycogen synthesis? (6)

A
  • Glycogen Synthase (Rate limiting)
  • Phosphoglucomutase
  • UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
  • Glycogen initiator synthase
  • Glycogen synthase
  • Glucosyl-4:6-transferase
74
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of glycogen synthesis? (5)

A
  • ATP/high energy
  • Lots of glucose
  • Insulin
  • Low glucagon
  • Fructose
75
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of glycogen synthesis? (5)

A
  • AMP/ADP
  • Low glucose
  • Glucagon
  • Muscle contraction
  • Epinephrine
76
Q

What are the two synonymous names of the Pentose Phophate pathway?

A
  • Hexose monophosphate pathway

- Hexose monophosphate shunt

77
Q

Oxidative reactions are ______ and non-oxidative reactions are _______.

A

irreversible; reversible

78
Q

There is no ATP produced or consumed in the Pentose Phosphate pathway. T/F?

79
Q

What are the key enzymes of the Pentose Phosphate pathway? (7)

A
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
  • Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase system
  • Superoxide dismutase
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Catalase
  • Glutathione peroxidase
  • Glutathione reductase
80
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of the PPP? (2)

A
  • Glucose-6-phosphate

- NADP+

81
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of the PPP? (3)

A
  • 6-Phosphoglucose S lactone
  • NADPH
  • Ribose-5-P
82
Q

What is the location of Nucleotides - Purine Synthesis?

83
Q

What are the key enzymes of Nucleotides - Purine Synthesis? (2)

A
  • Xanthine oxidase

- Ribonucleotide reductase

84
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of Nucleotides - Purine Synthesis?

85
Q

What is the location of Nucleotides - Pyramidine Synthesis?

86
Q

What are the key enzymes of Nucleotides - Pyramidine Synthesis? (2)

A
  • CAD

- Ribonucleotide reductase

87
Q

What are the reactants/stimulants of Nucleotides - Pyramidine Synthesis?

88
Q

What is the location of Alcohol metabolism?

A

cytoplasm of the liver

89
Q

What is the location of MEOS (aka cytochrome P-450)?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

90
Q

What are the key enzymes of Alcohol metabolism? (6)

A
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase
  • MEOS (aka: Cytochrome P-450)
  • Catalase
  • Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
  • Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • Krebs dehydrogenase
91
Q

What is the reactant/stimulant of Alcohol metabolism?

92
Q

What are the products/inhibitors of Alcohol metabolism? (3)

A
  • NADH
  • Acetyl CoA
  • Acetaldehyde

Biochem 2 (5 decks)

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