Final Flashcards
The process of improving the health of a population by enabling people to increase control over their health is called?
Health Promotion
The communication of information intended to improve knowledge about health in order to encourage people to take action to improve their health is called?
Health Education
A biopsychosocial model to conceptualize the process of intentional behavioral change is what model?
Transtheorectical Model of Behavior Change
Which model of lifestyle change is essentially a self-help approach that views successful lifestyle change as possible, but only with considerable planning?
Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
What are the stages of behavior changes?
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination
What is the key strategy to the pre contemplation step in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior change?
consciousness-raising (person may be unaware of need for change or feels he or she can’t change-lifestyle questionnaires, making lists of current health-promoting and inhibiting behaviors)
What are the 3 serious mistakes people make when starting a lifestyle change?
Expect miracles and set unrealistic goals, oversimplify the complexities associated with lifestyle change and view it as a willpower issue, view change as temporary goal rather than a long term goal
What does SMART stand for in goal setting?
specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely
Two main strategies for change in the action stage?
countering is one of the most powerful strategies-behavior substitution, contracting with oneself-written contracts more powerful than spoken
What is motivational interviewing?
a patient-centered, directive counseling style that aims to help people explore and resolve their ambivalence about behavior change.
What is ambivalence?
a state of mind in which a person has coexisting but conflicting feelings about something-wanting to change but not wanting to change.
What does OARS stand for in methods to enhance motivation?
open-eneded questions, affirm, reflective listening, summarize
Motivational interviewing uses what skill to help patients know you care?
reflective listening
What a speaker means and what the listener thinks the speaker means is connected by?
reflective listening
The health of women of childbearing age from pre-pregnancy through pregnancy, labor and delivery, the postpartum period and the health of the child prior to birth through adolescence defines?
Maternal, infant, and child (MIC) health
infant =
The process of determining the preferred number and spacing of children in one’s family and choosing the appropriate means to achieve this preference defines?
Family planning
How many pregnancies in the US are unintentional?
1/2
In 1973 the Supreme Court decided to make it unconstitutional for state laws to prohibit abortions..what is the name of this court battle?
Roe v. Wade
a medical/ethical position that holds that performing an abortion is an act of murder is termed?
pro-life
a medical/ethical position that holds that women have a right to reproductive freedom is termed?
pro-choice
T/F a mother who receives NO prenatal care is 3x more likely to give birth to a low birth weight infant
True
What are the risk factors of SIDS to advise your patients about?
Supine positioning during sleeping is preferred, and parents who smoke, and bed co-sharing when parents smoke
Babies who die from SIDS make low amounts of?
serotonin
Approximately how many abused/neglected children attend chiropractic clinics in the US each year?
100,000
A clinic-based program designed to provide a variety of nutritional and health-related good and services to pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, infants, and children user age 5 is what program?
WIC-Women, infants, and children program
Which two things for children should be under environmental surveillance?
trampolines (orthopedic injury-usually happen without supervision) and baby walkers (falls, delay walking, brain wiring issues)
study and management of environmental conditions that addict the health and well being of humans is called?
environmental health
factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury, disease, or death is termed?
environmental hazards
an event of nature that increases the probability of disease, injury, or death of humans;tsunamis, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, ect. is termed?
natural hazards-consequences=contaminated food and water, high temps, loss of shelter
Prepares communities for all hazards and manages the federal response and recovery efforts after any national incident is which agency?
FEMA-federal emergency agency
quasi-governmental agency that provides relief to victims of disasters is?
American Red Cross
Unwanted by-products of human activities is called?
residues and wastes
the primary law governing the disposal of solid and hazardous waste?
RCRA- resource conservation and recovery act
80% of waste management money is spent on?
collection and disposal
primary means of solid waste management?
disposal
a solid waste or combination of solid waste that is dangerous to human health and the environment (EPA) is?
hazardous waste
who established a strict system of controlling hazardous wastes from generation to disposal?
RCRA
what is the best solution for hazardous waste management?
hazardous waste recycling
uses microorganisms that destroy hazardous substances?
bioremediation
contamination of the air that interferes with the comfort, safety, and health of living organisms
air pollution
who is especially susceptible to airborne pollutants?
children and elderly
this act sets limits on pollution
Clean Air Act
which criteria pollutants pose the greatest threat to human health?
particulate matter and ground-level ozone
outdoor air pollution?
acid rain and global warming-destruction of the ozone layer and photo-chemical smog
key component of environmental health?
water
what % of the planet is covered in water?
70% -3% fresh 1% easily accessible
underground soil formation saturated with water and available for human use by pumping is called?
aquifier
any physical or chemical change in the water that can harm living organisms or make it unfair for other uses is called?
water pollution
what is the name for a single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the water?
point source pollution
all pollution that occurs through the runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutants into the water is called?
nonpoint source pollution
how many people have to have a reported illness from water before it is termed a Waterborne disease outbreak (WBDO)?
2
two new pollutants found in water are?
endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
what is the aka for EDCs?
xenoestrogens
what controls the point-source pollution of water?
clean water act
this regulates drinking water supply?
safe drinking water act
what are the AKAs for wastewater?
liquid waste or sewage
what % of pollutants are removed in wastewater treatment?
85-95%
what are the three types of natural radiation? (make up 55% of radiation)
extraterrestrial (sun and outer space), terrestrial (earth’s minerals), and internal (inside the body from ingestion)
what are the human made radiation sources?
x-rays, nuclear medicine, consumer products (TV), nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons
RCRA and CERCLA help regulate what?
disposal of lead-based products
any organism (plant, animal, or microbe) that has an adverse effect on human interests is termed?
pest
natural or synthetic chemicals that have been developed and manufactured for the purpose of killing pests (25,000 in the us) is called?
pesticides
most widely used pesticides?
herbicides (kill plants) and insecticides (kill insects)
how many injury deaths occur each year?
> 5 million
the CDC established a primary federal organization for violence prevention in the US called?
NCIPC National center for injury prevention and control
unintential injuries are most common in people of age?
44 or younger
