Final Flashcards
The Scientific Management Theory
Adam Smith
- He defined that there are 2 different types of Labor
1 ) - Craft Style
An individual does everything including designing, and the whole process
2) - Production Style
A worker only does specified jobs and tasks
He claims that Job specialization and division improves much efficiency and productivity
It also allowed an individuals to be expert and relevant at their specific task performed.
F.W Taylor’s Scientific Management
- According to F. Taylor, A scientific Management is :
- Systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of re-designing the work process for higher efficiency.
It is to reduce the time a worker spent on each task by optimizing the ways of tasks are done.
Frederick Taylor 1800 late
4 principle of Scientific Management F Taylor
1) Study the ways jobs are performed
2) Determine new methods ways to do tasks
3- Gather time and motion information
4 Try different methods and evaluate to see which methods are the best.
4 principle
1- Study job performance
2 codify the new methods into rules by evaluating employees the new methods
3 Select workers with right skills and abilities
4 Establish fair levels of peformances and pay premium for high performances and compensation.
-He claims that
Instead of using the scientific methods to review jobs and tasks, determine the most effective ways to perform specific tasks.
- Match the workers with their jobs based on capability
- monitor performances and provide instructions
allocate workers between managers and workers.
Frank and Lillian Gilberth theory
It is study of fatigue caused by lightning
Time and motions studies such as breaking up each jobs actions into components
re-orgazining each tasks actions to be such more efficient
Times and motion studies…
- 1 Reduce the numbers of motions/proposal in a task to increase efficiency
- focus on incremental study of motions and times to understand its entire work
- the goal of increase efficiency is both increased profit and greater worker satisfaction.
Administrative management theory
- It focuses on organizational behavior and design structure that develops high efficiency and effectiveness
Max Weber = developed the concept of Bureaucracy as a formal system of organization and administration design to ensure effienency and effectiveness.
A Bureaucracy should be
1- system of written rules and standard operating procedures
2- Clearly stated specified tasks and role relationship
3- Rewards and selections of its employees
4- Clearly stated hierarchy authority.
RUles- should be formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken
Standard Operational Procedures: = Specific set of written instructions.
Norms- unwritten, informal codes of how people should act in particular situations.
Faylo’s Principle of Management
1 - Division of Labor = allows job specialization because too much tasks may leads to poor quality and dissatisfaction.
2- Authority and Responsibility = Both formal and informal authority resulting from special expertise
3 - Unity of Command = Employees should only have a one boss and not more !
4- Line of Authority = A clear chain of command from top to bottom of the firm .
5- Centralization = Authority resets at the top of the firm organization
6- Unity of Direction= A single plan of action to guide the firm/organization
7 Equity = Giving balanced and fair treatment to all employees
8 Order-= arrangement of employees by providing an opportunities such as career opportunities.
9 Initiative= The fostering of creativity and innovation by encouraging employees to work on their own .
10 Discipline = Obedient, being respectful to employees are important for the firm but is lack in today’;s firm
11 Remuneration of personal = the payment system that motivates and contributes to organizational success. e.g salary that are fair for employees.
12 Stability of tenure of personal = Long term employment is more important for the development of skills which improves organizations performance.
13= Subordination of Individual interest to the common interest.
14 Esprit de Corps = team motivation and perspective.
Team sprit
Behavioral Management Theory Mary Parker Follett
It is about how managers should behave in order to motivate other employees and to encourage them to perform well
It also Focuses on the way a manager should personally manage to motivate others.
Mary Parker Follett Says:
- She’s concerned that Taylor ignored the human side of the firm therefore, She suggested that
1 = workers should help in analyzing their jobs ]
2= If they have relevant knowledges/skills of the task, they should control its task.
The Hawthrone Studies
-Studies of :
How characteristics of the work settings affects workers fatigues and performances at the WESTERN ELECTRONIC COMPANY from 1924-32
- Workers productivity was measured at various levels of light illuminations
but researchers found that regardless of light level low or high, didn’t affect productivity.
Theory X and Y
X:
- Assumes that average workers are lazy, dislikes work and will do as little as possible, therefore, Managers must supervise them closely and punish and rewards them according to their act
Y:
- assumes workers are not lazy and want to do good job and task which is meaningful and interesting for them .
Therefore, managers must give them enough room, attitude and stimulate the work.
Management Science Theory
Its the quantitative techniques to maximized the use of organizational resources.
1) - Quantitative Management - Utilize linear programming modeling
2 - Operational management - used to analyze the all asepctes of the production system
3 - Total quality management - Analyzes input and conversion, output activities to increase product quality.
4- MIS management Information System - Provides informations for effective decision making
Types of structures
1 Mechanistic
= Authority is centralized at the TOP ( Theory X)
- Employees are closely monitored and managed..
2 Organic
= Authority is de-centralized ( Theory Y)
- less control
reliance and shared norm
= sutable for unstable environment in firm
Group Management
Group Definition - 2 or more person who are interacting in such a way that each person influences each other
Team = Groupe of people committed to common purposes set of performance, goals, visions familiarity among members
Group TEAM comparison
Work Team
1 Collective performance
Positive
Individual and Mutal
Complementary
Work Groups are:
: shares information
Neutral = sometimes negative
Individual
Random and varied.
Why is team more popular ?
- Teams are typically outperform individuals when tasks requires multiple skills, judgement, and experience
- Teams are bettie to utilize individual employee talents
- The flexibility and responsiveness of teams is essential in a changing environment.
- empowers its teams and increases job satisfaction and morale, enhances employee;s involvement and promote workforce diversity.
Types of work team
Virtual Team
- Groups of geographically and organizationally dispersed co workers who interacts using combination of telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish its goals.
Virtual teams may be temporary, existing only to accomplish specific task or they may be permanent and address ongoing matters.
- Membership is often fluid, evolving according to changing task requirements .
