final Flashcards
1
Q
ultimate
A
why; why does a behavior exist?
survival function/ evolutionary history
2
Q
proximate or ultimate:
is the behavior heritable, influenced by genes?
A
proximate
3
Q
p or u
what is the evolutionary history and origin of the behavior?
A
ultimate
4
Q
p or u
how do hormones influence behavior, and which ones?
A
proximate
5
Q
p or u
how does the nervous system influence behavior?
A
proximate
6
Q
how is behavior influenced by natural selection?
A
ultimate
7
Q
p or u
is the behavior modifies by experience?
A
proximate
8
Q
p or u
how does behavior affect survival and reproduction?
A
ultimate
9
Q
highly inflexible stereotypes behavior patterns
A
fixed action patterns
eg. a goose that brings golf ball into it’s nest
10
Q
behaviors that require no learning are
A
innate behaviors
11
Q
altruism
A
a behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior
12
Q
Hamilton’s rule
A
Br > C
13
Q
direct fitness
A
derived from an individual’s on own off spring
14
Q
indirect fitness
A
derived from helping relatives produce more off spring than they could produce on their own
15
Q
inclusive fitness
A
combination of direct and indirect fitness
16
Q
eusociality
A
involuntary altruistic behavior (eg. bees)
17
Q
piloting is..
A
the use of familiar landmarks
18
Q
learned behaviors are…
A
more flexible
19
Q
sign stimulus lead to…
A
fixed action patterns
20
Q
the red spot on a mothers beak is a..
A
sign stimulus
21
Q
Fixed action pattern to a red spot is…
A
pecking
22
Q
innate behaviors are…
A
expressed in most individuals in a population
23
Q
you can measure if something is genetic by…
A
- ) studying genes and alleles directly
2. ) studying resemblance among relatives
24
Q
waves, fires, and trees falling are all examples of
A
disturbances
25
removal or covering of soil and soil community and organisms above the soil
primary succession
eg. receding glaciers, lava from volcanoes
26
does not remove all soil and soul organisms
secondary succession
eg. sand dunes and lakes that go dry
27
weedy species that can grow in highly disturbed areas
pioneering species
28
what's special about pioneering species?
they devote much of their resources to reproduction ( not competition)
- small seeds, rapid growth, and short life spans
29
what are three types of species interactions for succession?
1. facilitation
2. tolerance
3. inhibition
30
facilitation
presence of early species improves chances for later species
eg. soil stabilizing, nitrogen fixing
31
tolerance
presence if a species does not affect subsequent species
32
inhibition
presence of a species reduces a chance of later species
eg. shades out or produces toxic chemicals
33
takes into account the number of species --- golf course and tropical rain Forrest could be the same
species richness
34
takes into account prevalence. tropical rain Forrest > gulf course
species diversity
35
large islands have...
more species than small islands
36
the species on small islands are...
more prone to extinction
37
the effects of keystone species are...
disproportionately large relative to abundance or biomass
eg. wolves but not oak trees
38
range of conditions where we find an organism in the absence of predators or competition
fundamental niche
39
the niche in the presence if predation and competition
realized niche
40
niche differentiation
much partitioning
| ( two over lapping niches become separate)
41
how does natural selection play a role in niche differentiation?
natural selection deacons individuals who do not compete --- leads to--- character displacement
42
aposematism
toxic
43
mullerian mimicry occurs when..
they are ALL poisonous!!
44
Batesian mimicry
some poisonous and others are copy cats!
45
physiological or developmental (growth) response to predation and herbivory
inducible defenses
46
a top down control's effect on plants looks like:
predators limiting herbivore populations
47
bottom up control of plants looks like
- plants limit herbivore populations through poor nutrients and chemical or physical defenses
48
proximate
how; how does a behavior work?
immediate stimuli
development
49
what is a risk of predation?
chance x predation
50
the optimal time in a patch
maximizes the difference between cost and benefit
51
population ecology measures
distribution and abundance
52
ordered or uniform distribution has
variance/ mean
53
random distribution has
variance/ mean =1
54
clumped distribution has
variance/ mean >>1
55
where do we expect to see ordered distribution?
when there is direction competition/ territories
| eg plants releasing chemicals to keep other plants away or fish defending nests of territories
56
when do we expected to see clumped distribution?
when the resources themselves are clumped
57
total population equals
number of first sample marked x total captured the second time / number in second sample that were captured before
58
-- & -- lead to population growth
birth and immigration
59
-- & -- lead to population decline
deaths and emigration
60
generation time
average time between mothers and daughters first off spring
61
what is replacement rate?
on average 2 children per mother
62
an example of type one survivorship
humans
63
an example of type three survivorship
Mosquitos
64
an example of type two survivorship
squirrels
65
'r' selected has
low survivorship and high fecundity
66
k selected has
high survivorship and low fecundity
67
as fast as a population can grow in unlimited conditions
intrinsic rate of growth ( r max)
eg. women having 12 kids
68
equation for growth rate for generations
( initial population size) ( 1 + rate) ^t
69
instantaneous growth rate often..
change with density
70
what happens if N is small?
the population will grow at an intrinsic rate of growth
71
what happens when N
the population will grow
72
what happens when N > K?
the population will shrink
73
what happens when N=K?
the population will neither grow nor shrink
74
the immigration rate --- as the number of species increases
decreases
75
more species means these species are..
more likely to go extinct
76
the TOTAL chemical energy produced in a given area in a given time
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
77
chemical potential energy STORED as biomass
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
78
when changes in high topic levels influence tropic levels toe or more links away
trophic cascade
79
organisms that are 'k' selected...
tend to be near carrying capacity often
80
metapopulations
consist of two or more subpopulations
81
a source
provides individuals
82
a sink
gains individuals
83
some subpopulations might go
locally extinct
84
lynx populations
follow hare's populations
85
the relationship of individuals in a species to all aspects of their biotic and abiotic environment
niche
86
when one species drives the other locally extinct
competitive exclusion
87
the range if conditions where we find an organism in the absence of predators or competition
fundamental niche
88
the niche in the presence of predation and competition
realized niche
89
prokaryotic organisms have/ are
- single celled
- lack nuclear envelope & membrane bound organelles
- circular DNA
90
plasmodium reproduce --- in humans
asexually
| mitosis only
91
plasmodium produce --- in Mosquitos
sexually
| meiosis followed by mitosis
92
eukaryotes are the combination if archaea and bacteria(mitochondria)
endosymbiosis theory
93
mitochondrial genes where likely derived from
protobacteria
94
gametophytes are
haploid
95
gametophytes produce
gametes
96
sporophytes are
diploid
97
sporophytes produce
spores
98
spores produces
gametophytes
99
protists are
all eukaryotes except for fungi, animals, and land plants
100
protists are what type of group?
paraphyletic
101
all eukaryotes have
a nuclear envelope
102
why are protists important?
they are primary producers
103
protists have:
1. ) mitochondria or genes for mitochondria
2. ) nucleus and endomembrane system
3. ) cytoskeleton
104
bacteria and archaea are both ---- but not ----
both nearly all single celled, but not a natural taxon
105
what are traits of prokaryotes?
- nearly all single celled
- lack nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles
- have circular DNA
106
archaea share what traits with us?
traits related to RNA polymerase and translation
107
what can you do with bacteria that can survive really high temperatures?
TAQ and PCR cycles
108
another word for a nonvascular plant
bryophyte
109
3 nonvascular plants
liverwort, moss, hornwort
110
why are free algea closely related to plants?
- same photosynthetic pigments
- similar internal cellular structures
- chloroplasts make start as a storage product
111
advantages of sex has to be
profound! because they has a two fold advantage
112
plants' adaptations for living on land
```
cuticle
stomata
guard cells
pores
motile sperm
gametangia
```
113
gametangia
keep gametes from drying out in land plants ( except for in angiosperm)
114
male gametanguim
antheridium
115
female gametanguim
archegonium
116
where do land plants' zygotes begin to develop?
on the living parent plant (seeds)
117
in land plants male and female gametes make a
zygote
118
zygote developed into a
sporophyte
119
in nonvascular land plants how do sperm find the egg?
swimming!
120
nonvascular pants are dominated by what?
gametophyte (1n)
121
sporophyte in nonvascular plants are
short lived
122
seedless vascular plants have life cycles dominated by....
sporophyte
123
gametophytes in seedless vascular plants are...
short lived
124
what separates seed and seedless plants?
seed plants have two types of spores
125
homosporous
produce one type of spore ( seedless)
126
heterosporous
produce both male and female spores (seed plants)
127
microsporangia produce
sperm
128
mega sporangia produce
eggs
129
what's an example of megasporangia in in gymnosperm?
ovulate cone
130
endosperm is
3n
131
megasporangia for angiosperms are
in the ovaries
132
where are the microsporangia for angiosperms?
on anthers or stamen
133
why did plants transition to land?
- lack of competition
- light
- higher concentrations of CO2
134
tracheids
are the pipes
135
has lignin rings to provide strength and rigidity
vascular tissue
136
fungi are more close related to ... than ...
fungi are more close related to animals than plants
137
what characteristics link fungi and animals?
- both synthesize chitin
| - both have single flagella in flagellated cells
138
why are fungi important?
- they can digest cellulose and lignin => recycling carbon
| - aid plants in the uptake of nitrogen
139
commensalism
one organism benefits and the other is not affected
140
symbiosis between fungi and either algea or Cyanobacteria
lichen
141
mycorrhizal fungi
grow among roots of plants
142
extracellular fungi
ectomycorrhizal
143
intercellular mycorrhizal
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
144
where are arbuscular mycorrhizal common?
grasslands and tropical forrests
145
why are hyphae so branchy?
to increase the surface area to volume ratio (makes transfer more efficient)
146
in fungi when cytoplasm from two individuals fuse
plasmogamy (n+n)
147
in fungi the fusion of nuclei from fused hyphae
karyogamy (2n)
148
when two genetically distinct haploid nuclei coexist in cells they are
dikaryotic
149
the three stages in asexual reproduction in fungi include
mycelium> spore producing structure > spore
150
chytrid fungi have
- motile gametes (they swim!)
| - alternation of generations
151
what do chytrid fungi do to frogs?
they make their skin to thick, impermeable, and they suffocate
152
why are chytrid fungi so deadly all of the sudden?
they were likely transported from carriers that weren't affected and because they didn't co-evolve it became deadly in these frogs
153
the mushrooms that we see are
spore producing bodies that have basidium
154
where does plasmogamy take place in mushrooms?
in the mycelium and then it forms a mushroom
155
where does karyogamy take place in mushrooms? (then what?)
in the basidium and then it releases spores into the wind!
156
spores produce what in fungi?
mycelium
157
all animals:
1. ) have an extra cellular matrix
2. ) are heterotrophs
3. ) move (at some point)
4. ) have neurons and muscle cells (except sponges)
158
what does an extra cellular matrix do?
allow cells to cell adhesion and communication
159
fighting within males for babes is
intrasexual selection
160
Porifera
sponges
161
Ctenophora
comb jellies
162
Cnidaria
jellyfish, corals, sea anemones
163
Platyhelminthes
flatworms
164
Annelids
segmented worms
165
mollusks
snails, clams, squids
166
Nematodes
roundworms
167
Arthropods
insects, spiders, crustations
168
Echinoderms
sea stars and sand dollars
169
nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement are
unique to animals
170
traits of sponges
- suspension feeders
- specialized cells
- extra cellular matrix
- develop from a single cell later
- do not have well organized tissue
171
turning from a blastula to a gastrula
gastrulation
172
diploblasts have
two embryonic tissue layers (endo and ectoderm)
173
triploblasts
have three embryonic tissue layers
174
what are the three types of tissue layers you could have?
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
175
in diploblasts the ectoderm becomes:
skin and nervous tissue
176
in diploblasts endoderm becomes
digestive track and reproductive organs
177
in triploblasts ectoderm becomes
skin and nerves
178
in triploblasts mesoderm becomes
circulatory system, muscles, bones, and organs
179
In triploblasts endoderm becomes
lining of digestive tissue
180
all bilaterians are
triploblasts
181
can divide organisms along more than one plane and get mirror images
radial symmetry
182
can only divide organisms along one plane and get mirror images
bilateral symmetry
183
radially symmetric animals tend to
be sessile and have net nerve cells
184
radially symmetric animals
tend to be sessile and have net nerve cells
185
bilaterally symmetric animals tend to
have central nervous systems and cephalization
186
Echinoderms are
bilaterally symmetric when young and then become radially symmetric
187
fluid filled cavities between inner and putter tubes
coelem
188
what does the coelem do?
- allows internal organisms to move independently
| - provides space for circulation
189
have no coelem
acoelomates
190
have to mesoderm lining the gut
pseudocoelomates
191
have coelem completely lined with mesoderm
coelomates
192
nematodes (roundworms) are the only
pseudocoelomates
193
allows for movement through squeezing and extending
hydrostatic skeleton
194
why do we have metamorphosis?
to exploit different resources
195
cnidarians possess a gastrovascular cavity with a singular opening because
diploblasts only have one tube
196
mouth first development happens in
protostomes
197
develops their mouth second
deuterostome
198
multicellular fungi
mycelia
199
septa are
seperators ( found in certain fungi)
200
mycelia that have septa need
pores
201
the thin zone around the earth where all life exists
biosphere
202
separates islands between Australia and Asia because of a deep trench. Causes very different flora
Wallace line
203
the dessert area just beyond the mountains
rain shadow
204
temperate grasslands and temperate Forrest both have moderate temperature an precipitation. What differentiates them?
grass lands are too dry to enable tree growth and encroaching trees are burned by prairie fires
205
the study of the distribution and abundance of animals
ecology
206
endoderms have.... optimal temperature
wider ( because they can regulate body temperature) ( cool off by lifting wings)
207
group of individuals that live in the same area at the same time
population
208
multiple populations they interact in a particular area
community
209
ecosystem biology includes
both biotic and abiotic factors
210
influences on biosphere (where things live on earth)
global ecology
211
application if ecology to preserve or restore populations, communities, or ecosystems
conservation biology
212
abiotic
non-living
213
examples of biotic factors
food or prey
predators or parasites
hosts or host plants
competitors
214
Argentinian ants are only more successful than native species when
the environment is moist
215
optimally implies that...
animals do what is "best"
216
normative models tell us
what should happen "normally"
217
tries to explain what happens on a particular circumstance
descriptive model
218
does choice mean it's a learned behavior?
not necessarily (guppy mate preference)
219
what happens to the ottoman time spent foraging if the risk of predation is higher?
animals should spend less time foraging
220
ornaments are
signals/ indicator traits
221
anisogamy
sexual reproduction
222
fecundity
how many children you have
223
all animals have
- extra cellular matrix
- are heterotrophs
- move under their own power
- have neurons and muscle cells (except fungi)
224
all bilaterally symmetric animals include
acoela, protostomes and deuterostomes
225
cnidarias have what type of tissue
both triplo and diplo... but most often diplo (they separate triploblasts from diploblasts)
226
four facts about cnidarians
1. ) usually diploblasts
2. ) has a gastrovascular cavity with a singular opening
3. ) undergoes metamorphosis
4. ) has a net nerve cell
227
an organism that exhibits cephalozation is
bilaterally symmetric
228
when should you be able to distinguish between triplo and diplo blasts?
at gastrulation
229
nonvascular land plants have... sperm
flagellate
230
whose segmented?
Annelids, anthropods, Chordates ( only vertebrates)
231
Ctenophora move
via rows of cilia
232
what does being bilaterally symmetric imply?
the presence of a central nervous system
233
mouth first development
protostomes
234
challenges animals had transitioning to land
1. ) gas exchange
2. ) avoid drying out
3. ) holding up their bodies
4. ) reproduce
235
key characteristics of lophotrochozoas
1. ) lophophore
2. ) trochophore
3. ) spiral pattern
( only need 1/3)
236
what are four chatagoeis a with in lophotrochozoa?
Rotifers, mollusks, Annelids and Platyhelminthes
237
two groups of protostomes
1. ) lophotrochozoa
| 2. ) ecdysozoans
238
because Platyhelminthes don't have a coelem they
-lack a circulatory system, and gas exchange happens directly through their skin
239
mollusks use this for movement
muscular feet
240
contains the internal organs of a mollusk
visceral mass
241
covers a mollusks visceral mass and often secretes a shell
mantel
242
rasp like particle that mollusks use to scrape food off rocks
radula
243
mate once and die
semelparous
244
mate and reproduce several times (like a devil octupus)
iteroparpous
245
ecdysozoans grow by
molting
246
what do anthropods have?
segmented body
exoskeleton
joint appendages
247
tropical forests and desserts are both hot. Why are they different?
tropical forests are wetter. Desserts have greater variation in their temperature
248
when a population is growing rapidly what do individuals do?
emigrate
249
sinks are in
decline
250
the Santa Monica mountains has
high population structure
251
sinks growth rates
are less than 0
252
sources growth rates
is increasing (greater than 0)
