Final Flashcards
1
Q
Define a secondary metabolite.
A
Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not directly involved in the growth, reproduction, or photosynthesis of plants. They are derived from primary metabolites (which are involved in growth, reproduction and photosynthesis). They have a vast array of functions and are generally associated with the defense from other organisms, attraction of pollinators and other symbiotes, and protection from environmental factors such as UV radiation.
2
Q
Simple phenolic structure
A
one benzene ring with an OH group
3
Q
Tannin info (structure)
A
Astringents/phenolic acids w/ ester linkages to a central glucose
4
Q
Cumarins and furanocumarins structure
A
couple of benzene rings with just oxygen on them
5
Q
Chromones and furanchromones structure
A
look pretty similar to Cumarins and furanocumarins…benzene rings with just oxygen
6
Q
anthroquinone structure
A
2 benzene rings linked with a central ring that is not aromatic and has 2 ester linkages
7
Q
Lignan structure
A
Dimeric compounds formed by two phenylpropene derivatives…basically benzene with linear linkage arms
8
Q
Stilbene structure
A
kinda like lignans with linear linkage arm that has 1 double bond
9
Q
Flavanoid structure
A
3 aromatic rings, 3 ring circus
10
Q
Simple, smaller phenolic compounds tend to be
A
volatile…review says mono and sequiterpenes are volatile
11
Q
What is a glycoside? What are its components?
A
Phenolic compound with a sugar group. Phenolic compound is an aglycone and the sugar is a glycone
12
Q
How are anthraquinones used medically
A
irritant laxatives
13
Q
Volatile phenolic classes
A
simple phenolics, coumarins, furanocoumarins, chromones, furanochromones
14
Q
anthocyanins
A
glycoside of athocyanidins
15
Q
anthocyanidins
A
charges
16
Q
proanthocyanidins
A
polymers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol, condensed tannins
17
Q
Which classes of phenolic compounds act as phytoestrogens?
A
lignans (flax) and isoflavones (soy)
18
Q
Why do phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties
A
resonance stabilization, especially ring structures
19
Q
Carbons in a monoterpene
A
10
20
Q
carbons in a sesquiterpene
A
15
21
Q
carbons in a diterpene
A
20
22
Q
carbons in a triterpene
A
30
23
Q
carbons in a tetraterpene
A
40
24
Q
what classes of terpenes are volatile?
A
mono and i think sesquiterpene as well
25
definition of a resin
matrix of di/tri-terpenes + volatile oils, released in response to injury, often anti-microbial...if it has polysaccharides then it is called a gum resin
26
Define amphipathic
chemical compound with hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
27
What is a saponin
Terpene molecules with 2-4 sugar moieties attached, sugar is hydrophilic
and ther terpene is hydrophilic
28
What are the basic properties of an alkaloid?
Contain N, and are alkaline. NOTE: substances are classified by chemical structure NOT
function
29
How are alkaloids classified?
Substances are classified by chemical structure NOT function
30
Define mucilage.
Polysaccharides – slimey, used as demulcent. Cold infusion. E.g. slippery elm, glycyrrhiza, marshmallow
31
Know the effect of bitters on the function of the GI tract.
Increase acid secretion, saliva, Ghrelin, CCK, gut motility
32
What type of compound are the bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?
Secoiridoid glycoside
33
What type of compound is, in large part, responsible for the antispasmodic action of carminative herbs.
Volatile oils - monoterpenes
34
What purpose do astringent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with astringent herbs.
Tighten up tissues, close membranes. Hemorrhoids, leaky gut, secretory diarrhea
35
What purpose do demulcent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with demulcent herbs.
Calm/soothe irritated/inflamed membranes Sore throat, gastritis, IBS
36
major indications for the use of Gentiana lutea (gentian)
stimulate digestion, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue
37
major indications for the use of Zingiber officinale (ginger)
warming, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, increase circulation
38
major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
promotes lactation, relieves flatulence/bloating
39
major indications for the use of Citrus sinensis/aurantium (bitter orange)
dyspepsia, loss of appetite
40
major indications for the use of Matricaria recutita (chamomile)
antiemetic, nervine, bitter, carminative
41
major indications for the use of Geranium maculatum (geranium)
astringent, part of Robert’s formula (IBS), chronic diarrhea
42
major indications for the use of Rumex crispus (yellow dock)
nutritive, strong astringent, patient’s going on new diet, leaky gut
43
Understand the difference between a laxative, purgative, and a cathartic.
Laxative: mild
Purgative: moderate
Cathartic: severe, “coming out both ends”
44
What is the primary type of constituent responsible for the action of the purgative/cathartic herbs?
Anthroquinone glycosides
45
What are the uses of the outer leaf and inner gel of Aloe vera?
Outer: strong irritant laxative
Inner: demulcant, soothing, cool and moist, anti-inflammatory, polysaccharides (immunomodulating), bulking
46
major indications for the use of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed)
constipation (increase stool bulk), nutritive, colon damage, gastritis/enteritis
47
major indications for the use of Plantago spp (psyllium husk)
chronic constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, hyperlipidemia
48
major indications for the use of Aloe spp
constipation (outer leaf)
49
major indications for the use of Rhamnus purshiana (bearberry)
constpations, atonic bowels (w/ chronic hemorrhoids)
50
major indications for the use of Cassia senna (senna)
irritant laxative
51
major indications for the use of Aesculus hippocastinum (horse chestnut)
blunt traumas, hematomas, hemorrhoids
52
major indications for the use of Ruscus aculeatus (butcher’s broom)
hemorrhoids (OK in pregnancy)
53
major indications for the use of Collinsonia Canadensis (stone root)
constriction in throat/rectum, congestion
54
major indications for the use of Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel)
venous debility, pale mucous tissues
55
major indications for the use of Agrimonia eupatoria (agrimony)
astringent and anti-microbial, mental tension/caught in bind
56
Expectorant
facilitate the removal of respiratory secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree (E.g. resins)
57
Antitussive
decrease the frequency of a cough
58
Demulcent
soothes mucous membranes
59
Know which plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Petasitis hybridus, Tussilago farfara
60
Why do we use herbs to treat a cough?
To tonify...if a cough is overly wet we use drying herbs, etc.
61
major indications for the use of Urtica dioica (nettles)
allergic rhinosinusitis, low BP, hair loss, mucus, diarrhea, swelling, anemia of pregnancy, arthritis
62
major indications for the use of Euphrasia officinalis (eyebright)
allergic rhinosinusitis, decongestant, conjunctivitis, watery discharge
63
major indications for the use of Peasites hybridis (butterbur)
allergic rhinosinusitis
64
major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
tight/spastic coughs, asthma (w/ Grindelia)
65
major indications for the use of Ammi visnaga (kella)
tight/spastic coughs, asthma, bronchodilator, antitussive
66
major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii
increase intercellular cAMP, relaxes smooth muscle
67
major indications for the use of Ephedra sinica (ma huang)
alpha/beta adrenergic agonist, increase NE, decongestant, antitussive, bronchodilator, increase HR, diaphoretic, diuretic *low dose herb
68
major indications for the use of Datura stramonium (Jimson weed)
*toxicity: tropane alkaloids, “purely spasmodic asthma”
69
major indications for the use of Thymus vulgaris (thyme)
wet coughs
70
major indications for the use of Amoracia rusticana (horseradish)
decongestant, diaphoretic, mucolytic
71
major indications for the use of Salvia officinalis (sage)
wet coughs
72
major indications for the use of Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)
wet coughs, antitussive, antimicrobial
73
major indications for the use of Ligusticum porter (osha)
bronchitis, colds/flus, sore throat * throat/upper lungs
74
major indications for the use of Inula helenium (horse-heal, marchalan)
deep lung conditions, irritating bronchial coughs, antimicrobial *deep lungs
75
major indications for the use of Grindelia spp (curlycup gumweed)
asthma, persistent/spasmodic coughs *upper lungs
76
major indications for the use of Prunus serotina (cherry bark)
antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, astringent, bitter
77
major indications for the use of Verbascum Thapsus (mullein)
dry cough, anodyne, expectorant
78
major indications for the use of Glycyrrhiza (licorice)
soothes mucus membranes, dry cough,
79
major indications for the use of Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot)
dry/spasmodic cough, recovery from smoking, emphysema, *pyrrolizidine alkaloids
80
Herbs that support the host
Echinacea, Astragalus membranaceus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus senticosus
81
Herbs that kill the microbe
Mahonia, Allium sativum (spares lactobacillus), Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Juglans nigra, Achillae millifolium, Artemesia, Hydrastis canadensis, Lomatium dissectum, Inula helenium, Juniperus communis
82
Know the elements of a treatment strategy for infectious disease.
Support the host: address obstacles to cure, establish foundations of health, stimulate the vis, support organ systems, correct structural integrity,
Kill the microbes: prescribe natural substances for disease, drugs, surgery
83
What is the purpose of using a synergist?
Activate antimicrobials, direct
84
A lymphagogue?
Move the waste, help the body “clean up” the infection
85
An Immunomodulator?
Enhance immune function
86
Know which herbs contain berberine.
Mahonia, Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis
87
What are the elements of the HEMP formula?
Hydrastis – Mahonia Echinacea - Astragalus Myrrh - Clove
| Phytolacca - Galium spp.
88
Know the major indications for the use of Potentilla tormentilla (tormentil, septfoil)
watery diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, astringent
89
Know the major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root (nettles)
chronic diarrhea with large mucus evacuations
90
Know the major indications for the use of Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
antimicrobial, GI infection
91
Know the major indications for the use of Mahonia spp (oregon grape)
antimicrobial, GI infection
92
Know the major indications for the use of Sambucus nigra (elderberry)
respiratory infections
93
Know the major indications for the use of Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)
influenza with aching bones, fever, chills
94
Why would you use a diuretic?
Increase flow, toxin elimination
95
Why would you use a urinary astringent?
Loose/atonic system: losing protein/glucose, edema
96
Why would you use a demulcent?
Irritation in the urinary tract: UTI/cystitis, dysuria
97
Why would you use an anti-inflammatory?
Inflammation: UTI, dysuria, stones
98
major indications for the use of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (uva-ursi)
bloody/mucus secretions, weight in the loins, relaxed urinary tract
99
major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate (pipsi)
mild urinary sx, prostate drainage, lymphatic draining
100
major indications for the use of Zea mays (corn husk)
gentle diuretic, relieve irritation
101
major indications for the use of Equisetum spp (horsetail)
cystic irritation, tenesmic urging to urinate, renal calculi
102
major indications for the use of Vaccinium macropcarpon
preventive for UTIs, decrease stone formation
103
major indications for the use of Juniperus communis (juniper)
chronic urinary inflammation, atonic, congestion
104
major indications for the use of Solidago spp (goldenrod)
inflammation, renal gravel, bacterial infections
105
major indications for the use of Serenoa repens (saw palmetto)
BPH, male-pattern baldness, chronic prostatitis, prostate cancer, spasms in urethra
106
major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root (nettles)
BPH, anti-prostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic
107
major indications for the use of Epilobium parvifolium (small-flowered willow herb)
BPH
108
major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate (pipsi)
removes stagnant lymph, swollen glands, BPH
109
major indications for the use of Solidago spp (goldenrod)
UTI, renal gravel
110
major indications for the use of Opuntia spp (prickly pear)
BPH
111
major indications for the use of Punica granatum (pomegranate)
antioxidant, nutritive
112
major indications for the use of Hippophae rhamnodies (sea buckthorn)
decreased libido, antioxidant, tonic
113
major indications for the use of Tribulus terrestris (bindii, devil’s weed)
tonic, aphrodesiac, adrogenic and estrogenic, infertility
114
major indications for the use of Lepidium myenii (maca)
adaptogen, improves endurance and stamina, aphrodisiacal tonic
115
major indications for the use of Avena sativa (wild oat)
anti-depressant, adrenal and nerve tonic, sexual tonic
116
major indications for the use of Epimedium sagittatum (horny goat weed)
strengthen yang, enhances libido
117
Define a phytoestrogen
Substances that bind to and weakly stimulate estrogen receptors.
118
Are all herbs with an estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?
No, phytoestrogens act on the receptor, other herbs can have estrogenic effect without sitting on the receptor.
119
major indications for the use of Vitex agnus castus (chasteberry)
perimenopausal symptoms, PMS, fertility, oligomenorhea, dysmenorrheal, acne, endometriosis, acne, fibroids, mastalgia, prolactinoma
120
major indications for the use of Actea racemosa (black cohosh)
perimenopausal sx, dysmenorrheal(w/ low back pain), oligomenorrhea, depression
121
major indications for the use of Angelica sinensis (“female ginseng”)
dysmenorrheal, irregular menses, pain due to pelvic congestion
122
major indications for the use of Viburnum opulus (cramp bark)
dysmenorrheal, menorrhagia, bronchoconstriction, muscle spasm,
123
major indications for the use of Lepidium meyenii (maca)
perimenopausal sx, andropause, low libido, “adrenal fatigue”
124
major indications for the use of Rheum rhaponticum (false rhubarb)
depression/anxiety assoc w/ menopause
125
major indications for the use of Lycopus virginicus (bugleweed)
hyperthyroidism
126
major indications for the use of Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort)
hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety/tension, delayed menses, menopausal changes
127
major indications for the use of Melissa officinalis (lemonbalm)
hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety, palpitations, HA, depression, insomnia
128
major indications for the use of Iris versicolor (blue flag)
hypothyroidism, *low-dose/short-term herb (irritates GI)
129
major indications for the use of Withania somnifera (ashwaganda)
hypothyroidism w/ fatigue, insomnia, chronic inflammation
130
major indications for the use of Comiphora mukul (gugul resin)
hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, increases uptake of iodine
131
major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii
hypothyroidism w/ HTN, bronchoconstriction, muscle tension
132
major indications for the use of Fucus vesiculosis (bladderwrack)
hypothyroidism, nutrient source of iodine
