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Bot Med 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Structure: Simple phenolic

A

•Aromatic (benzene) ring with an OH group

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2
Q

Structure: Tannins

A

astringents – phenolic acids with ester linkages to a central glucose

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3
Q

Structure: Coumarins

A
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4
Q

Structure: furanocoumarins

A
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5
Q

Structure: Chromones

A
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6
Q

Structure: Furanochromones

A
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7
Q

Structure: Anthraquinones

A
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8
Q

Structure: Lignans

A

•Dimeric compounds formed by two phenylpropene derivatives

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9
Q

Structure: Stilbenes

A

Example: Resveratrol

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10
Q

Structure: Flavanoids- flavone

A
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11
Q

Structure: Flavanoids - Flavonols

A
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12
Q

Structure: Flavanoids – Flavanones

A
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13
Q

Structure: flavanoids – Isoflavones

A
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14
Q

Which of the phenolic classes are volatile?

A

Eugenol

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15
Q

What is a glycoside?

A

•Phenolic compound with a sugar group

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16
Q

What is a glycone?

A

The sugar moiety of a glycoside is known as the glycone

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17
Q

What is an aglycone?

A

•phenolic portion of a glycoside is the aglycone

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18
Q

How are Anthraquinones used medicinally?

A

•many are pigments, most well known class of plant-based laxatives and purgatives. Many occur as glycosides.

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19
Q

What is the difference among anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins

A

All are pigments

anthocyanins are glycocides– anthocynadins with a sugar moiety

Anthocyanidins are structurally related to flavones, but carry a charge
Proanthocyanidins are related to flavonoid pigments, but have no sugar moiety. Oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ol moieties

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20
Q

Which classes of phenolic compounds act as phytoestrogens?

A

Lignans

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21
Q

Explain why, from a chemical standpoint, phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties.

A

lots of double bonds allow them to have resonance stabilization

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22
Q

How many carbon are in a monoterpene?

A

•10-carbon molecules

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23
Q

How many carbons are in a sesquiterpene?

A

15 carbons

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24
Q

How many carbon are in a diterpene?

A

20

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25
Q

How many carbons in a triterpene?

A

30

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26
Q

Which classes of terpenes are volatile?

A

sesquiterpenes

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27
Q

What is a resin?

A
  • A mixture of terpenoid molecules and other aromatic compounds that combine to form a solid or semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury.
  • The solid/semi-sold portion of resins are often di- and triterpenes, and the aromatic portion is commonly made up of mono- and sesquiterpenes.
  • The aromatic components can be distilled from the heavier resinous components.
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28
Q

Define amphipathic

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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29
Q

What are saponins?

A

glycosides with a distinctive foaming characteristic

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30
Q

What are the basic properties of an alkaloid?

A

•Nitrogenous molecules – the nitrogen is often contained in a heterocyclic ring.

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31
Q

How are alkaloids classified?

A

by their amino acids

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32
Q

Define mucilage

A

•Form gels or slime with water.

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33
Q

What are the effects of bitters on the function of the GI tract?

A

production of saliva
vagal efferents
Bitter stimulates Ghrelin, which inc hunger and the cycle of satiety
inc CCK, which stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice
Stimulates motility
Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa
Stimulates proliferation of mucosal cells

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34
Q

What type of compound are the bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?

A

Secoiridoid glycosides

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35
Q

What type of compound is, in large part, responsible for the antispasmodic action of carminative herbs

A

Volatile oils - monoterpenes

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36
Q

What purpose do astringent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with astringent herbs.

A

Tighten up tissues, close membranes. Hemorrhoids, leaky gut, secretory diarrhea

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37
Q

What purpose do demulcent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with demulcent herbs.

A

Calm/soothe irritated/inflamed membranes Sore throat, gastritis, IBS

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38
Q

major indications for the use of Gentiana lutea

A

stimulate digestion, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue

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39
Q

major indications for the use of Zingiber officinale

A

warming, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, increase circulation

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40
Q

major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare

A

promotes lactation, relieves flatulence/bloating

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41
Q

major indications for the use of Citrus sinensis/aurantium

A

dyspepsia, loss of appetite

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42
Q

major indications for the use of Matricaria recutita

A

antiemetic, nervine, bitter, carminative

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43
Q

Major indications for the use of Geranium maculatum

A

astringent, part of Robert’s formula (IBS), chronic diarrhea

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44
Q

major indications for the use of Rumex crispus

A

nutritive, strong astringent, patient’s going on new diet, leaky gut

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45
Q

difference between a laxative, purgative, and a cathartic

A

Laxative: mild
Purgative: moderate
Cathartic: severe, “coming out both ends”

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46
Q

What is the primary type of constituent responsible for the action of the purgative/cathartic herbs?

A

Anthroquinone glycosides

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47
Q

What are the uses of the outer leaf aloe vera?

A

Outer: strong irritant laxative

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48
Q

What are the uses of the inner gel of aloe vera?

A

demulcant, soothing, cool and moist, anti-inflammatory, polysaccharides (immunomodulating), bulking

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49
Q

major indications for the use of Linum usitatissimum

A

constipation (increase stool bulk), nutritive, colon damage, gastritis/enteritis

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50
Q

Major indications for the use of Plantago spp

A

(psyllium husk) chronic constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, hyperlipidemia

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51
Q

Major indications for the use of Aloe spp (outer leaf)

A

constipation

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52
Q

Major indications for the use of Rhamnus purshiana

A

(bearberry) constpations, atonic bowels (w/ chronic hemorrhoids)

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53
Q

Major indications for the use of Cassia senna

A

(senna) irritant laxative

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54
Q

Major indications for the use of Aesculus hippocastinum

A

(horse chestnut) blunt traumas, hematomas, hemorrhoids

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55
Q

Major indications for the use of Ruscus aculeatus

A

(butcher’s broom) hemorrhoids (OK in pregnancy)

56
Q

Major indications for the use of Collinsonia Canadensis

A

(stone root) constriction in throat/rectum, congestion

57
Q

Major indications for the use of Hamamelis virginiana

A

(witch hazel) venous debility, pale mucous tissues

58
Q

Major indications for the use of Agrimonia eupatoria

A

(agrimony) astringent and anti-microbial, mental tension/caught in bind

59
Q

(expectorant/antitussive/demulcent) facilitate the removal of respiratory secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree (E.g. resins)

A

expectorant

60
Q

(expectorant/antitussive/demulcent) decrease the frequency of a cough

A

antitussive

61
Q

(expectorant/antitussive/demulcent) soothes mucous membranes

A

demulcent

62
Q

which plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

Petasitis hybridus, Tussilago farfara

63
Q

Why do we use herbs to treat a cough?

A

Non-productive, inhibiting healing

64
Q

Major indications for the use of Urtica dioica

A

allergic rhinosinusitis, low BP, hair loss, mucus, diarrhea, swelling, anemia of pregnancy, arthritis

65
Q

Major indications for the use of Euphrasia officinalis

A

allergic rhinosinusitis, decongestant, conjunctivitis, watery discharge

66
Q

major indications for the use of Peasites hybridis

A

allergic rhinosinusitis

67
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare

A

tight/spastic coughs, asthma (w/ Grindelia)

68
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Ammi visnaga

A

tight/spastic coughs, asthma, bronchodilator, antitussive

69
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii

A

increase intercellular cAMP, relaxes smooth muscle

70
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Ephedra sinica

A

alpha/beta adrenergic agonist, increase NE, decongestant, antitussive, bronchodilator, increase HR, diaphoretic, diuretic *low dose herb

71
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Datura stramonium

A

*toxicity: tropane alkaloids, “purely spasmodic asthma”

72
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Thymus vulgaris

A

wet coughs

73
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Amoracia rusticana

A

decongestant, diaphoretic, mucolytic

74
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Salvia officinalis

A

wet coughs

75
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Hyssopus officinalis

A

wet coughs, antitussive, antimicrobial

76
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Ligusticum porter

A

bronchitis, colds/flus, sore throat * throat/upper lungs

77
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Inula helenium

A

deep lung conditions, irritating bronchial coughs, antimicrobial *deep lungs

78
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Grindelia spp

A

asthma, persistent/spasmodic coughs *upper lungs

79
Q

(respiratory) major indications for the use of Prunus serotina

A

antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, astringent, bitter

80
Q

(respiratory) Major indications for the use of Verbascum Thapsus

A

dry cough, anodyne, expectorant

81
Q

(respiratory) Major indications for the use of Glycyrrhiza

A

soothes mucus membranes, dry cough,

82
Q

(respiratory) Major indications for the use of Tussilago farfara

A

dry/spasmodic cough, recovery from smoking, emphysema, *pyrrolizidine alkaloids

83
Q

(6) Herbs that support the host

A

Echinacea, Astragalus membranaceus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus senticosus

84
Q

(11) Herbs that kill the microbe

A

Mahonia, Allium sativum (spares lactobacillus), Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Juglans nigra, Achillae millifolium, Artemesia, Hydrastis canadensis, Lomatium dissectum, Inula helenium, Juniperus communis

85
Q

What are 2 elements of a treatment strategy for infectious disease?

A

Support the host: address obstacles to cure, establish foundations of health, stimulate the vis, support organ systems, correct structural integrity,
Kill the microbes: prescribe natural substances for disease, drugs, surgery

86
Q

What is the purpose of using a synergist?

A

activate antimicrobials

87
Q

What is the purpose of using a lymphagogue?

A

Move the waste, help the body “clean up” the infection

88
Q

What is the purpose of using an immunomodulator?

A

Enhance immune function

89
Q

What herbs contain berberine?

A

Mahonia, Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis

90
Q

What are the elements of the HEMP formula?

A

Hydrastis, Echinacea, Myrrh, Phytolacca

91
Q

(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Potentilla tormentilla

A

watery diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, astringent

92
Q

(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root

A

chronic diarrhea with large mucus evacuations

93
Q

(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Hydrastis canadensis

A

antimicrobial, GI infection

94
Q

(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Mahonia spp

A

antimicrobial, GI infection

95
Q

(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Sambucus nigra

A

respiratory infections

96
Q

(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Eupatorium perfoliatum

A

influenza with aching bones, fever, chills

97
Q

For which conditions is it indicated to use a diuretic?

A

Increase flow, toxin elimination

98
Q

when to use a urinary astringent?

A

Loose/atonic system: losing protein/glucose, edema

99
Q

when to use a urinary demulcent?

A

Irritation in the urinary tract: UTI/cystitis, dysuria

100
Q

A urinary anti-inflammatory?

A

Inflammation: UTI, dysuria, stones

101
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

A

bloody/mucus secretions, weight in the loins, relaxed urinary tract

102
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate

A

mild urinary sx, prostate drainage, lymphatic draining

103
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Zea mays

A

gentle diuretic, relieve irritation

104
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Equisetum spp

A

cystic irritation, tenesmic urging to urinate, renal calculi

105
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Vaccinium macropcarpon

A

preventive for UTIs, decrease stone formation

106
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Juniperus communis

A

chronic urinary inflammation, atonic, congestion

107
Q

(urinary) the major indications for the use of Solidago spp

A

inflammation, renal gravel, bacterial infections

108
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Serenoa repens

A

(saw palmetto) BPH, male-pattern baldness, chronic prostatitis, prostate cancer, spasms in urethra

109
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root

A

BPH, anti-prostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic

110
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Epilobium parvifolium

A

BPH

111
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate

A

removes stagnant lymph, swollen glands, BPH

112
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Solidago spp

A

UTI, renal gravel

113
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Opuntia spp

A

BPH

114
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Punica granatum

A

antioxidant, nutritive

115
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Hippophae rhamnodies

A

decreased libido, antioxidant, tonic

116
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Tribulus terrestris

A

tonic, aphrodesiac, adrogenic and estrogenic, infertility

117
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Lepidium myenii

A

adaptogen, improves endurance and stamina, aphrodisiacal tonic

118
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Avena sativa

A

anti-depressant, adrenal and nerve tonic, sexual tonic

119
Q

(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of

A

strengthen yang, enhances libido

120
Q

(women’s health) know the major indications for the use of Vitex agnus castus

A

perimenopausal symptoms, PMS, fertility, oligomenorhea, dysmenorrheal, acne, endometriosis, acne, fibroids, mastalgia, prolactinoma

121
Q

Define a phytoestrogen

A

Substances that bind to and weakly stimulate estrogen receptors.

122
Q

Are all herbs with an estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?

A

No, phytoestrogens act on the receptor, other herbs can have estrogenic effect without sitting on the receptor.

123
Q

(women’s health) major indications for the use of Actea racemosa

A

perimenopausal sx, dysmenorrheal(w/ low back pain), oligomenorrhea, depression

124
Q

(women’s health) major indications for the use of Angelica sinensis

A

dysmenorrheal, irregular menses, pain due to pelvic congestion

125
Q

(women’s health) major indications for the use of Viburnum opulus

A

dysmenorrheal, menorrhagia, bronchoconstriction, muscle spasm,

126
Q

(women’s health) major indications for the use of Lepidium meyenii

A

perimenopausal sx, andropause, low libido, “adrenal fatigue”

127
Q

(women’s health) major indications for the use of Rheum rhaponticum

A

depression/anxiety assoc w/ menopause

128
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Lycopus virginicus

A

hyperthyroidism

129
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Leonurus cardiaca

A

hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety/tension, delayed menses, menopausal changes

130
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Melissa officinalis

A

hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety, palpitations, HA, depression, insomnia

131
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Iris versicolor

A

hypothyroidism, *low-dose/short-term herb (irritates GI)

132
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Withania somnifera

A

hypothyroidism w/ fatigue, insomnia, chronic inflammation

133
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Comiphora mukul

A

hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, increases uptake of iodine

134
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii

A

hypothyroidism w/ HTN, bronchoconstriction, muscle tension

135
Q

(thyroid) major indications for the use of Fucus vesiculosis

A

hypothyroidism, nutrient source of iodine

Bot Med 2 (2 decks)

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