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OTC Therapeutics > Final 4- Immunization, Behaviour and nutrition, self help, medical equipment, hemorrhoids > Flashcards

Final 4- Immunization, Behaviour and nutrition, self help, medical equipment, hemorrhoids Flashcards

1
Q

vaccine

A

administration of antigenic material to stimulate a person’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen, creates memory
-expose body to a weaker or inactivated pathogen to prepare it for future exposure

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2
Q

purpose of vaccine

A

prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection

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3
Q

antigen

A

substance, usually protein base, that enters your body and stimulates formation of antibodies
-ex// bacterial infection

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4
Q

antibody

A

-formed and inactivates or destroys antigen

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5
Q

months baby relies on mother’s antibodies

A

0-6 months

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6
Q

if have anaphylactic reacton to neomycin, can’t get this vaccine

A

IPR or MMR

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7
Q

if pregnant, can’t get these vaccines

A

MMR, Varicella

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8
Q

if anaphylactic reaction to egg ingestion, can’t get these vaccines

A

influenza, yellow fever

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9
Q

if immunodeficient state, can’t get these vaccines

A

MMR, BCG, OPV, yellow fever

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10
Q

immunogen

A

part that stimulates immune response

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11
Q

live attenuated (weakened) vaccine

A

whole, living bacteria or virus that replicates within host

  • response is mild because weakened
  • don’t give to immunodeficient
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12
Q

inactivated vaccine

A
  • killed virus or bacteria
  • may need multiple doses
  • safer
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13
Q

subunit vaccine

A

-purified products from virus or bacteria (ie hep B surface antigen, etc)

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14
Q

toxoid vaccine

A

made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than microorganism

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15
Q

conjugate vaccine

A

certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly immunogenic; proteins linked to these other coats with proteins, give place to adhere to. Allows immune system to recognize polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen

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16
Q

adjuvant

A

added to vaccine to enhance immune response

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17
Q

preservatives in vaccines

A

-added to multidose, killed or subunit vaccines to prevent secondary infection from contamination

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18
Q

additives vaccines

A

substance added to support growth of immunogen, inactivate toxins, help purify immunogens or help confirm product quality and stability

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19
Q

monovalent vaccine

A

immunize against single antigen microorganism (faster and stronger response)

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20
Q

polyvalent vaccine

A

immunize against 2 or more strains of same or diff microorganisms (better if don’t know exactly what targetting)

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21
Q

polyvalent vaccine

A

immunize against 2 or more strains of same or diff microorganisms (better if don’t know exactly what targetting)

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22
Q

measles complication

A
  • encephalitis
  • otitis media
  • pneumonia
  • death
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23
Q

measles vaccine

A

live, attenuated

  • comes combined with mumps (lvie, atten) and ruebella
  • efficacy increases with age
  • 2 doses
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24
Q

mumps complications

A
  • inflammation of saliva glands*
  • resp symptoms
  • viral meningitis
  • orchitis and oophoritis of post pubertal cases (damage to genitals)
  • congenital malformations/abortion
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25
Q

rubella: cause, symptoms, main concern

A
  • caused by virus
  • causes rash, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias and fever
  • main concern is infection during pregnanacy (causes congenital rubella syndrome- malformation, congenital heart disease, cataracts, deafness, mental retardation)
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26
Q

MMR vaccine (dosing, SEs, trace amounts of)

A
  • at 12 and 18 months
  • possible SEs= infection, thrombocytopenia, joint aches, encephalitis
  • contains trace neomycin and gelatin
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27
Q

avoid MMR in

A

pregnant
immunosuppressed
neomycin or gelatin allergy

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28
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough, highly contagious resp disease casued by bordetella pertussis

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29
Q

stages of pertussis

A

1) cold symptoms
2) cold fades, cough worse and violent/uncontrolled
3) pnt improves, gains strength, but cough can get louder and sound worse

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30
Q

stages of pertussis

A

1) cold symptoms
2) cold fades, cough worse and violent/uncontrolled
3) pnt improves, gains strength, but cough can get louder and sound worse

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31
Q

pertussis vaccine (type, 2 names, dosing)

A

inactivated, acellular (whole cell were discontinued due to higher ARs)

  • given in combo with diptheria and tetanus toxoid and polio
  • DTaP is infant formulation (given at 2,4,6 and 18 months, and at 4-6 years and at grade 8)
  • Tdap is adolescent and adult formulation
32
Q

diptheria and tetanus vaccine types

A

detoxified toxins, so body produces antibodies towards the toxin

33
Q

haemophilus influenze type b vaccine (Hib)

A
  • was most common cause of bacterial meningitis
  • leader in pneumonia, septic arthritis and cellulitis
  • contains polysaccharide of Hib bound to a protein
  • available as pentacel (combo with diptheria, tetanus, pertussis and poli0)
  • given at 2,4,6 and 18 months
34
Q

common vaccine SEs

A

-swelling, tenderness, redness and pain at injection site
-fever
-

35
Q

one of most common causes of respiratory infections

A

influenza- spread by inhalation of droplets and direct contact wiht contaminated objects
-can be spread one day before symptoms and up to 7 days after onset in adults, kids even longer

36
Q

one of most common causes of respiratory infections

A

influenza- spread by inhalation of droplets and direct contact wiht contaminated objects
-can be spread one day before symptoms and up to 7 days after onset in adults, kids even longer

37
Q

influenza vaccine contents every year

A

3 strains: 2 A, 1 B

  • reformulated each year due to short lived antibodies and changing virus
  • produces IgG antibodies to viral proteins
  • protection occurs 2 weeks following vaccine and lasts about 6 months (4 in elderly)
38
Q

influenza vaccine effectiveness varies based on

A

age, immunocompetence and match of vaccine to circulating virus (good match prevents illness in 70-90% of healthy people)

39
Q

priority groups for influenza vaccine

A
  • over 65
  • pregnant
  • serious med conditions
  • live in long stay residential or care home
  • main caretaker for elderly or disabled person
  • frontline health or social care worker
40
Q

can influenza vaccine cause flu?

A

no! doesn’t contain live virus

  • can give soreness, fever, malaise, myalgia
  • oculo respiratory syndrome (ORS)= red eyes, resp symptoms, facial edema, or combo within 24 hrs of shot, lasting less than 2 days (mild, self resolving, benefits outweigh risk)
41
Q

CIs for influenza vaccine

A

-allergic to eggs
-infection with fever
-

42
Q

CIs for influenza vaccine

A
  • allergic to eggs

- infection with fever

43
Q

strep pneumoniae vaccine (child)

A
  • Prevnar
  • for wks to 9 years
  • given 2,4,6,18 months (but only 3 doses if over 6 months of age)
  • derived from capsular antigens of 7 serotypes
44
Q

strep pneumoniae vaccine (adult)

A
  • pneumovax 23/ Pneumo 23
  • derived from capsular polysaccharides of 23 types of pneumococci
  • reimmunize every 5-7 years if received before age 65
  • response in children under 2 is inadequate
  • antibody levels decline after 5-10 years
45
Q

who should get strep pneumoniae adult vaccine

A

the people most likely to die from infection ie

  • over 65
  • over 2 with asplenia, splenic dysfunction of sickle cell disease
  • over 2 with chronic cardiorespiratory disease, cirrhosis, alcoholism, CKD, DM, immunosuppression
46
Q

neisseria meningitidis serogroups and affected groups

A
  • causes meningitis (mostly in under 1 or between 15 and 19)
  • 4 serogroups: BCY and W (2 most isolated are C and B, C is higher fatality than B)
  • meningococcal vaccines have group C conjugates, bivalent have polysaccharides of A and C, quad have polysaccharides of ACY and W
47
Q

group c meningococcal vaccines

A
  • for any age
  • 2-12 yrs require 3 doses
  • over 1 needs one dose
48
Q

neisseria meningitidis serogroups and affected groups

A
  • causes meningitis (mostly in under 1 or between 15 and 19)
  • 4 serogroups: BCY and W (2 most isolated are C and B, C is higher fatality than B)
  • meningococcal vaccines have group C conjugates, bivalent have polysaccharides of A and C, quad have polysaccharides of ACY and W
  • *get vaccine at 1 year old in SK, reimmunization not needed
49
Q

group c meningococcal vaccines

A
  • for any age
  • 2-12 yrs require 3 doses
  • over 1 needs one dose
50
Q

menomune

A

meningococal bi and quad vaccine

  • for over 2, but low efficacy if under 10
  • if under 2, give 2 doses, over 1
51
Q

3 major antigens of hep B

A
  • HBsAg (hep B surface antigen, if positive for this you are infectious)
  • HBeAg (hep B e antigen)
  • HBcAg (hep B core antigen- for viral replication and associated with high infectiousness)
52
Q

incubation period of hep b

A
  • 45 to 160 days
  • initial infection may be asymptomatic
  • once infected can become chronic carrier (90-95% of time in infants, 25-50 in children, 3-10 in adults)
53
Q

incubation period of hep b

A
  • 45 to 160 days
  • initial infection may be asymptomatic
  • once infected can become chronic carrier (90-95% of time in infants, 25-50 in children, 3-10 in adults)
  • all carriers infectious, increased risk cirrhosis and liver cancer
54
Q

spread of Hep B

A

blood, vaginal secretions, semen, serous fluid, mother to newborns

55
Q

3 forms of Hep B vaccine

A

Energix B
Recombivax HB
Twinrix
-all contain purified HBsAg

56
Q

how Hep B vac is given

A

IM (deltoid) in grade 6: 2 doses, 6 months apart (95% effective)
-can be 3 doses at 0,1 and 6 months apart

57
Q

protection length hep B vac

A

at least 15 years: persistance of immune memory tends to stay despite disappearance of antibodies

58
Q

who should get hep B vac

A
  • all infants/children
  • healthcare workers
  • post exposure prophylaxis (infants born to infected mothers must be within 12 hours_
  • multiple unprotected sex
  • men sex with men
  • drug users
  • close contacts of infected
  • travelling to high incidence area
  • chronic liver disease/hepatotoxic meds
  • anyone who wants it
59
Q

havrix

A

hep A vaccine, for 1 year and older

  • should be given at least 2 weeks prior to expected exposure
  • single dose, then booster 6-12 months later in children
  • adults same but double dose (1 ml)
60
Q

almost all cases of HPV lead to

A

cervical cancer

-one of most common STIs in Canada

61
Q

gardasil

A

HPV vaccine for females age 9-26

  • protects against 2 high risk types (16 and 18-cervical cancers) and 2 low (6 and 11-ano genital warts)
  • given in grade 6- 2 doses over 6 months
  • DO NOT give pregnant women
  • protected at least 5 years
62
Q

gardasil

A

HPV vaccine for females age 9-26

  • protects against 2 high risk types (16 and 18-cervical cancers) and 2 low (6 and 11-ano genital warts)
  • given in grade 6- 2 doses over 6 months
  • DO NOT give pregnant women
  • protected at least 5 years
63
Q

varicella zoster vaccine

A

live attenuated

  • single dose if under 13, 2 doses 28 days apart if over
  • usually given at 1 year old
64
Q

varicella zoster vaccine

A

live attenuated

  • single dose if under 13, 2 doses 28 days apart if over
  • usually given at 1 year old
65
Q

fishbein model of behaviour

A

attitudes and social pressure determine behaviour

66
Q

model of behaviour: Kelly Really Says Motivation

A

Knowledge, Resources, Skills, Motivation (influence behaviour)

67
Q

health belief model of change 4 pillars (PBSS)

A

1) Perceptions of efficacy (P)
2) how susceptible you feel (S)
3) possible barriers for change (B)
4) severity of potential illness (S)

68
Q

stages of change

A 
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
69
Q

grams of Na per day sufficient

A

1.5 grams, officials want us down to 2.3, we are at 3.3

70
Q

most important part of behaviour change

A

what are their expectations

71
Q

stress incontinance

A

50% of cases, women

-bladder weakness or sudden abdominal pressure (cough, sneeze, laugh, etc)

72
Q

urge incontinance

A

aka overactive bladder

-overactive detrusor, contracts before should, urgency

73
Q

antispasmodics (anticholinergics) with which incontinence?

A

urge NOT overflow (makes worse)

74
Q

overflow incontinance

A

aka urinary retention

  • bladder always full, leakage without urge to urinate
  • men over women, prostate enlargement
  • want smooth muscle stimulation (finasteride, tamsulosin)
75
Q

alpha adrenergic antagonist for BPH and overflow incontinance

A

flomax (tamsulosin) –> decreased pinching therefore pee

OTC Therapeutics (5 decks)

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