Final Flashcards
Structure: Simple phenolic
•Aromatic (benzene) ring with an OH group
Structure: Tannins
astringents – phenolic acids with ester linkages to a central glucose
Structure: Coumarins
Structure: furanocoumarins
Structure: Chromones
Structure: Furanochromones
Structure: Anthraquinones
Structure: Lignans
•Dimeric compounds formed by two phenylpropene derivatives
Structure: Stilbenes
Example: Resveratrol
Structure: Flavanoids- flavone
Structure: Flavanoids - Flavonols
Structure: Flavanoids – Flavanones
Structure: flavanoids – Isoflavones
Which of the phenolic classes are volatile?
Eugenol
What is a glycoside?
•Phenolic compound with a sugar group
What is a glycone?
The sugar moiety of a glycoside is known as the glycone
What is an aglycone?
•phenolic portion of a glycoside is the aglycone
How are Anthraquinones used medicinally?
•many are pigments, most well known class of plant-based laxatives and purgatives. Many occur as glycosides.
What is the difference among anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins
All are pigments
anthocyanins are glycocides– anthocynadins with a sugar moiety
Anthocyanidins are structurally related to flavones, but carry a charge
Proanthocyanidins are related to flavonoid pigments, but have no sugar moiety. Oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ol moieties
Which classes of phenolic compounds act as phytoestrogens?
Lignans
Explain why, from a chemical standpoint, phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties.
lots of double bonds allow them to have resonance stabilization
How many carbon are in a monoterpene?
•10-carbon molecules
How many carbons are in a sesquiterpene?
15 carbons
How many carbon are in a diterpene?
20
How many carbons in a triterpene?
30
Which classes of terpenes are volatile?
sesquiterpenes
What is a resin?
- A mixture of terpenoid molecules and other aromatic compounds that combine to form a solid or semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury.
- The solid/semi-sold portion of resins are often di- and triterpenes, and the aromatic portion is commonly made up of mono- and sesquiterpenes.
- The aromatic components can be distilled from the heavier resinous components.
Define amphipathic
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
What are saponins?
glycosides with a distinctive foaming characteristic
What are the basic properties of an alkaloid?
•Nitrogenous molecules – the nitrogen is often contained in a heterocyclic ring.
How are alkaloids classified?
by their amino acids
Define mucilage
•Form gels or slime with water.
What are the effects of bitters on the function of the GI tract?
production of saliva
vagal efferents
Bitter stimulates Ghrelin, which inc hunger and the cycle of satiety
inc CCK, which stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice
Stimulates motility
Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa
Stimulates proliferation of mucosal cells
What type of compound are the bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?
Secoiridoid glycosides
What type of compound is, in large part, responsible for the antispasmodic action of carminative herbs
Volatile oils - monoterpenes
What purpose do astringent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with astringent herbs.
Tighten up tissues, close membranes. Hemorrhoids, leaky gut, secretory diarrhea
What purpose do demulcent herbs serve? What are some examples of conditions treated with demulcent herbs.
Calm/soothe irritated/inflamed membranes Sore throat, gastritis, IBS
major indications for the use of Gentiana lutea
stimulate digestion, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue
major indications for the use of Zingiber officinale
warming, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, increase circulation
major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare
promotes lactation, relieves flatulence/bloating
major indications for the use of Citrus sinensis/aurantium
dyspepsia, loss of appetite
major indications for the use of Matricaria recutita
antiemetic, nervine, bitter, carminative
Major indications for the use of Geranium maculatum
astringent, part of Robert’s formula (IBS), chronic diarrhea
major indications for the use of Rumex crispus
nutritive, strong astringent, patient’s going on new diet, leaky gut
difference between a laxative, purgative, and a cathartic
Laxative: mild
Purgative: moderate
Cathartic: severe, “coming out both ends”
What is the primary type of constituent responsible for the action of the purgative/cathartic herbs?
Anthroquinone glycosides
What are the uses of the outer leaf aloe vera?
Outer: strong irritant laxative
What are the uses of the inner gel of aloe vera?
demulcant, soothing, cool and moist, anti-inflammatory, polysaccharides (immunomodulating), bulking
major indications for the use of Linum usitatissimum
constipation (increase stool bulk), nutritive, colon damage, gastritis/enteritis
Major indications for the use of Plantago spp
(psyllium husk) chronic constipation, fissures, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, hyperlipidemia
Major indications for the use of Aloe spp (outer leaf)
constipation
Major indications for the use of Rhamnus purshiana
(bearberry) constpations, atonic bowels (w/ chronic hemorrhoids)
Major indications for the use of Cassia senna
(senna) irritant laxative
Major indications for the use of Aesculus hippocastinum
(horse chestnut) blunt traumas, hematomas, hemorrhoids
Major indications for the use of Ruscus aculeatus
(butcher’s broom) hemorrhoids (OK in pregnancy)
Major indications for the use of Collinsonia Canadensis
(stone root) constriction in throat/rectum, congestion
Major indications for the use of Hamamelis virginiana
(witch hazel) venous debility, pale mucous tissues
Major indications for the use of Agrimonia eupatoria
(agrimony) astringent and anti-microbial, mental tension/caught in bind
(expectorant/antitussive/demulcent) facilitate the removal of respiratory secretions from the trachea and bronchial tree (E.g. resins)
expectorant
(expectorant/antitussive/demulcent) decrease the frequency of a cough
antitussive
(expectorant/antitussive/demulcent) soothes mucous membranes
demulcent
which plants have pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Petasitis hybridus, Tussilago farfara
Why do we use herbs to treat a cough?
Non-productive, inhibiting healing
Major indications for the use of Urtica dioica
allergic rhinosinusitis, low BP, hair loss, mucus, diarrhea, swelling, anemia of pregnancy, arthritis
Major indications for the use of Euphrasia officinalis
allergic rhinosinusitis, decongestant, conjunctivitis, watery discharge
major indications for the use of Peasites hybridis
allergic rhinosinusitis
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Foeniculum vulgare
tight/spastic coughs, asthma (w/ Grindelia)
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Ammi visnaga
tight/spastic coughs, asthma, bronchodilator, antitussive
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii
increase intercellular cAMP, relaxes smooth muscle
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Ephedra sinica
alpha/beta adrenergic agonist, increase NE, decongestant, antitussive, bronchodilator, increase HR, diaphoretic, diuretic *low dose herb
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Datura stramonium
*toxicity: tropane alkaloids, “purely spasmodic asthma”
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Thymus vulgaris
wet coughs
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Amoracia rusticana
decongestant, diaphoretic, mucolytic
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Salvia officinalis
wet coughs
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Hyssopus officinalis
wet coughs, antitussive, antimicrobial
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Ligusticum porter
bronchitis, colds/flus, sore throat * throat/upper lungs
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Inula helenium
deep lung conditions, irritating bronchial coughs, antimicrobial *deep lungs
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Grindelia spp
asthma, persistent/spasmodic coughs *upper lungs
(respiratory) major indications for the use of Prunus serotina
antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, astringent, bitter
(respiratory) Major indications for the use of Verbascum Thapsus
dry cough, anodyne, expectorant
(respiratory) Major indications for the use of Glycyrrhiza
soothes mucus membranes, dry cough,
(respiratory) Major indications for the use of Tussilago farfara
dry/spasmodic cough, recovery from smoking, emphysema, *pyrrolizidine alkaloids
(6) Herbs that support the host
Echinacea, Astragalus membranaceus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus senticosus
(11) Herbs that kill the microbe
Mahonia, Allium sativum (spares lactobacillus), Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Juglans nigra, Achillae millifolium, Artemesia, Hydrastis canadensis, Lomatium dissectum, Inula helenium, Juniperus communis
What are 2 elements of a treatment strategy for infectious disease?
Support the host: address obstacles to cure, establish foundations of health, stimulate the vis, support organ systems, correct structural integrity,
Kill the microbes: prescribe natural substances for disease, drugs, surgery
What is the purpose of using a synergist?
activate antimicrobials
What is the purpose of using a lymphagogue?
Move the waste, help the body “clean up” the infection
What is the purpose of using an immunomodulator?
Enhance immune function
What herbs contain berberine?
Mahonia, Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis
What are the elements of the HEMP formula?
Hydrastis, Echinacea, Myrrh, Phytolacca
(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Potentilla tormentilla
watery diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, astringent
(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root
chronic diarrhea with large mucus evacuations
(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Hydrastis canadensis
antimicrobial, GI infection
(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Mahonia spp
antimicrobial, GI infection
(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Sambucus nigra
respiratory infections
(infectious disease) major indications for the use of Eupatorium perfoliatum
influenza with aching bones, fever, chills
For which conditions is it indicated to use a diuretic?
Increase flow, toxin elimination
when to use a urinary astringent?
Loose/atonic system: losing protein/glucose, edema
when to use a urinary demulcent?
Irritation in the urinary tract: UTI/cystitis, dysuria
A urinary anti-inflammatory?
Inflammation: UTI, dysuria, stones
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
bloody/mucus secretions, weight in the loins, relaxed urinary tract
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate
mild urinary sx, prostate drainage, lymphatic draining
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Zea mays
gentle diuretic, relieve irritation
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Equisetum spp
cystic irritation, tenesmic urging to urinate, renal calculi
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Vaccinium macropcarpon
preventive for UTIs, decrease stone formation
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Juniperus communis
chronic urinary inflammation, atonic, congestion
(urinary) the major indications for the use of Solidago spp
inflammation, renal gravel, bacterial infections
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Serenoa repens
(saw palmetto) BPH, male-pattern baldness, chronic prostatitis, prostate cancer, spasms in urethra
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Urtica dioica root
BPH, anti-prostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Epilobium parvifolium
BPH
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellate
removes stagnant lymph, swollen glands, BPH
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Solidago spp
UTI, renal gravel
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Opuntia spp
BPH
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Punica granatum
antioxidant, nutritive
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Hippophae rhamnodies
decreased libido, antioxidant, tonic
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Tribulus terrestris
tonic, aphrodesiac, adrogenic and estrogenic, infertility
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Lepidium myenii
adaptogen, improves endurance and stamina, aphrodisiacal tonic
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of Avena sativa
anti-depressant, adrenal and nerve tonic, sexual tonic
(men’s health) know the major indications for the use of
strengthen yang, enhances libido
(women’s health) know the major indications for the use of Vitex agnus castus
perimenopausal symptoms, PMS, fertility, oligomenorhea, dysmenorrheal, acne, endometriosis, acne, fibroids, mastalgia, prolactinoma
Define a phytoestrogen
Substances that bind to and weakly stimulate estrogen receptors.
Are all herbs with an estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?
No, phytoestrogens act on the receptor, other herbs can have estrogenic effect without sitting on the receptor.
(women’s health) major indications for the use of Actea racemosa
perimenopausal sx, dysmenorrheal(w/ low back pain), oligomenorrhea, depression
(women’s health) major indications for the use of Angelica sinensis
dysmenorrheal, irregular menses, pain due to pelvic congestion
(women’s health) major indications for the use of Viburnum opulus
dysmenorrheal, menorrhagia, bronchoconstriction, muscle spasm,
(women’s health) major indications for the use of Lepidium meyenii
perimenopausal sx, andropause, low libido, “adrenal fatigue”
(women’s health) major indications for the use of Rheum rhaponticum
depression/anxiety assoc w/ menopause
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Lycopus virginicus
hyperthyroidism
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Leonurus cardiaca
hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety/tension, delayed menses, menopausal changes
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Melissa officinalis
hyperthyroidism w/ anxiety, palpitations, HA, depression, insomnia
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Iris versicolor
hypothyroidism, *low-dose/short-term herb (irritates GI)
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Withania somnifera
hypothyroidism w/ fatigue, insomnia, chronic inflammation
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Comiphora mukul
hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, increases uptake of iodine
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Coleus forskolii
hypothyroidism w/ HTN, bronchoconstriction, muscle tension
(thyroid) major indications for the use of Fucus vesiculosis
hypothyroidism, nutrient source of iodine
