Final Flashcards
With historical-comparative research one examines a different culture or period to better understand the social world. T or F
True
Quantitative data is empirical expressed as words, visual images, sounds, or objects. T or F
False
In longitudinal research the researcher examines the features of people or other units at multiple points in time. T or F
True
Field research is a type of quantitative research in which a researcher directly observers the people being studied in a natural setting for an extended period. Often, the research combined intensive observing with participation in the people’s activities. T or F
False
A social impact addy study is a type of applied research in which a researcher estimated the likely consequences or outcome of a planned intervention or intentional change to occur in the future. T or F
True
A time-series study is a type of longitudinal research in which a researcher gathers the same type of information across two or more time periods. T or F
True
The halo effect is an error often made when people use personal experience as an alternative to science for acquiring knowledge. It is when a person overgeneralizes from what he or she accepts as being highly positive or prestigious and let its strong reputation or prestige “rub off”onto other areas. T or F
True
A panel study is a powerful type of longitudinal research in which a researcher observes exactly the same people, group, or organization across multiple time points. T or F
True
Exploratory research is research in which a researcher identifies sources of social behaviors, beliefs, conditions, and events; documents causes; test theories; and provide reasons. T or F
False
Explanatory research is
Research in which a researcher seeks to test theories and addresses the question of why events or patterns occur in social reality
Define applied research
1
Define descriptive research
2.
Quantitative data is empirical evidence in the form of numbers. T or F
True
Hubert Humbort wants to draw a sample of people in Michigan who own an authentic, imported espresso coffee maker. There is no list of the people, and there is no reason to believe that they know each other. What type of sampling should Hubert use?
Purposive sampling
According to the central limit theorem used in inferential statistics,
if you draw many random samples, the samples form a normal curve with the highest point of the distribution equal to the population parameter.
John Johnson used nonrandom sampling in his study of successful scientists. He knew most got excellent grades in high school and college, excelled in mathematics, and had a strong interest in science from a young age. For his study, he was interested in sampling those who were successful as adult scientists, but did poorly in high school, did average or worse in math classes, and showed little interest in science until they reached college or later in life. What type of sampling was he using?
deviant case
Professor Hangnail wants to study how people join a small extremist political organization dedicated to right-wing ideas. He first interviews recent recruits and asks who introduced him/her to the organization. He next interviews the named person and asked who introduced them to the organization, and so forth. This is
snowball sampling
If you use this, you do not give an exact estimate of the population parameter. Instead the range is from a little below and a little above your best estimate of the population parameter based on statistics about the sampling error from your random sample and how certain you want to be of an answer.
confidence interval
A law-like mathematical relationship that states: Whenever many random samples are drawn from a population and plotted, a normal distribution is formed, and the center of such a distribution for a variable is equal to its population parameter.
central limit theorem
A range of values, usually a little higher and a little lower than a specific value found in a sample. One can specify with a probability level the degree of confidence that the population parameter lies within the range.
confidence interval
A type of nonrandom sampling, especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting.
deviant case sampling
A type of sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process.
nonrandom sample
A characteristic of the entire population that is estimated from a sample.
parameter
The name for the large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and which is usually described in broad, theoretical terms is population
true
Purposive sampling is a type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to reach population
true
is a type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to reach population
purposive sampling
The name for the large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and which is usually described in broad, theoretical terms
population
Probability proportionate to size or (PPS) is a type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population.
false
Quota sampling is a type of random sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, then he or she selects a predetermined number of cases in each category.
false
A random number table is a list of numbers that has no pattern, such that each has an equal chance of occurring. Researchers use it to randomly select cases and for other randomization purposes.
true
is a list of numbers that has no pattern, such that each has an equal chance of occurring. Researchers use it to randomly select cases and for other randomization purposes.
random number table
A random sample is a type of sample in which the researcher uses a random number table or similar mathematical random process so that each sampling element will have an equal probability of being selected.
true
A population is a smaller set of cases selected by a researcher from a sample, and from which the researcher generalizes to the sample.
true
A sampling distribution is a distribution of values created by drawing many random samples from the same population.
true
Sequential sampling is a type of nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his/her energy is exhausted, or until no new information or diversity is appearing as new cases are added.
true
Simple random sampling is a type of random sampling in which a researcher creates a sampling frame and uses a pure random process to select cases. Each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected.
true
A type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher begins with one case, then, based on information about relationships from that case, identifies other connected cases and continues the process again and again to capture a network of linked cases.
snowball sampling
A numerical estimate of a population parameter computed from a sample.
statistic
A type of random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, then uses a random selection method to select cases for each category.
stratified sampling
A type of random sample in which a researcher selects every kth (e.g., 12th) case from the sampling frame by using a sampling interval.
systematic sampling
The name for the large group of many cases from which a sample is drawn and which is specified in very specific, concrete terms.
population
Which sequence illustrates the progression of quantitative measurement steps?
conceptualization, conceptual definition, operational definition, and measurement in the empirical world
Safrina developed a way to measure sexist attitudes. It worked such that a person with a sexist-attitude score of zero truly had neutral attitude. Also, a person who had a score of 50 had exactly double the score of someone with a score of 25. She created a(n)
ratio variable
Anthony DeGrassi asked 200 students about individual forms of physical exercise they have seriously tried. He asked questions about: (1) bicycling, (2) swimming, (3) jogging/long-distance running, and (4) weight training [free-weights or exercise machines]. When he looked at the results he found that a large majority of those who tried weight training previously had tried bicycling, swimming, and jogging. At the same time, joggers usually had tried swimming and bicycling, but not weight lifting. Also, many of those who bicycle had never tried any other form of exercise listed. With this type of result, what scaling technique should you recommend he use to organize the information?
Guttman scale
Janice developed a new measure of intelligence. She then tested two groups of people. One group scored low on existing IQ tests. The other scored very high. Those who scored low on old tests usually scored low on her new test; those who scored very high on old tests usually scored high on the new test. Her new measure has
concurrent validity
During the conceptualization process, a quantitative researcher should
look for multiple dimensions to construct
I took an abstract idea and developed a clear conceptual definition for it. This is called
conceptualization
Dr. Smellie’s survey question asked students to indicate their class standing as one of the following: Fresh., Soph., Jr., Sr., or Grad. He measured the variable at what level of measurement?
ordinal
Which one of the following is FALSE?
Ordinal measures have the properties of interval measures.
-Interval measures have the properties of nominal measures.
-Ratio measures have the properties of ordinal measures.
-Ordinal measures have the properties of nominal measures
-all are true
-Ordinal measures have the properties of interval measures.
Which of the following is NOT measured at a higher level than the nominal level?
- —temperature
- —student grades
- —personal income in a year
- –the color of a person’s hair (blond, brunette, redhead)
- —-the number of members in a club
personal income
Which of the following is measured at the ordinal level?
- George weighs the same as Harry.
- Mary weighs less than Janet.
- Martha weighs eight pounds more than Ruth.
- Sam weighs twice as much as his dog.
- Henry and Charlie weigh 150 lbs.
Mary weighs less than Janet
What level of measurement is being used in the statement: “A fox terrier is smaller than a Russian wolfhound, but bigger than a Chinchilla.”
ordinal
Fat Harry got on the scale at 7:00 a.m. and weighed 295 pounds. At 7:02 a.m. he again got on the scale and weighed 200 pounds. At 7:04 he weighed 499 pounds. The measurement of Harry’s weight has problems with reliability.
true
Female, Catholic, and educational level are all favriables.
false
Dr. Horse developed a measure of an ideal place to live. He added together measures of many factors: tax rate, quality of school system, cultural and recreational opportunities, pollution, traffic congestion, crime rate, and health-care availability for 100 U.S. cities to get a score for each. Dr. Horse created an index.
true
Dr. Soundstorm developed a measure of an ideal rock group. She added together ratings of six factors: clear beat in music, on-stage performance excitement, new electronic sound, dress and appearance of performers, distinctiveness of sound, and degree to which lyrics were relevant. She rated 25 groups on the six factors to get an overall measure of each rock group. She created a scale
false
A researcher should consider using the Guttman scale when one thinks there might be a pattern in data or survey responses, such that all who agree with a strong position also agree with mild positions, but those holding a mild position rarely take a strong stand.
true
A Bogardus Social Distance Scale is a scale that measures the distance between two or more social groups by having members of one group express the point at which they feel comfortable with various types of social interaction or closeness with member of other groups(s).
true
A conceptual definition is a careful, systematic definition of a construct that is explicitly written to clarify one’s thinking. It is often linked to other concepts or theoretical statements.
true
Concurrent validity is a form of measurement validity that relies on a preexisting and already-accepted measure to verify the indicator of a construct.
true
Nominal-level measurement is the lowest, least precise level of measurement for which there is only a different in type among the categories of a variable.
true
An index is a type of quantitative data measure often used in survey research that captures the intensity, direction, level, or potency of a variable construct along a continuum. Most are at the ordinal level of measurement.
false
A type of hypothesis in which the researcher expresses variables in abstract, conceptual terms and expresses the relationship among variables in a theoretical way.
a conceptual hypothesis
he process of developing clear, rigorous, systematic conceptual definitions for abstract ideas/concepts.
conceptualization
Measurement validity that requires that a measure represent all the aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct is called.
concurrent validity
A(n) _______________ measurement is a level of measurement that identifies differences among variable attributes, ranks, and categories, and that measures distance between categories, but it is not based on a true zero.
interval level
A summing or combination of many separate measures of a construct or variable.
index
A system that organizes the information in the measurement of variables into four general levels from nominal to ratio level.
levels of measurement
A good literature review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence, ability, and background.
true
While a good literature review places a research project in a context, it need not demonstrate its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge
false
The first step in a good literature review is to define and refine your topic
true
Examining the literature is a technique for narrowing a topic into a research question
true
While quantitative research designs are meant to test the researcher’s hypothesis, qualitative research designs are not.
false
There is no place for the internet in scholarly research.
false
APA stands for American Psychological Association and is shorthand for a stylesheet that provides guidelines for what a research paper should look like.
false
ASA stands for American Standardized Abstracts and is the only stylesheet for writing research papers and reports that is accepted by the scientific community.
false
The last step in the literature review process is for the researcher to decide on whether to use a quantitative or qualitative design.
false
A specific context one can apply in narrowing a research topic to a research question is to focus on a specific historical period.
true
Which of the following might one expect from a good literature review?
- Integrates and summarizes what is known in an area
- Allows researcher to learn from others and develop new ideas
- Both of the above
- None of the above
Both of the above
What is the independent variable(s) in the following hypothesis?
- “Persons who experience economic deprivation during socialization will place a higher priority on economic self-interest later in life than will people who did not experience economic deprivation during socialization.”
- economic deprivation
- priority of economic self-interest
- persons
- later life
economic deprivation
Which of the following is part of study design by someone using the quantitative research style?
- variables and hypotheses - grounded theory - use of first-, second-, and third-order interpretation - nonlinear research path - emphasis on cases and contexts
variables and hypotheses
Which of the following is considered a positive feature of using Internet for social research?
- information can quickly cross vast distances and international borders
- high “quality control” of all the information on the Internet
- stability and permanence of sources
- all important sources are available on the Internet, nothing is missing
- ease when searching for very specific information quickly getting the one piece of specific information needed and nothing extra
information can quickly cross vast distances and international borders
Details of a scholarly journal article’s location that helps people to find it quickly are
Attribute
Citation
Variable
Source
Category
citation
Which of the following is not an expected outcome of a good literature review
A good literature review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence, ability, and background.
While a good literature review places a research project in a context, it need not demonstrate its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge
The first step in a good literature review is to define and refine your topic
All of the above
None of the above
none of the above
Which of the following is not a source for locating research reports in a literature review
Articles in Scholarly Journals Social Sciences Index Books All of the above None of the above
none of the above
