Final

Question 1

What is the normal osmolality of extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

300 mOsm/kg

Question 2

What are the 4 contributors to most of osmolality?

Answer 2

sodium, chloride, bicarb, potassium

Question 3

What are the 3 causes of hyperosmolality of serum?

Answer 3

hypernatremia (always), hyperglycemia, increased BUN

Question 4

What can a increased osmolal gap be caused by?

Answer 4

IV mannitol infusion
radiographic contrast agents
ethanol
ethylene glycol

Question 5

What is the cause of hypo-osmolality?

Answer 5

hyponatremic

Question 6

What are the sequelae of hypo-osmolality?

Answer 6

IV hemolysis, neuro signs, shock

Question 7

What are the 2 processes that affect partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?

Answer 7

increased paO2 (alveolar)
venous admixture

Question 8

What does it mean if paCO2 is high? (>45 mm Hg)

Answer 8

hypoventilation

Question 9

If paO2 is low and paCO2 is high, what does that mean?

Answer 9

hypoxemia secondary to hypoventilation

Question 10

If paO2 is low and paCO2 is low, what does that mean?

Answer 10

hypoxemia from venous admixture

Question 11

If paO2 is low and paCO2 is normal, what does that mean?

Answer 11

hypoxemia from increased venous admixture

Question 12

Which causes more protein to be lost in urine? Glomerular or renal tubular dz?

Answer 12

glomeruler dz

Question 13

What casts are significant regardless of umber?

Answer 13

RBC casts, WBC casts, hemoglobin, myoglobin or bilirubin casts

Question 14

What 3 urine crystals are found normally in dogs and cats?

Answer 14

triple phosphate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, ammonium biurate

Question 15

Decreased HCO3
Cl- WRI
AG increased

Answer 15

titration acidosis (increased unmeasured ions)

Question 16

Increased HCO3
Decreased Cl-
AG WRI

Answer 16

Metabolic alkalosis

always loss of gastric or abomasal HCL

Question 17

Decreased AG

Increased HCO3

Answer 17

hypoalbuminemia

Question 18

Increased AG
Increased HCO3
Decreased Cl-

Answer 18

mixed metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

loss of Cl and increased AG is most common

Question 19

What are the 3 causes of hyperosmolality?

Answer 19

hypernatremia
hyperglycemia
increased BUN

Question 20

What are the components of the anion gap in health?

Answer 20

albumin (50%), phosphates, sulfates, salts of organic acids

Question 21

Decreased HCO3
Cl- WRI or increased
AG WRI

Answer 21

secretion acidosis 
(loss of bicarbonate)

Question 22

Does acidosis or alkalosis shift potassium into cells causing hypokalemia?

Answer 22

alkalemia

Question 23

What are 3 causes of increased tALP in cats?

Answer 23

cholestasis
hyperthyroidism
increased osteoblastic activity

Question 24

What 4 things causes increased tALP in canine?

Answer 24

Cholestasis
phenobarbital
glucocorticoids
increased osteoblastic activity

Question 25

What 3 things cause increased blood ammonia concentrations?

Answer 25

Porto systemic shunt
hepatic insufficiency
GI hemorrhage

Question 26

What are the 4 components of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 26

hypoalbuminemia
hypercholesterolemia
proteinuria
edema

Question 27

What is TLI good at diagnosing?

Answer 27

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

not pancreatitis

Question 28

What is the test of choice for diagnosing acute pancreatitis?

Answer 28

pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI)

Question 29

What molecule decreases with malabsorption in the distal small intestine?

Answer 29

cyanocobalamin (B12)

Question 30

What molecule decreases with malabsorption in proximal small intestine?

Answer 30

folate

Question 31

What are 4 things that cause increase in serum folate concentrations?

Answer 31

intestinal bacterial overgrowth
low gastric pH
folate supplements
hemolysis (false positive)