Final Flashcards
What is the normal osmolality of extracellular fluid?
300 mOsm/kg
What are the 4 contributors to most of osmolality?
sodium, chloride, bicarb, potassium
What are the 3 causes of hyperosmolality of serum?
hypernatremia (always), hyperglycemia, increased BUN
What can a increased osmolal gap be caused by?
IV mannitol infusion
radiographic contrast agents
ethanol
ethylene glycol
What is the cause of hypo-osmolality?
hyponatremic
What are the sequelae of hypo-osmolality?
IV hemolysis, neuro signs, shock
What are the 2 processes that affect partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?
increased paO2 (alveolar) venous admixture
What does it mean if paCO2 is high? (>45 mm Hg)
hypoventilation
If paO2 is low and paCO2 is high, what does that mean?
hypoxemia secondary to hypoventilation
If paO2 is low and paCO2 is low, what does that mean?
hypoxemia from venous admixture
If paO2 is low and paCO2 is normal, what does that mean?
hypoxemia from increased venous admixture
Which causes more protein to be lost in urine? Glomerular or renal tubular dz?
glomeruler dz
What casts are significant regardless of umber?
RBC casts, WBC casts, hemoglobin, myoglobin or bilirubin casts
What 3 urine crystals are found normally in dogs and cats?
triple phosphate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, ammonium biurate
Decreased HCO3
Cl- WRI
AG increased
titration acidosis (increased unmeasured ions)
Increased HCO3
Decreased Cl-
AG WRI
Metabolic alkalosis
always loss of gastric or abomasal HCL
Decreased AG
Increased HCO3
hypoalbuminemia
Increased AG
Increased HCO3
Decreased Cl-
mixed metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
loss of Cl and increased AG is most common
What are the 3 causes of hyperosmolality?
hypernatremia
hyperglycemia
increased BUN
What are the components of the anion gap in health?
albumin (50%), phosphates, sulfates, salts of organic acids
Decreased HCO3
Cl- WRI or increased
AG WRI
secretion acidosis (loss of bicarbonate)
Does acidosis or alkalosis shift potassium into cells causing hypokalemia?
alkalemia
What are 3 causes of increased tALP in cats?
cholestasis
hyperthyroidism
increased osteoblastic activity
What 4 things causes increased tALP in canine?
Cholestasis
phenobarbital
glucocorticoids
increased osteoblastic activity
What 3 things cause increased blood ammonia concentrations?
Porto systemic shunt
hepatic insufficiency
GI hemorrhage
What are the 4 components of nephrotic syndrome?
hypoalbuminemia
hypercholesterolemia
proteinuria
edema
What is TLI good at diagnosing?
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
not pancreatitis
What is the test of choice for diagnosing acute pancreatitis?
pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI)
What molecule decreases with malabsorption in the distal small intestine?
cyanocobalamin (B12)
What molecule decreases with malabsorption in proximal small intestine?
folate
What are 4 things that cause increase in serum folate concentrations?
intestinal bacterial overgrowth
low gastric pH
folate supplements
hemolysis (false positive)
