Final Flashcards
What is respiratory quotient?
Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
What is the difference between the Type I and Type II alveolar cells?
Type I-squamous cells, form the wall of the alveoli, gas exchange Type II- septal cells, secrete alveolar fluid that contains surfactant which prevents the collapse of the alveoli with expiration
What are the major inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
Which respiratory muscles is innervated by the phrenic nerve?
Diaphragm
What are the mechanics of inspiration?
Alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure->Diaphragm contracts which increase the thorax size-> Intraplural pressure decreases and lungs expand-> air moves along the pressure gradient and atmosphere enters lungs
What to factors does recoil depend on?
1) Highly elastic connective tissue in the lungs 2) Alveolar surface tension
What is vital capacity?
Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximum inspiration.
What is the equation to determine vital capacity?
VC= IRV + TV + ERV
The person who has a tidal volume of 400 mL/breath and a respiratory rate of 14 breaths per minute and an anatomic death space volume of 120 mL has a pulmonary ventilation rate of _____?
5,600 mL/min
What effects does epinephrine have on airway resistance?
Causes bronchodialation
What effect does the autonomic nervous system have on airway resistance?
Causes bronchoconstriction with parasympathetic stimulation
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Physically dissolved- 10% Bound to Hgb- 30% As HCO3- 60%
What is the dominant input for neural control of respiration?
Central chemoreceptors
What type of cells mainly make up the dorsal respiratory group?
inspiratory neurons
Name the 8 functions of the kidney
1) Regulation of blood ionic composition 2) Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity, & glucose 3) Regulation of blood volume 4) Regulation of BP 5) Release of erythropoietin & calcitriol 6) Excretion of wastes & foreign substances 7) Production of renin 8) Conversion of Vitamin D into active form
Name 3 components of the nephron
1) Renal Corpuscle 2) Renal tubule 3) Collection ducts and papillary ducts
What is the Renal Corpuscle?
site of plasma filtration. Site of glomerulus capillaries where filtration occurs. Bowman’s capsule is double-sided epithelial cup that collects filtrate
What effect does the vasoconstriction of the afferant arterial blood flow have on: the glomerular filtration BP; net filtration pressure; and the resultant glomerular filtration rate?
Decreases all due to the constriction is before the Bowman’s capsule
What is the Glomerular filtration rate?
Amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys/min
Determine the net filtration pressure if the glomerular capillary pressure is 78mmHg, the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure is 24 mmHg, and the plasma-colloid osmotic pressure is 18 mmHg.
NFP= 78 - (24 + 18) NFP= 78 - 42 NFP= 36 mmHg
What is the role of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
25% of Na+ reabsorption, plays critical role n the kidney’s ability to produce urine of varying concentrations.
What is essential for Na+ reabsorption?
An active Na+ - K+ ATP’ase pump in basolateral membrane
What is purpose of tubular secretion of H+ ions?
H+ concentration regulates acid-base concentration
How is salt kept constant in ECF?
Through GFR and tubular reabsorption
Label stomach diagram
What are the functions of HCl?
1) activates pepsinogen to active enzyme pepsin and provides acid medium for optimal pepsin activity
2) Aids in breakdown in connective tissue and muscle fibers
3) Denatures protein
4) kills most of the microorganisms ingested with food
What are the 7 functions of the liver?
1) Metabolic processing of the major categories of nutrients
2) Detoxifying or degrading body wastes and hormones, drugs, and other foreign components
3) Synthesizes plasma proteins
4) Stores gylcogen, fats, iron, copper, and many vitamins
5) Activates Vitamin D
6) Removes bacteria and worn-out red blood cells
7) Excretes cholesterol and bilirubin
What is the function of bile?
emulsification of triglycerides
What is the role of cholecystokinin (cck)?
stimulate the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile into the duodonum
What role does the small intestine have on digestion?
- Pancreatic enzymes continue carbohydrate and protein
- Brush-border enzymes complete digestion of carbs and protein
- fats are digested completely within small intestine lumen by pancreatic lipase
What are the general mechanisms of Hormone Action?
- Hormone binds to target cell
- Cell may then; synthesize new molecules, change permeability of membrane, or alter rates of reactions
What is Cyclic AMP?
Kinases in the cytosol speed up/slow down physiological responses
What is the relationship of the hypothalmus with the pituitary gland?
Hypothalmus controls pituitary gland with 9 different releasing and inhibiting hormones that together regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metablism, and homeostasis.
What do somatomedins do?
act directly on bone and soft tissues to bring about most growth producing actions. stimulates protein synthesis, cell division, and lengthening and thicking of bones
What two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)
What is the funstion of the pineal gland?
Responsible for setting biological clock (induces sleepiness, jet lag, and seasonal affective disorder)
Explain Hypothalmic-pituitary feedback mechanism
Hypothalmus produces TRH-> releases TSH->increases thyroglobulin breakdown follicles->release of thryoid hormone into bloodstream-> increased thyroid hormone levels acts as feedback inhibition
What is a goiter?
increase in the size of the thyroid gland in a hypothyroid, euthyroid, or hyperthyroid state
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism as it pertains to Grave’s disease
- weight loss
- nervousness, irritibility, and fatigue
- goiter
- exophthalmos
- thickened skin over pre-tibial area
What is the adrenal medulla?
- modified part of the sympathetic nervous sytem
- primary stimulus of increased adrenomedullary secretion activiation
- secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
What does Epinephrine do?
- reinforces “fight or flight” response
- maintainance of arterial blood pressure
- increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids
What is purpose of Insulin?
- Anabolic hormone
- Promote cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and enhances their conversion into glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins respectively
- release is stimulated by elevated blood glucose level
Charecteristic of Type I diabetes
lack of insulin secretion
Characteristic of Type II diabetes
normal insulin secretion by lack of insulin sensitivity
Main purpose of parathyroid hormone
Facilitates activation of vitamin D
What does the Leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes) do?
Secretes testosterone
What is the function of the epididymis?
- transport sperm from testes through efferent duct of the epididymis which empties into the ductus epididymis
- the ductus epididymis is the site of sperm maturation and storage for up to one month
What impact does FSH have on the ovarian cycle?
Rise in FSH signals ovarian follicle to secrete more estrogen during the follicular phase. As estrogen levels increase, FSH decreases. Once corpus luteum degenerates, FSH starts to increase again, signaling start of new cycle.
What is the corpus luteum?
- formed after ovulation
- secretes large amounts of progesterine and estrogen
- degenerates if fertilization and implantation do not occur
