Final 3rd Sem Flashcards
Sulfur is a dull material
Physical property
Gold can be shaped into ingots
Physical property
Rusting of an iron nail
Chemical change
Boiling point of Copper is 2567 celsius
Physical property
Sodium ignites in contact with water
Chemical property
Only one type of atom. Can’t be separated into simpler substances
Element
Al, Na, Cu, Pb, O are examples of
Elements
Chemical combination of 2 or more elements. Separated by chem meth
Compound
NaCl, KBr, H2O are examples of
Compounds
2 or more substances physically mixed. Separated by physical meth
Mixture
Pasta, water, ocean water, are examples of
Mixtures
It has a uniform composition, the different parts are not visible
Homogenous mixture
Types of mixtures
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
It has not uniform composition, the different parts are visible
Heterogeneous mixture
Air and salty water are examples of
Homogeneous mixtures
Oil + water and salads are examples of
Heterogeneous mixtures
Exists at a very high temperature
Particles move very fast, present ionic dissociation
It makes 99% of universe.
Ex. Stars, TVs, fluorescent lamps
Plasma
Exists at very low temperature (near to absolute Zero)
Movement is almost null, particles overlap each other, and they behave as waves.
Never observed in nature, only achieved in the lab
Bose-Einstein condensate
Shiny, solid at room temperature, ductile and malleable, good conductors of heat/electricity, are at the center and left of P table
Metals
Dull, brittle, powdery, solids or gases, poor conductors of heat/ electricity, located at the top-rigth of the P Table
Non metals
Both properties mixed, both conductors and isolators, located at a diagonal line between metals and non metals
Metalloids
Atom with an electrical charge because it lost or gained electrons
Ion
Atomic number
Equal to protons
Mass number
Equal to protons + neutrons
Protons
Atomic number
Neutrons
Mass number - protons
Electrons in neutral atoms
Equal to protons
Negative charge ion
Add charge to electrons
Positive charge ion
Substract charge from electrons
Transference of valence electrons from metal to a nonmetal atom to form ions. Octets are completely separately
Ionic bond
Sharing of valence electrons between 2 nonmetal atoms or metalloids. Octets of the atoms overlap
Covalent bond
Ionic are
Metal and nonmetal
Covalents are
Nm and nm
Intermolecular forces are
Hydrogen bonding- polar and H with N, O or F
Dipole-Dipole- polar
Non-polar- london forces
H and Nm
Hydracids
H and Polyatomic Ion or H NmO
Oxyacids
M and OH
Bases
M and Nm
Binary salt
M and Polyatomic Ion
Tertiary salt
M and O
Metallic oxides
Nm and O
Nonmetallic oxide
Nm 2
Diatomic molecular compound
Nm and Nm
Polyatomic molecular compound
ite and ate
hypo and per
ous and ic
ite- lower oxidation state
ate- higher oxidation state
hypo- very lowest
Per- very highest
ous- lower charge
ic- higher charge
Gas Laws. Directly related
P and n
P and T
V and n
V and T
Gas Laws. Inversely related
P and V
n and T
What happens to the pressure when temperature triples?
P tripples too
How does volume change when the pressure decreases to a third?
Volume increases to triple
What changes occur to the temperature when the number of particles doubles?
T decreases to a half
Order of 5 layers of Earth in increasing order of altitude
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Weather occurs here, habitat of living things
Troposphere
Absorbs ultraviolet radiation (at the ozone layer)
Stratosphere
Burns up most of the meteors
Mesosphere
Propagates radio waves (improving telecommunications)
Thermosphere
Protects from outer space, contains orbits of artificial satellites
Exosphere
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), suspended particles (pm), volatile organic compounds (voc)
Main atmospheric pollutants
In photosynthesis oxygen —— and CO2 ——-
Is produced
Is consumed
In respiration oxygen is —— and CO2 is ——
Is consumed
Is produced
In combustion oxygen is —— and CO2 ——-
Is consumed
Is produced
Since the water molecules are very strongly attracted to each other by cohesion forces, they form a surface “layer” or “film”, allowing light objects or insects to float or walk on it
Surface tension
Intermolecular forces that form between a water molecule and the next one, due to the attraction of opposite charges, making water a very strong compound
Hydrogen bonds
Water molecules can react as both an acid and a base, depending on the conditions, also it facilitates precipitation and red-ox reactions, all indispensable for organism’s survival
Water reactions
Water expands as it freezes, making the solid weigh less than the same volume of liquid, that’s why ice floats in water, otherwise the lakes and oceans would freeze completely
Density change liq vs solid
As the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule are oriented to one side, this one has a positive and a negative side, each one attracting opposite charges
Polarity
Water can flow up a narrow tube or porous material, rising against the gravity force due to cohesion and adhesion forces, allowing plants to move water upward from roots to leaves
Capillarity action
Water can dissolve many other types of molecules (all which are polar too), facilitating the absorption of nutrients by living organisms and making the oceans salty
Universal solvent
Water can absorb big amounts of heat without changing its state of matter or turning to vapor, that’s why its boiling point (100 celsius) and melting point (0 celsius) are so far apart, allowing living beings to have a steady temperature throughout their bodies, also stabilizing weather
Specific- heat capacity
4 ways in which the water rises from the Earth surface to the sky
Evaporation from water bodies
Evaporation from wet soil
Transpiration from vegetation
Sublimation (snow)
4 ways in which the water precipitates to Earth
Rain drops, hail, sleet, fog, dew
4 ways in which the water flows on the Earth
Streamflow ( streams and rivers), surface runoff, lake storage, infiltration, percolation or ground water flow
Moves water around the globe, transporting heat, salt, and nutrients through all the oceans
Ocean conveyor belt
Powerful, warm, and swift ocean current that influences the climate of the east coast of North America and the west coast of Europe, warming up to the British Islands
Gulf stream
Is defined by prolonged warming of ocean water and it causes warm and very wet weather (flooding) along the coasts of South america
El Niño
Is defined by prolonged cooling of ocean water and it causes droughts in South America and heavy rains over south east asia
La niña
Types of water pollutants
Chemical pollutants
Physical pollutants
Biological pollutants
Organic and inorganic compounds dissolved or dispersed in the water
Chemical pollutants
Non living things (objects) or energy that can’t read with or dissolve in the water
Physical pollutants
Living organisms or microorganisms in water that become harmful if they are present in excess
Biological contaminants
Substances present in smaller amount, are dissolved by the solvent
Solute
Substance present in larger amount (only one), dissolves the solute
Solvent
Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances
Solution
Maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a certain temperature
Solubility
Type of concentration that represents how many parts of solute are there, per a million parts of solution, the units to compare must be at a distance of 1 million values
Ppm (parts per million)
The concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution used to determine its acidity or akalinity
pH measure
Acidic
pH 0-7
Example acidic
Vinegar
Neutral
pH is 7
Basic (alkaline)
pH 7 to 14
3 ways to measure the pH of a substance
pH meter (potentiometer), pH paper, acid base indicators
4 effects of the excess of acidity in the environment or human health
Acid rain (dying forests), teeth decay, blood diseases, infertility of soil
A property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of solute present, but not on the identity or type of solute
Colligative property
What happens with the freezing point
Decreases (depression)
What happens with the boiling point?
Increases (elevation)
What happens with the osmotic pressure?
Decreases (at the side of the solution with the highest concentration)
Is the top layer of the Earth’s crust in which organic matter grows.
Soil
Components of soil
45% rock particles, 25% water, 25% air, 5% leaves
Are elements used in large quantities
Macronutrients
Are elements used in very small quantities
Micronutrients
Science and study of the processes that lead to the formation of soil
Edafogenesis (Pedogenesis)
Steps in order for Edafogenesis
- Bedrock
- Meteorization of bedrock
- Chemical action
- Biological action
- Join action
Abundant in calcareous salts, usually white, arid and dry, not good for agriculture
Chalky soil
Consist of all kinds of rocks and stones, as they don’t hold water are terrible to grow
Stony soil
Mixture of sandy soil and clay soil
Mixed soil
Contain lots of decaying organic matter, great to retain water, excellent for farming
Humus bear
Made of silica crystals, cannot hold water, possess little organic matter (nutrients), not suitable for agriculture
Sandy soil
Consist of small, fine, and yellow grains, retain water in pools. Mixed with humus can be very effective for agriculture
Clayish soil
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence
Mineral
5 classes of minerals
Metallic ferrous
Metallic non ferrous
Metallic precious
Non metallic
Energy minerals
Is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms
Soil erosion
2 conservation methods used against soil erosion
Terracing, crop rotation
