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LS final > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

ultimate

A

why; why does a behavior exist?

survival function/ evolutionary history

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2
Q

proximate or ultimate:

is the behavior heritable, influenced by genes?

A

proximate

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3
Q

p or u

what is the evolutionary history and origin of the behavior?

A

ultimate

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4
Q

p or u

how do hormones influence behavior, and which ones?

A

proximate

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5
Q

p or u

how does the nervous system influence behavior?

A

proximate

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6
Q

how is behavior influenced by natural selection?

A

ultimate

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7
Q

p or u

is the behavior modifies by experience?

A

proximate

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8
Q

p or u

how does behavior affect survival and reproduction?

A

ultimate

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9
Q

highly inflexible stereotypes behavior patterns

A

fixed action patterns

eg. a goose that brings golf ball into it’s nest

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10
Q

behaviors that require no learning are

A

innate behaviors

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11
Q

altruism

A

a behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior

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12
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

Br > C

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13
Q

direct fitness

A

derived from an individual’s on own off spring

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14
Q

indirect fitness

A

derived from helping relatives produce more off spring than they could produce on their own

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15
Q

inclusive fitness

A

combination of direct and indirect fitness

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16
Q

eusociality

A

involuntary altruistic behavior (eg. bees)

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17
Q

piloting is..

A

the use of familiar landmarks

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18
Q

learned behaviors are…

A

more flexible

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19
Q

sign stimulus lead to…

A

fixed action patterns

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20
Q

the red spot on a mothers beak is a..

A

sign stimulus

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21
Q

Fixed action pattern to a red spot is…

A

pecking

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22
Q

innate behaviors are…

A

expressed in most individuals in a population

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23
Q

you can measure if something is genetic by…

A
  1. ) studying genes and alleles directly

2. ) studying resemblance among relatives

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24
Q

waves, fires, and trees falling are all examples of

A

disturbances

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25
Q

removal or covering of soil and soil community and organisms above the soil

A

primary succession

eg. receding glaciers, lava from volcanoes

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26
Q

does not remove all soil and soul organisms

A

secondary succession

eg. sand dunes and lakes that go dry

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27
Q

weedy species that can grow in highly disturbed areas

A

pioneering species

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28
Q

what’s special about pioneering species?

A

they devote much of their resources to reproduction ( not competition)
- small seeds, rapid growth, and short life spans

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29
Q

what are three types of species interactions for succession?

A
  1. facilitation
  2. tolerance
  3. inhibition
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30
Q

facilitation

A

presence of early species improves chances for later species

eg. soil stabilizing, nitrogen fixing

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31
Q

tolerance

A

presence if a species does not affect subsequent species

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32
Q

inhibition

A

presence of a species reduces a chance of later species

eg. shades out or produces toxic chemicals

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33
Q

takes into account the number of species — golf course and tropical rain Forrest could be the same

A

species richness

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34
Q

takes into account prevalence. tropical rain Forrest > gulf course

A

species diversity

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35
Q

large islands have…

A

more species than small islands

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36
Q

the species on small islands are…

A

more prone to extinction

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37
Q

the effects of keystone species are…

A

disproportionately large relative to abundance or biomass

eg. wolves but not oak trees

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38
Q

range of conditions where we find an organism in the absence of predators or competition

A

fundamental niche

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39
Q

the niche in the presence if predation and competition

A

realized niche

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40
Q

niche differentiation

A

much partitioning

( two over lapping niches become separate)

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41
Q

how does natural selection play a role in niche differentiation?

A

natural selection deacons individuals who do not compete — leads to— character displacement

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42
Q

aposematism

A

toxic

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43
Q

mullerian mimicry occurs when..

A

they are ALL poisonous!!

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44
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

some poisonous and others are copy cats!

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45
Q

physiological or developmental (growth) response to predation and herbivory

A

inducible defenses

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46
Q

a top down control’s effect on plants looks like:

A

predators limiting herbivore populations

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47
Q

bottom up control of plants looks like

A
  • plants limit herbivore populations through poor nutrients and chemical or physical defenses
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48
Q

proximate

A

how; how does a behavior work?

immediate stimuli
development

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49
Q

what is a risk of predation?

A

chance x predation

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50
Q

the optimal time in a patch

A

maximizes the difference between cost and benefit

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51
Q

population ecology measures

A

distribution and abundance

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52
Q

ordered or uniform distribution has

A

variance/ mean

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53
Q

random distribution has

A

variance/ mean =1

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54
Q

clumped distribution has

A

variance/ mean&raquo_space;1

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55
Q

where do we expect to see ordered distribution?

A

when there is direction competition/ territories

eg plants releasing chemicals to keep other plants away or fish defending nests of territories

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56
Q

when do we expected to see clumped distribution?

A

when the resources themselves are clumped

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57
Q

total population equals

A

number of first sample marked x total captured the second time / number in second sample that were captured before

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58
Q

– & – lead to population growth

A

birth and immigration

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59
Q

– & – lead to population decline

A

deaths and emigration

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60
Q

generation time

A

average time between mothers and daughters first off spring

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61
Q

what is replacement rate?

A

on average 2 children per mother

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62
Q

an example of type one survivorship

A

humans

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63
Q

an example of type three survivorship

A

Mosquitos

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64
Q

an example of type two survivorship

A

squirrels

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65
Q

‘r’ selected has

A

low survivorship and high fecundity

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66
Q

k selected has

A

high survivorship and low fecundity

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67
Q

as fast as a population can grow in unlimited conditions

A

intrinsic rate of growth ( r max)

eg. women having 12 kids

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68
Q

equation for growth rate for generations

A

( initial population size) ( 1 + rate) ^t

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69
Q

instantaneous growth rate often..

A

change with density

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70
Q

what happens if N is small?

A

the population will grow at an intrinsic rate of growth

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71
Q

what happens when N

A

the population will grow

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72
Q

what happens when N > K?

A

the population will shrink

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73
Q

what happens when N=K?

A

the population will neither grow nor shrink

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74
Q

the immigration rate — as the number of species increases

A

decreases

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75
Q

more species means these species are..

A

more likely to go extinct

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76
Q

the TOTAL chemical energy produced in a given area in a given time

A

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

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77
Q

chemical potential energy STORED as biomass

A

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

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78
Q

when changes in high topic levels influence tropic levels toe or more links away

A

trophic cascade

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79
Q

organisms that are ‘k’ selected…

A

tend to be near carrying capacity often

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80
Q

metapopulations

A

consist of two or more subpopulations

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81
Q

a source

A

provides individuals

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82
Q

a sink

A

gains individuals

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83
Q

some subpopulations might go

A

locally extinct

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84
Q

lynx populations

A

follow hare’s populations

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85
Q

the relationship of individuals in a species to all aspects of their biotic and abiotic environment

A

niche

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86
Q

when one species drives the other locally extinct

A

competitive exclusion

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87
Q

the range if conditions where we find an organism in the absence of predators or competition

A

fundamental niche

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88
Q

the niche in the presence of predation and competition

A

realized niche

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89
Q

prokaryotic organisms have/ are

A
  • single celled
  • lack nuclear envelope & membrane bound organelles
  • circular DNA
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90
Q

plasmodium reproduce — in humans

A

asexually

mitosis only

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91
Q

plasmodium produce — in Mosquitos

A

sexually

meiosis followed by mitosis

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92
Q

eukaryotes are the combination if archaea and bacteria(mitochondria)

A

endosymbiosis theory

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93
Q

mitochondrial genes where likely derived from

A

protobacteria

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94
Q

gametophytes are

A

haploid

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95
Q

gametophytes produce

A

gametes

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96
Q

sporophytes are

A

diploid

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97
Q

sporophytes produce

A

spores

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98
Q

spores produces

A

gametophytes

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99
Q

protists are

A

all eukaryotes except for fungi, animals, and land plants

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100
Q

protists are what type of group?

A

paraphyletic

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101
Q

all eukaryotes have

A

a nuclear envelope

102
Q

why are protists important?

A

they are primary producers

103
Q

protists have:

A
  1. ) mitochondria or genes for mitochondria
  2. ) nucleus and endomembrane system
  3. ) cytoskeleton
104
Q

bacteria and archaea are both —- but not —-

A

both nearly all single celled, but not a natural taxon

105
Q

what are traits of prokaryotes?

A
  • nearly all single celled
  • lack nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles
  • have circular DNA
106
Q

archaea share what traits with us?

A

traits related to RNA polymerase and translation

107
Q

what can you do with bacteria that can survive really high temperatures?

A

TAQ and PCR cycles

108
Q

another word for a nonvascular plant

A

bryophyte

109
Q

3 nonvascular plants

A

liverwort, moss, hornwort

110
Q

why are free algea closely related to plants?

A
  • same photosynthetic pigments
  • similar internal cellular structures
  • chloroplasts make start as a storage product
111
Q

advantages of sex has to be

A

profound! because they has a two fold advantage

112
Q

plants’ adaptations for living on land

A 
cuticle
stomata
guard cells
pores
motile sperm
gametangia
113
Q

gametangia

A

keep gametes from drying out in land plants ( except for in angiosperm)

114
Q

male gametanguim

A

antheridium

115
Q

female gametanguim

A

archegonium

116
Q

where do land plants’ zygotes begin to develop?

A

on the living parent plant (seeds)

117
Q

in land plants male and female gametes make a

A

zygote

118
Q

zygote developed into a

A

sporophyte

119
Q

in nonvascular land plants how do sperm find the egg?

A

swimming!

120
Q

nonvascular pants are dominated by what?

A

gametophyte (1n)

121
Q

sporophyte in nonvascular plants are

A

short lived

122
Q

seedless vascular plants have life cycles dominated by….

A

sporophyte

123
Q

gametophytes in seedless vascular plants are…

A

short lived

124
Q

what separates seed and seedless plants?

A

seed plants have two types of spores

125
Q

homosporous

A

produce one type of spore ( seedless)

126
Q

heterosporous

A

produce both male and female spores (seed plants)

127
Q

microsporangia produce

A

sperm

128
Q

mega sporangia produce

A

eggs

129
Q

what’s an example of megasporangia in in gymnosperm?

A

ovulate cone

130
Q

endosperm is

A

3n

131
Q

megasporangia for angiosperms are

A

in the ovaries

132
Q

where are the microsporangia for angiosperms?

A

on anthers or stamen

133
Q

why did plants transition to land?

A
  • lack of competition
  • light
  • higher concentrations of CO2
134
Q

tracheids

A

are the pipes

135
Q

has lignin rings to provide strength and rigidity

A

vascular tissue

136
Q

fungi are more close related to … than …

A

fungi are more close related to animals than plants

137
Q

what characteristics link fungi and animals?

A
  • both synthesize chitin

- both have single flagella in flagellated cells

138
Q

why are fungi important?

A
  • they can digest cellulose and lignin => recycling carbon

- aid plants in the uptake of nitrogen

139
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is not affected

140
Q

symbiosis between fungi and either algea or Cyanobacteria

A

lichen

141
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

grow among roots of plants

142
Q

extracellular fungi

A

ectomycorrhizal

143
Q

intercellular mycorrhizal

A

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

144
Q

where are arbuscular mycorrhizal common?

A

grasslands and tropical forrests

145
Q

why are hyphae so branchy?

A

to increase the surface area to volume ratio (makes transfer more efficient)

146
Q

in fungi when cytoplasm from two individuals fuse

A

plasmogamy (n+n)

147
Q

in fungi the fusion of nuclei from fused hyphae

A

karyogamy (2n)

148
Q

when two genetically distinct haploid nuclei coexist in cells they are

A

dikaryotic

149
Q

the three stages in asexual reproduction in fungi include

A

mycelium> spore producing structure > spore

150
Q

chytrid fungi have

A
  • motile gametes (they swim!)

- alternation of generations

151
Q

what do chytrid fungi do to frogs?

A

they make their skin to thick, impermeable, and they suffocate

152
Q

why are chytrid fungi so deadly all of the sudden?

A

they were likely transported from carriers that weren’t affected and because they didn’t co-evolve it became deadly in these frogs

153
Q

the mushrooms that we see are

A

spore producing bodies that have basidium

154
Q

where does plasmogamy take place in mushrooms?

A

in the mycelium and then it forms a mushroom

155
Q

where does karyogamy take place in mushrooms? (then what?)

A

in the basidium and then it releases spores into the wind!

156
Q

spores produce what in fungi?

A

mycelium

157
Q

all animals:

A
  1. ) have an extra cellular matrix
  2. ) are heterotrophs
  3. ) move (at some point)
  4. ) have neurons and muscle cells (except sponges)
158
Q

what does an extra cellular matrix do?

A

allow cells to cell adhesion and communication

159
Q

fighting within males for babes is

A

intrasexual selection

160
Q

Porifera

A

sponges

161
Q

Ctenophora

A

comb jellies

162
Q

Cnidaria

A

jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

163
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

164
Q

Annelids

A

segmented worms

165
Q

mollusks

A

snails, clams, squids

166
Q

Nematodes

A

roundworms

167
Q

Arthropods

A

insects, spiders, crustations

168
Q

Echinoderms

A

sea stars and sand dollars

169
Q

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement are

A

unique to animals

170
Q

traits of sponges

A
  • suspension feeders
  • specialized cells
  • extra cellular matrix
  • develop from a single cell later
  • do not have well organized tissue
171
Q

turning from a blastula to a gastrula

A

gastrulation

172
Q

diploblasts have

A

two embryonic tissue layers (endo and ectoderm)

173
Q

triploblasts

A

have three embryonic tissue layers

174
Q

what are the three types of tissue layers you could have?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

175
Q

in diploblasts the ectoderm becomes:

A

skin and nervous tissue

176
Q

in diploblasts endoderm becomes

A

digestive track and reproductive organs

177
Q

in triploblasts ectoderm becomes

A

skin and nerves

178
Q

in triploblasts mesoderm becomes

A

circulatory system, muscles, bones, and organs

179
Q

In triploblasts endoderm becomes

A

lining of digestive tissue

180
Q

all bilaterians are

A

triploblasts

181
Q

can divide organisms along more than one plane and get mirror images

A

radial symmetry

182
Q

can only divide organisms along one plane and get mirror images

A

bilateral symmetry

183
Q

radially symmetric animals tend to

A

be sessile and have net nerve cells

184
Q

radially symmetric animals

A

tend to be sessile and have net nerve cells

185
Q

bilaterally symmetric animals tend to

A

have central nervous systems and cephalization

186
Q

Echinoderms are

A

bilaterally symmetric when young and then become radially symmetric

187
Q

fluid filled cavities between inner and putter tubes

A

coelem

188
Q

what does the coelem do?

A
  • allows internal organisms to move independently

- provides space for circulation

189
Q

have no coelem

A

acoelomates

190
Q

have to mesoderm lining the gut

A

pseudocoelomates

191
Q

have coelem completely lined with mesoderm

A

coelomates

192
Q

nematodes (roundworms) are the only

A

pseudocoelomates

193
Q

allows for movement through squeezing and extending

A

hydrostatic skeleton

194
Q

why do we have metamorphosis?

A

to exploit different resources

195
Q

cnidarians possess a gastrovascular cavity with a singular opening because

A

diploblasts only have one tube

196
Q

mouth first development happens in

A

protostomes

197
Q

develops their mouth second

A

deuterostome

198
Q

multicellular fungi

A

mycelia

199
Q

septa are

A

seperators ( found in certain fungi)

200
Q

mycelia that have septa need

A

pores

201
Q

the thin zone around the earth where all life exists

A

biosphere

202
Q

separates islands between Australia and Asia because of a deep trench. Causes very different flora

A

Wallace line

203
Q

the dessert area just beyond the mountains

A

rain shadow

204
Q

temperate grasslands and temperate Forrest both have moderate temperature an precipitation. What differentiates them?

A

grass lands are too dry to enable tree growth and encroaching trees are burned by prairie fires

205
Q

the study of the distribution and abundance of animals

A

ecology

206
Q

endoderms have…. optimal temperature

A

wider ( because they can regulate body temperature) ( cool off by lifting wings)

207
Q

group of individuals that live in the same area at the same time

A

population

208
Q

multiple populations they interact in a particular area

A

community

209
Q

ecosystem biology includes

A

both biotic and abiotic factors

210
Q

influences on biosphere (where things live on earth)

A

global ecology

211
Q

application if ecology to preserve or restore populations, communities, or ecosystems

A

conservation biology

212
Q

abiotic

A

non-living

213
Q

examples of biotic factors

A

food or prey
predators or parasites
hosts or host plants
competitors

214
Q

Argentinian ants are only more successful than native species when

A

the environment is moist

215
Q

optimally implies that…

A

animals do what is “best”

216
Q

normative models tell us

A

what should happen “normally”

217
Q

tries to explain what happens on a particular circumstance

A

descriptive model

218
Q

does choice mean it’s a learned behavior?

A

not necessarily (guppy mate preference)

219
Q

what happens to the ottoman time spent foraging if the risk of predation is higher?

A

animals should spend less time foraging

220
Q

ornaments are

A

signals/ indicator traits

221
Q

anisogamy

A

sexual reproduction

222
Q

fecundity

A

how many children you have

223
Q

all animals have

A
  • extra cellular matrix
  • are heterotrophs
  • move under their own power
  • have neurons and muscle cells (except fungi)
224
Q

all bilaterally symmetric animals include

A

acoela, protostomes and deuterostomes

225
Q

cnidarias have what type of tissue

A

both triplo and diplo… but most often diplo (they separate triploblasts from diploblasts)

226
Q

four facts about cnidarians

A
  1. ) usually diploblasts
  2. ) has a gastrovascular cavity with a singular opening
  3. ) undergoes metamorphosis
  4. ) has a net nerve cell
227
Q

an organism that exhibits cephalozation is

A

bilaterally symmetric

228
Q

when should you be able to distinguish between triplo and diplo blasts?

A

at gastrulation

229
Q

nonvascular land plants have… sperm

A

flagellate

230
Q

whose segmented?

A

Annelids, anthropods, Chordates ( only vertebrates)

231
Q

Ctenophora move

A

via rows of cilia

232
Q

what does being bilaterally symmetric imply?

A

the presence of a central nervous system

233
Q

mouth first development

A

protostomes

234
Q

challenges animals had transitioning to land

A
  1. ) gas exchange
  2. ) avoid drying out
  3. ) holding up their bodies
  4. ) reproduce
235
Q

key characteristics of lophotrochozoas

A
  1. ) lophophore
  2. ) trochophore
  3. ) spiral pattern

( only need 1/3)

236
Q

what are four chatagoeis a with in lophotrochozoa?

A

Rotifers, mollusks, Annelids and Platyhelminthes

237
Q

two groups of protostomes

A
  1. ) lophotrochozoa

2. ) ecdysozoans

238
Q

because Platyhelminthes don’t have a coelem they

A

-lack a circulatory system, and gas exchange happens directly through their skin

239
Q

mollusks use this for movement

A

muscular feet

240
Q

contains the internal organs of a mollusk

A

visceral mass

241
Q

covers a mollusks visceral mass and often secretes a shell

A

mantel

242
Q

rasp like particle that mollusks use to scrape food off rocks

A

radula

243
Q

mate once and die

A

semelparous

244
Q

mate and reproduce several times (like a devil octupus)

A

iteroparpous

245
Q

ecdysozoans grow by

A

molting

246
Q

what do anthropods have?

A

segmented body
exoskeleton
joint appendages

247
Q

tropical forests and desserts are both hot. Why are they different?

A

tropical forests are wetter. Desserts have greater variation in their temperature

248
Q

when a population is growing rapidly what do individuals do?

A

emigrate

249
Q

sinks are in

A

decline

250
Q

the Santa Monica mountains has

A

high population structure

251
Q

sinks growth rates

A

are less than 0

252
Q

sources growth rates

A

is increasing (greater than 0)

LS final (6 decks)

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