Final

Question 1

Cell cycles stages

Answer 1

M phase (PMAT) 
- mitosis (nuclear division)
- cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) 
Interphase between m phases
- G1 phase (cell growth) 
- S phase (DNA replication) 
- G2 phase (more growth) 
Back to mitosis

Question 2

Mitosis

Answer 2

Nuclear division (exact copy)

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Cytokinesis and cell splitting (sex cells)

Question 4

Interphase needs how much time?

Answer 4

long enough for the cell to double in size, so replications don’t reduce overall amount.

Question 5

Cell cycle is dependent activated on…

Answer 5

cyclically activated protein kinases (Cdks)

Question 6

How do cyclins function?

Answer 6

No enzymatic activity of their own, but they bind cdks to activate them

Question 7

Kinesin

Answer 7

motor protein moving vesicles to + end of microtubules

Question 8

Dynein

Answer 8

Opposite of Kinesin

Question 9

How do vesicles reverse direction?

Answer 9

Multiple motor proteins can be attached at once (Kinesin + Dynein). Reversals can happen when some detach or others take over

Question 10

ion channel coupled receptors

Answer 10

cell surface receptor

-

Question 11

G-protein coupled receptor

Answer 11

Cell surface receptor

- responds to extra-cellular signal pathways

Question 12

Enzyme coupled receptors

Answer 12

cell surface receptor

- responds to extra-cellular signal pathways

Question 13

G-protein

Answer 13

• regulate ion channels and plasma enzymes

- binds gtp and hydrolyzes to act as signal switch. signal then shut down

Question 14

Cell cycle control system

Answer 14

state based checks to ensure the conditions are favorable to continue

Question 15

What is a kinase?

Answer 15

enzyme to catalyze tranfer of phosphate groups

Question 16

RTK

Answer 16

• signaling molecule attaches to signaling binding site
• this causes dimer formation from monomers
• activated tyrosine regions allow phosphorylation of dimer
• phosphate will be taken from ATP
• relay proteins attach to phosphorylated Tyr to begin signal transduction pathway

Question 17

Basic signal transduction pathway

Answer 17

Receptor (G protein)
transduction
secondary messenger (cAMP)
target cells

Question 18

Haploid v Diplod

Answer 18

haploid = sperm, n = 23
diploid = zygote, n = 46

Question 19

Prophase

Answer 19

(Prepare)
nucleolus dissolves
condense and separate
form the spindle

Question 20

Metaphase

Answer 20

(Meet)

alignment in plate

Question 21

Anaphase

Answer 21

(Apart)

chromatids separate towards poles

Question 22

Telophase

Answer 22

(The end)
New nuclear envelope forms
chromosomes unfold back to chromatin

Question 23

Chromosome

Answer 23

two sister chromatids in symmetric x shape

centromere in middle