Final Flashcards
Geography
the study of landforms and climate
Archaeology
the study of artifacts (man-made) of a specific people
Primary Source
First-hand account of history
Ex. Diary, journal, photography, autobiography
Secondary Source
Ex. Textbook, documentary, biography
Culture
a people’s way of life
Land-bridge
crossed by nomadic people from Asia to North America during the ice age
The Iroquois Confederacy
created to maintain peace among the local tribes and strengthen the Iroquois Nation
Three Sisters
corn, beens, squash
Causes of Exploration
Gold, God, Glory
Effects of Explorations
European colonization, millions of Native Americans died from disease, African slave trade began in the Americas
Columbus
discovered the Americas
Cortez
Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztects
Magellan
First to circumnavigate the world
Colombian Exchange
the exchange of new goods and disease between the western and eastern hemisphere
Mercantilism
an economic policy of creating a favorable balance of trade with colonists to benefit the mother country
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in Virgina
Prospered from growing tobacco
Cash Crop
grown for sale
House of Burgesses
established a colonial representative government
Democracy
citizens participate in government through voting
Mayflower Compact
a pledge by the pilgrims to create and follow a government that would benefit the colony of Massachusetts
New Netherlands
take from the Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant by the British for the harbors and to unite the British Colonies
Renamed New York
William Penn
Created a Quaker society in Pennsylvania
Promoted tolerance, equality and pacifism
Triangular Trade
trade routes across the Atlantic, North America, and Africa
Middle Passage
the horrific slave trade route from Africa to the West Indies
Navigation Act
colonial trade was restricted to ensure that the colonies only benefit England
French and Indian War
fought between the French and the British colonists with Native allies over the Ohio River Valley
British victory led to the decision to make the colonists pay the war debts
Albany Plan
Benjamin Franklin’s plan to develop a joint colonial council for defense
Created the “join or die” political cartoon
Proclamation of 1763
Britain banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with Native Americans
Writs of Assistance
papers that allowed British officials to search private property for smuggled goods
Stamp Act
taxed printed materials
Boycott
refusal to buy goods in protest
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
organized protest and fought the British
Boston Massacre
an incident where British troops killed 5 colonists
Paul Reveer’s etching of event was used as propaganda
Propaganda
information used to influence the public’s opinion
Boston tea Party
an incident where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act
Intolerable Acts
Passed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party
“Common Sense”
a pamphlet by Thomas Pain
written to convince colonists to support American Independence
Declaration of Independence
Listed reasons the colonists should be free from Britain
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Loyalists
sided with the king
patriots
Fought for independence
Lexington and Concord
Locations of the first battle of the Revolution
George Washington
Commander of the continental Army
Role of Women during the Revolutionary War
Managed farms and businesses
served as spies
Battle of Saratoga
Patriots stopped the British from capturing New York
Stopped British form dividing the colonies
considered the turning point of the war because the patriots won French Support
Valley Forge
winter camp for the Continental Army
harsh conditions made it challenging for Washington to keep his army together
Battle of Yorktown
American victory with the help of the French navy
Led to the end of the war
Articles of Confederation
First U.S. Constitution
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
could declare war and make laws
weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
couldn’t collect taxes or regulate interstate trade
Northwest Ordinance
system for the admission of new states
Constitution
Plan of government
Great Compromise
Settled the dispute over representation in Congress between large and small states
created a bicameral legislature
House of Representatives based on population
Senate based on equality
Federalism
sharing of power between the federal and state government
Separation of Powers
division of the government into three branches
Legislative (congress), Executive (president), Judicial (supreme court)
Checks and Balances
powers are given to each branch to prevent one from becoming too powerful
Preamble
formal introduction of the U.S. Constitution
states the power to govern originates with the people
Elastic Clause
Allows congress to make all laws that are “necessary and proper”
override
power of congress to cancel a presidential veto
Electoral College
the process that elects the president with electoral votes form the states
Veto
the power of the president to reject/stop a bill from becoming law
Judicial review
power of the supreme court to declare a law of action unconstitutional
Federalists
Agreed to add a bill of rights to get the Anti-Federalists to ratify the U.S. Constitution
Anti-Federalists
Refused to ratify the constitution without a bill of rights
Bill of rights
first ten amendments
protects citizens rights
Amendment process
enables the constitution to change
Battle of Fallen Timbers
the Treaty of Greenville ended Native American resistance in the Ohio Territory
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington put down an uprising over a tax on whiskey
Marbury v. Madison
Established the principle of judicial review
Louisiana Purchase
Area between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains
bought by Thomas Jefferson from France
Doubled the size of the U.S.
Lewis and Clark
explored the Louisiana territory
Embargo Act
banned all imports and exports from Britain to punish Britain for the blockades
War of 1812
Americans fought the British and their Native American allies in response to the British Disruption to American trade
Monroe Doctrine
issued to warn against future colonization from European powers int he Americas
Erie Canal
connected NYC to the Great Lakes region
Indian Removal Act
Passed by Andrew Jackson to move all Native Americans east of the Mississippi river
Trail of Tears
the forced removal of the Cherokee west of the Mississippi river
Manifest Destiny
idea that justified American expansion to the Pacific ocean
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state
banned slavery above the 36’30 N Parallel
Texas Revolution
Texans fought and won independence after dictator Santa Anna threatened settler’s rights
Mexican-American War
the annexation of Texas and a border dispute led to war
the U.S. gained California and New Mexico
California Gold Rush
attracted thousands of people around the world to the West Coast
Compromised of 1850
multi-part plan that admitted California as a free state and promised to pass tougher Fugitive Slave laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act
promoted popular sovereignty to determine if the territories would be free or slave
Industrial Revolution
change from hand to machine made goods
started by fast flowing rivers for water power
Urbanization
cities grew as people sought work in factories
Labor Union
group that fights for worker’s rights
Seneca Falls Convention
start of the women’s rights movement
Susan B. Anthony
fought for women’s suffrage
Abolitionist
person who fought to end slavery
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe to expose the evils of slavery
Frederick Douglass
abolitionist
edited the anti-slavery newspaper “The North Star”
Harriet Tubman
abolitionist who was a conductor of the Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad
secret escape routes to the North for enslaved people from the south
sectionalism
loyalty to a region
Dred Scott Decision
the supreme court ruled that congress couldn’t stop the spread of slavery
led to increased tensions between the north and south
election of 1860
Lincoln was elected president and as a result South Carolina seceded
Secession
To withdraw or leave the union
Fort Sumter
first shots fired to start the Civil War
Union vs. Confederacy advantages
The Union (north) had more industry and railway mileage The Confederacy (south) had more military leaders
Union vs. Confederacy strategies
The Union- anaconda plan
The Confederacy- planned to defend their land
Anaconda plan
created a blockade, gain control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy and capture Richmond Virginia
Lincoln’s Goal before/during the war
preserve the union and then it broadened to end slavery
Emancipation Proclamation
freed slaves in areas of rebellion
Battle of Gettysburg
turning point of the war in favor of the Union
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln stated that the Union had to win the war to honor those who died
Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
readmit all Southern states as equals of the Northern states as quickly as possible
Ten Percent Plan
13th, 14th and 15th amendments
Passed to protect the rights of formerly enslaved African Americans
13- abolished slavery
14- granted citizenship to freed slaves
15- granted voting rights to freed slaves
Freedman’s Bureau
provided assistance to formerly enslaved African Americans in the south
Poll taxes, Literacy tests, Grandfather clause
prevented African Americans from voting
Jim Crow Laws
required segregation in most public places in the south
