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Jack Bot Med II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Define a secondary metabolite.

A

Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not directly involved in the growth, reproduction, or photosynthesis of plants. They are derived from primary metabolites (which are involved in growth, reproduction and photosynthesis). They have a vast array of functions and are generally associated with the defense from other organisms, attraction of pollinators and other symbiotes, and protection from environmental factors such as UV radiation.

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2
Q

Simple phenolic structure

A

one benzene ring with an OH group

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3
Q

Tannin info (structure)

A

Astringents/phenolic acids w/ ester linkages to a central glucose

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4
Q

Cumarins and furanocumarins structure

A

couple of benzene rings with just oxygen on them

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5
Q

Chromones and furanchromones structure

A

look pretty similar to Cumarins and furanocumarins…benzene rings with just oxygen

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6
Q

anthroquinone structure

A

2 benzene rings linked with a central ring that is not aromatic and has 2 ester linkages

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7
Q

Lignan structure

A

Dimeric compounds formed by two phenylpropene derivatives…basically benzene with linear linkage arms

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8
Q

Stilbene structure

A

kinda like lignans with linear linkage arm that has 1 double bond

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9
Q

Flavanoid structure

A

3 aromatic rings, 3 ring circus

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10
Q

Simple, smaller phenolic compounds tend to be

A

volatile…review says mono and sequiterpenes are volatile

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11
Q

What is a glycoside? What are its components?

A

Phenolic compound with a sugar group. Phenolic compound is an aglycone and the sugar is a glycone

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12
Q

How are anthraquinones used medically

A

irritant laxatives

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13
Q

Volatile phenolic classes

A

simple phenolics, coumarins, furanocoumarins, chromones, furanochromones

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14
Q

anthocyanins

A

glycoside of athocyanidins

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15
Q

anthocyanidins

A

charges

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16
Q

proanthocyanidins

A

polymers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol, condensed tannins

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17
Q

Which classes of phenolic compounds act as phytoestrogens?

A

lignans (flax) and isoflavones (soy)

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18
Q

Why do phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties

A

resonance stabilization, especially ring structures

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19
Q

Carbons in a monoterpene

A

10

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20
Q

carbons in a sesquiterpene

A

15

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21
Q

carbons in a diterpene

A

20

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22
Q

carbons in a triterpene

A

30

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23
Q

carbons in a tetraterpene

A

40

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24
Q

what classes of terpenes are volatile?

A

mono and i think sesquiterpene as well

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25
Q

definition of a resin

A

matrix of di/tri-terpenes + volatile oils, released in response to injury, often anti-microbial…if it has polysaccharides then it is called a gum resin

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26
Q

Define amphipathic

A

chemical compound with hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

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27
Q

What is a saponin

A

Terpene molecules with 2-4 sugar moieties attached, sugar is hydrophilic
and ther terpene is hydrophilic

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28
Q

What are the basic properties of an alkaloid?

A

Contain N, and are alkaline. NOTE: substances are classified by chemical structure NOT
function

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29
Q

How are alkaloids classified?

A

Substances are classified by chemical structure NOT function

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30
Q

Define mucilage.

A

Polysaccharides – slimey, used as demulcent. Cold infusion. E.g. slippery elm, glycyrrhiza, marshmallow

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31
Q

Know the effect of bitters on the function of the GI tract.

A

Increase acid secretion, saliva, Ghrelin, CCK, gut motility

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32
Q

What type of compound are the bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?

A

Secoiridoid glycoside

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33
Q

What type of compound is, in large part, responsible for the antispasmodic action of carminative herbs.

A

Volatile oils - monoterpenes

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34
Q

What purpose do astringent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with astringent herbs.

A

Tighten up tissues, close membranes. Hemorrhoids, leaky gut, secretory diarrhea

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35
Q

What purpose do demulcent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with demulcent herbs.

A

Calm/soothe irritated/inflamed membranes Sore throat, gastritis, IBS

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36
Q

major indications for the use of Gentiana lutea (gentian)

A

stimulate digestion, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue

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37
Q

major indications for the use of Zingiber officinale (ginger)

A

warming, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, increase circulation

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38
Q

major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)

A

promotes lactation, relieves flatulence/bloating

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39
Q

major indications for the use of Citrus sinensis/aurantium (bitter orange)

A

dyspepsia, loss of appetite

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40
Q

major indications for the use of Matricaria recutita (chamomile)

A

antiemetic, nervine, bitter, carminative

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41
Q

major indications for the use of Geranium maculatum (geranium)

A

astringent, part of Robert’s formula (IBS), chronic diarrhea

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42
Q

major indications for the use of Rumex crispus (yellow dock)

A

nutritive, strong astringent, patient’s going on new diet, leaky gut

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43
Q

Understand the difference between a laxative, purgative, and a cathartic.

A

Laxative: mild
Purgative: moderate
Cathartic: severe, “coming out both ends”

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44
Q

What is the primary type of constituent responsible for the action of the purgative/cathartic herbs?

A

Anthroquinone glycosides

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45
Q

What are the uses of the outer leaf and inner gel of Aloe vera?

A

Outer: strong irritant laxative
Inner: demulcant, soothing, cool and moist, anti-inflammatory, polysaccharides (immunomodulating), bulking

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46
Q

major indications for the use of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed)

A

constipation (increase stool bulk), nutritive, colon damage, gastritis/enteritis

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47
Q

major indications for the use of Plantago spp (psyllium husk)

A

chronic constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, hyperlipidemia

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48
Q

major indications for the use of Aloe spp

A

constipation (outer leaf)

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49
Q

major indications for the use of Rhamnus purshiana (bearberry)

A

constpations, atonic bowels (w/ chronic hemorrhoids)

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50
Q

major indications for the use of Cassia senna (senna)

A

irritant laxative

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51
Q

major indications for the use of Aesculus hippocastinum (horse chestnut)

A

blunt traumas, hematomas, hemorrhoids

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52
Q

major indications for the use of Ruscus aculeatus (butcher’s broom)

A

hemorrhoids (OK in pregnancy)

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53
Q

major indications for the use of Collinsonia Canadensis (stone root)

A

constriction in throat/rectum, congestion

54
Q

major indications for the use of Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel)

A

venous debility, pale mucous tissues

55
Q

major indications for the use of Agrimonia eupatoria (agrimony)

A

astringent and anti-microbial, mental tension/caught in bind

56
Q

Expectorant

A

facilitate the removal of respiratory secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree (E.g. resins)

57
Q

Antitussive

A

decrease the frequency of a cough

58
Q

Demulcent

A

soothes mucous membranes

59
Q

Know which plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

A

Petasitis hybridus, Tussilago farfara

60
Q

Why do we use herbs to treat a cough?

A

To tonify…if a cough is overly wet we use drying herbs, etc.

61
Q

major indications for the use of Urtica dioica (nettles)

A

allergic rhinosinusitis, low BP, hair loss, mucus, diarrhea, swelling, anemia of pregnancy, arthritis

62
Q

major indications for the use of Euphrasia officinalis (eyebright)

A

allergic rhinosinusitis, decongestant, conjunctivitis, watery discharge

63
Q

major indications for the use of Peasites hybridis (butterbur)

A

allergic rhinosinusitis

64
Q

major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)

A

tight/spastic coughs, asthma (w/ Grindelia)

65
Q

major indications for the use of Ammi visnaga (kella)

A

tight/spastic coughs, asthma, bronchodilator, antitussive

66
Q

major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii

A

increase intercellular cAMP, relaxes smooth muscle

67
Q

major indications for the use of Ephedra sinica (ma huang)

A

alpha/beta adrenergic agonist, increase NE, decongestant, antitussive, bronchodilator, increase HR, diaphoretic, diuretic *low dose herb

68
Q

major indications for the use of Datura stramonium (Jimson weed)

A

*toxicity: tropane alkaloids, “purely spasmodic asthma”

69
Q

major indications for the use of Thymus vulgaris (thyme)

A

wet coughs

70
Q

major indications for the use of Amoracia rusticana (horseradish)

A

decongestant, diaphoretic, mucolytic

71
Q

major indications for the use of Salvia officinalis (sage)

A

wet coughs

72
Q

major indications for the use of Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)

A

wet coughs, antitussive, antimicrobial

73
Q

major indications for the use of Ligusticum porter (osha)

A

bronchitis, colds/flus, sore throat * throat/upper lungs

74
Q

major indications for the use of Inula helenium (horse-heal, marchalan)

A

deep lung conditions, irritating bronchial coughs, antimicrobial *deep lungs

75
Q

major indications for the use of Grindelia spp (curlycup gumweed)

A

asthma, persistent/spasmodic coughs *upper lungs

76
Q

major indications for the use of Prunus serotina (cherry bark)

A

antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, astringent, bitter

77
Q

major indications for the use of Verbascum Thapsus (mullein)

A

dry cough, anodyne, expectorant

78
Q

major indications for the use of Glycyrrhiza (licorice)

A

soothes mucus membranes, dry cough,

79
Q

major indications for the use of Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot)

A

dry/spasmodic cough, recovery from smoking, emphysema, *pyrrolizidine alkaloids

80
Q

Herbs that support the host

A

Echinacea, Astragalus membranaceus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus senticosus

81
Q

Herbs that kill the microbe

A

Mahonia, Allium sativum (spares lactobacillus), Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Juglans nigra, Achillae millifolium, Artemesia, Hydrastis canadensis, Lomatium dissectum, Inula helenium, Juniperus communis

82
Q

Know the elements of a treatment strategy for infectious disease.

A

Support the host: address obstacles to cure, establish foundations of health, stimulate the vis, support organ systems, correct structural integrity,
Kill the microbes: prescribe natural substances for disease, drugs, surgery

83
Q

What is the purpose of using a synergist?

A

Activate antimicrobials, direct

84
Q

A lymphagogue?

A

Move the waste, help the body “clean up” the infection

85
Q

An Immunomodulator?

A

Enhance immune function

86
Q

Know which herbs contain berberine.

A

Mahonia, Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis

87
Q

What are the elements of the HEMP formula?

A

Hydrastis – Mahonia Echinacea - Astragalus Myrrh - Clove

Phytolacca - Galium spp.

88
Q

Know the major indications for the use of Potentilla tormentilla (tormentil, septfoil)

A

watery diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, astringent

89
Q

Know the major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root (nettles)

A

chronic diarrhea with large mucus evacuations

90
Q

Know the major indications for the use of Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)

A

antimicrobial, GI infection

91
Q

Know the major indications for the use of Mahonia spp (oregon grape)

A

antimicrobial, GI infection

92
Q

Know the major indications for the use of Sambucus nigra (elderberry)

A

respiratory infections

93
Q

Know the major indications for the use of Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)

A

influenza with aching bones, fever, chills

94
Q

Why would you use a diuretic?

A

Increase flow, toxin elimination

95
Q

Why would you use a urinary astringent?

A

Loose/atonic system: losing protein/glucose, edema

96
Q

Why would you use a demulcent?

A

Irritation in the urinary tract: UTI/cystitis, dysuria

97
Q

Why would you use an anti-inflammatory?

A

Inflammation: UTI, dysuria, stones

98
Q

major indications for the use of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (uva-ursi)

A

bloody/mucus secretions, weight in the loins, relaxed urinary tract

99
Q

major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate (pipsi)

A

mild urinary sx, prostate drainage, lymphatic draining

100
Q

major indications for the use of Zea mays (corn husk)

A

gentle diuretic, relieve irritation

101
Q

major indications for the use of Equisetum spp (horsetail)

A

cystic irritation, tenesmic urging to urinate, renal calculi

102
Q

major indications for the use of Vaccinium macropcarpon

A

preventive for UTIs, decrease stone formation

103
Q

major indications for the use of Juniperus communis (juniper)

A

chronic urinary inflammation, atonic, congestion

104
Q

major indications for the use of Solidago spp (goldenrod)

A

inflammation, renal gravel, bacterial infections

105
Q

major indications for the use of Serenoa repens (saw palmetto)

A

BPH, male-pattern baldness, chronic prostatitis, prostate cancer, spasms in urethra

106
Q

major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root (nettles)

A

BPH, anti-prostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic

107
Q

major indications for the use of Epilobium parvifolium (small-flowered willow herb)

A

BPH

108
Q

major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate (pipsi)

A

removes stagnant lymph, swollen glands, BPH

109
Q

major indications for the use of Solidago spp (goldenrod)

A

UTI, renal gravel

110
Q

major indications for the use of Opuntia spp (prickly pear)

A

BPH

111
Q

major indications for the use of Punica granatum (pomegranate)

A

antioxidant, nutritive

112
Q

major indications for the use of Hippophae rhamnodies (sea buckthorn)

A

decreased libido, antioxidant, tonic

113
Q

major indications for the use of Tribulus terrestris (bindii, devil’s weed)

A

tonic, aphrodesiac, adrogenic and estrogenic, infertility

114
Q

major indications for the use of Lepidium myenii (maca)

A

adaptogen, improves endurance and stamina, aphrodisiacal tonic

115
Q

major indications for the use of Avena sativa (wild oat)

A

anti-depressant, adrenal and nerve tonic, sexual tonic

116
Q

major indications for the use of Epimedium sagittatum (horny goat weed)

A

strengthen yang, enhances libido

117
Q

Define a phytoestrogen

A

Substances that bind to and weakly stimulate estrogen receptors.

118
Q

Are all herbs with an estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?

A

No, phytoestrogens act on the receptor, other herbs can have estrogenic effect without sitting on the receptor.

119
Q

major indications for the use of Vitex agnus castus (chasteberry)

A

perimenopausal symptoms, PMS, fertility, oligomenorhea, dysmenorrheal, acne, endometriosis, acne, fibroids, mastalgia, prolactinoma

120
Q

major indications for the use of Actea racemosa (black cohosh)

A

perimenopausal sx, dysmenorrheal(w/ low back pain), oligomenorrhea, depression

121
Q

major indications for the use of Angelica sinensis (“female ginseng”)

A

dysmenorrheal, irregular menses, pain due to pelvic congestion

122
Q

major indications for the use of Viburnum opulus (cramp bark)

A

dysmenorrheal, menorrhagia, bronchoconstriction, muscle spasm,

123
Q

major indications for the use of Lepidium meyenii (maca)

A

perimenopausal sx, andropause, low libido, “adrenal fatigue”

124
Q

major indications for the use of Rheum rhaponticum (false rhubarb)

A

depression/anxiety assoc w/ menopause

125
Q

major indications for the use of Lycopus virginicus (bugleweed)

A

hyperthyroidism

126
Q

major indications for the use of Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort)

A

hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety/tension, delayed menses, menopausal changes

127
Q

major indications for the use of Melissa officinalis (lemonbalm)

A

hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety, palpitations, HA, depression, insomnia

128
Q

major indications for the use of Iris versicolor (blue flag)

A

hypothyroidism, *low-dose/short-term herb (irritates GI)

129
Q

major indications for the use of Withania somnifera (ashwaganda)

A

hypothyroidism w/ fatigue, insomnia, chronic inflammation

130
Q

major indications for the use of Comiphora mukul (gugul resin)

A

hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, increases uptake of iodine

131
Q

major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii

A

hypothyroidism w/ HTN, bronchoconstriction, muscle tension

132
Q

major indications for the use of Fucus vesiculosis (bladderwrack)

A

hypothyroidism, nutrient source of iodine

Jack Bot Med II (1 decks)

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