Final Flashcards
Viral meningitis:
What is it caused by?
What are the signs and symptoms?
- Viral Meningitis:
Causative Agent: 90% of cases caused by RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus
Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus
Signs and Symptoms: Similar to those of bacterial meningitis; Usually milder than those of bacterial or fungal meningitis. Sudden high fever, severe meningeal inflammation, and increased white blood cells in the CSF. Inflammation causes most signs and symptoms. Infection of the brain causes encephalitis. Can result in behavioral changes, coma, and death
–> also stiffness of neck
Arboviral Encephalitis:
What is it caused by?
What are the signs and symptoms?
- Arboviral Encephalitis:
Causative Agent: Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses
Transmitted via blood-sucking arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes) Mosquito-borne arboviruses can cause arboviral encephalitis. As zoonotic diseases, they rarely affect humans. Mosquito-borne viruses can cause infections that include West Nile, La Crosse, St. Louis, western equine and eastern equine encephalitis.
Signs and symptoms: Arboviruses usually cause mild, coldlike symptoms. Can cause encephalitis if cross the blood-brain barrier. Arboviruses infect many different animals. Six arboviruses cause most cases of viral encephalitis in Americans
West Nile virus is the most significant cause in the United States
Botulism:
What is it caused by?
Signs and symptoms?
Botulism:
Causative Agent: Clostridium botulinum is the causative agent → Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacillus, Common worldwide in soil and water & Different strains produce one of seven neurotoxins
Signs and Symptoms:
Botulism is an intoxication with three manifestations
Foodborne botulism: Progressive paralysis on both sides of the body & Slow recovery from growth of new nerve cell endings
Infant botulism: Results from the ingestion of endospores & Nonspecific symptoms
Wound botulism: Contamination of a wound by endospores & Symptoms are similar to those of foodborne botulism
Botulism: Everything relaxes and wont contract
–> botulism toxin blocks neuromuscular junction so Acetylcholin cant reach action potential
Tetanus:
What is it caused by?
Signs and Symptoms?
- Tetanus:
Causative Agent: Clostridium tetani is causative agent→ Found in soil, dust, and the intestines of humans and animals & Produce neurotoxin called tetanospasmin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter so muscle always contracts
Signs and symptoms:
Tightening of the jaw (lockjaw)
Spasms and contractions may spread to other muscles & Irregular heartbeat and blood pressure and profuse sweating may occur
Tetanus: Everything contracts and wont relax
–> Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter… always have ACH
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
What is it caused by?
Signs and symptoms?
- Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy):
Causative agent: Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent
Signs and Symptoms:
Tuberculoid leprosy: Nonprogressive form of the disease & Strong cell-mediated immune response (T-Cell Response)
Lepromatous leprosy: More virulent form of the disease Weak cell-mediated immune response (T-Cell Response)
Death from leprosy is rare
Polio:
What is it caused by?
Signs and Symptoms?
- whats the difference between minor polio, nonparalytic polio, paralytic polio and post polio?
Polio:
Causative Agent: Poliovirus is the causative agent & Transmitted most often by drinking contaminated water
Signs and symptoms: Asymptomatic infections→ almost 90% of cases
Minor polio: nonspecific symptoms
Nonparalytic polio: muscle spasms and back pain
Paralytic polio: produces paralysis
Postpolio syndrome can be debilitating
Brucellosis:
what is it caused by?
Signs and symptoms?
Brucellosis:
Causative Agent: Caused by Brucella melitensis strains. Endotoxin causes some of the signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms: Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon
Plague:
What is it caused by?
Signs and symptoms? difference between bubonic plague and pneomonic plague?
Yersinia pestis (Plague):
Causative Agent: Caused by Yersinia pestis
Signs and Symptoms:
Bubonic plague: Characterized by enlarged lymph nodes called buboes
Pneumonic plague: Occurs when the bacterium spreads to the lungs, Difficulty breathing can develop rapidly
Infectious mononucleosis:
What is it caused by?
Signs and symptoms?
Infectious mononucleosis:
Causative Agent: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4) is the causative agent: EBV establishes latent infection in host, Suppresses apoptosis of infected B cells
Signs and Symptoms: Severe sore throat and fever occur initially & Followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, appetite loss, and a skin rash
Schistosomiasis:
cause?
signs and symptoms?
Schistosomiasis:
Causative Agent: Caused by three species of Schistosoma
Signs and Symptoms:Swimmer’s itch may occur at infection site plus Eggs deposited throughout body can cause other symptoms
Diphtheria:
Cause?
Signs and Symptoms?
Diphtheria:
Causative Agent: Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae → Ubiquitous in animals and humans
Signs and Symptoms: Sore throat, localized pain, fever…
Presence of a pseudomembrane that can obstruct airways
Meningococcus:
Cause?
Virulence factors? What 3 things does Neiserria need to be virulent?
Neisseria meningitis (Meningococcus)
Causative agent: Neisseria meningitidis
Characteristics and Virulence Factors:
Pathogens and virulence factors:
Neisseria meningitidis: Gram-negative cocci
Known as meningococcus
**Fimbriae, capsule, and lipooligosaccharide help the bacteria attach to cells (Fat Cats Lick)`
Neisseria cells without these structures are avirulent
Capsule protects bacteria from phagocytic lysis
Blebbing releases **lipid A (Endotoxin) into the body: Triggers fever, inflammation, shock, and clotting
Tularemia:
Cause?
Virulence factors?
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia):
Causative Agent: Caused by Francisella tularensis
Characteristics and Virulence Factors: F. tularensis can survive within infected cells and Endotoxin causes many signs and symptoms
(s/s: Skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes at infection site and Ascending lymphangitis)
Streptococcal Respiratory Disease:
Cause by which group strep?
Virulence factors?
Streptococcus pyogenes (Streptococcal Respiratory Disease):
Causative Agent: Caused by streptococcus pyogenes
Characteristics and virulence factors:
Caused by group A streptococci (S. pyogenes)
Variety of virulence factors:
M proteins
Hyaluronic acid capsule–> hides detection from immune system
Streptokinases
C5a peptidase
Pyrogenic toxins
Streptolysins
Pneumococcal Pneumonia:
Cause?
Virulence factors? what are the 3 (Assholes Crap Poop)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Bacterial Pneumonias: Pneumococcal Pneumonia):
Causative Agent: Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Characteristics and virulence factors:
Virulence factors: Adhesins, Capsule, Pneumolysin
ALSO→ Bacterial Meningitis
Pathogens and virulence factors
Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Gram-positive coccus
Leading cause of meningitis in adults
Capsule protects bacteria from digestion by phagocytes
Enzymes and toxins enable bacteria to counteract immune defenses
Phosphorylcholine triggers endocytosis by cells
P
Streptococcus Agalactiae: Bacterial Meningitis
At risk group?
Streptococcus Agalactiae (Bacterial Meningitis):
Causative agent: Streptococcus Agalactiae
At Risk Group: S. agalactiae is leading cause of meningitis in newborns. S. agalactiae is acquired during birth in vaginal tract.
Listeria monocytogenes (Bacterial Meningitis): At risk group?
Listeria monocytogenes (Bacterial Meningitis):
- Causative agent: Listeria monoctyogenes
- At Risk Group: Listeria is not transmitted among humans except from mother to fetus transplacentally, Enters the body in contaminated food or drink. Rarely pathogenic in healthy adults
Meningitis can occur in pregnant women, fetuses, newborns, and the elderly or immunocompromised
Meningococcus Meningitis:
Cause?
At risk group?
Neisseria Meningitidis (Meningococcus Meningitis):
- Causative Agent: Neisseria Meningitidis (Meningococcus)
- At Risk Group: Meningococcal meningitis can become epidemic→ Spreads among individuals in barracks and dorms
Toxoplasma:
Cause?
At risk group?
Toxoplasma:
Causative Agent: Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent. Cats are the definitive host- cat poop
Toxoplasma infects and lives in many cell types
- At Risk Group: AIDS patients, pregnant women, and newborns
(not transmitted person to person, but can be transplacentally, organ transplant, or blood transfusion)
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP):
Cause?
At risk group?
Pneumocystis (Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP):
- Causative Agent: Caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii
- At Risk Group:Transmitted by inhalation of droplets containing the fungus
Common disease in AIDS patients
viral meningitis:
causative agent?
Diagnosis?
Viral Meningitis:
-Causative Agent: 90% of cases caused by RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus
Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus
-Diagnosis: Diagnosed by characteristic signs and symptoms of meningitis (stiff neck) in the absence of bacteria in the CSF
No specific treatment exists
Difficult to prevent the spread of enteroviruses
Viral Encephalitis:
Cause?
Diagnosis? Which virus is the most significant cause in the US
Viral Encephalitis:
-Causative Agent: Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses
Transmitted via blood-sucking arthropods
(e.g., mosquitoes). Mosquito-borne arboviruses can cause arboviral encephalitis. As zoonotic diseases, they rarely affect humans
-Diagnosis: Diagnosis based on signs and symptoms (Arboviruses usually cause mild, coldlike symptoms. Can cause encephalitis if cross the blood-brain barrier. Arboviruses infect many different animals
Six arboviruses cause most cases of viral encephalitis in Americans
West Nile virus is the most significant cause in the United States
Confirmed by presence of arbovirus-specific antibodies in CSF
Rabies:
Cause?
Treatment?
Rabies:
- Causative Agent: Rabies virus (ssRNA virus)
- Treatment: Treated with human rabies immunoglobulin (injecting straight up antibodies→artificially acquired passive immunity→ no clonal selection etc.), vaccine injections, and cleansing infection site
Pertusiss (Whooping Cough):
Cause?
Treatment?
Pertussis (Whooping Cough):
- Causative Agent: Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent
- Treatment: Treatment is primarily supportive, just make you feel better (antibiotics)
Prevention is with the DTaP vaccine
