Final

Question 1

Cnidarians

Answer 1

corals, sea anemones, jellies.

Question 2

Annelids

Answer 2

Marine worms & snails

Question 3

Arthropods

Answer 3

Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp

Question 4

Poriferians

Answer 4

Sponges

Question 5

Mollusk

Answer 5

Snails, sea slugs, bivalves (scallops), Cephalopods –squid/octopus

Question 6

Enchinoderms

Answer 6

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Question 7

Chordata

Answer 7

Reptiles, marine animals, birds, etc.

Question 8

Small oval fish

Answer 8

Blue hamlet

Question 9

Odd-shaped swimmers

Answer 9

Goatfish

Question 10

Sharks and rays

Answer 10

Whale shark

Question 11

Silvery fish

Answer 11

Redfin needle fish

Question 12

Disk/large oval shaped

Answer 12

Queen angelfish

Question 13

Eels

Answer 13

Spotted moray eel

Question 14

Heavy body/large lip

Answer 14

Groupers

Question 15

Sloping head and tapered body

Answer 15

Grunts

Question 16

Swims with pectoral fins

Answer 16

Parrotfish

Question 17

Chromatophores

Answer 17

Cells that contain pigments.
Stimulated by nerve impulses and hormones.
The higher the density of these cells the more brilliant color the fish.

Question 18

Iridophores

Answer 18

Cells with crystals that reflect light.
Act like a mirror.
Typical of silvery fishes
Can display different shades of green, blue, pink, and iridescence.

Question 19

Purpose of colors, patterns, shapes of some coral reef fish?

Answer 19

Camouflage for predators and prey, Courtship, Mating, Egg Garding, Counter-shading: conceal movements, Conceal eye, Exaggerate size, Advertise toxicity, Aid schooling behavior Angelfish announce territories with bright colors and behavior.
Colors and patterns can indicate social and sexual status (Blue Tang Juvenile)

Question 20

Lost several types of trophic roles that coral reefs may play: examples?

Answer 20

Territorial herbivores
Planktivores
Corallivores - parrotfish
Sedentary predators
Swimming predators-sharks

Question 21

Copepods

Answer 21

Abundant members if zooplankton (key component to the aquatic food chain)

Question 22

Reproduction

Answer 22

Coral Reef fish and invertebrates mainly utilize External Fertilization
Millions of gametes are released into the water, fertilization happens.
These gamete clouds occur high above the reef.
Zygotes develop into young embryos, which then develop into larvae.

Question 23

If each male and female only needs to produce two offspring to replace themselves, why produce tens of thousands of eggs annually?

Answer 23

Larvae are small, independent and morphologically different from adults.
Some swim, some drift.
A typical voyage in the Caribbean lasts between 14-30 days.
MOST DON’T MAKE IT!

Question 24

Settlement

Answer 24

Weeks after fertilization, and sometimes hundreds miles from their origins, the survivors surf toward shore during the night on incoming tides and settle to shallow sea floor.

Question 25

Recruitment

Answer 25

Over the next several hours to days, the larvae metamorphise into juvenile reef fishes-become attached to their sites.
This process of drifting in, settling and either actively or passively choosing a site to live called recruitment.
Most larvae need to locate a specific bottom type to settle.

Grass bed
Mangroves
Sand flats
Rubble fields
Patch Reefs

Some settle and stay where they are.
Some settle in Nursery grounds and then migrate.

Question 26

Why live in a nursery ground and then Mirgrate?

Answer 26

Grass beds allow smaller fish to hide and escape from predators.
Large predatory fish can’t get in or move around well in thick grasses, mangrove roots.

Question 27

Classic competition model

Answer 27

High diversity is the result of strong competitive interactions following recruitment competitive interactions following recruitment the leads to a high degree of specialization.
Each species has a specific set of adaptions that give it the competitive edge- i.e., each has a narrower ecological niche (Resource partitioning)

Question 28

Recruitment limitation model

Answer 28

The adult population reflects variation in larval recruitment, not later events like competition.
So the community structure is limited by who happens to get recruited there.
Many potentially favorable sites go unoccupied.
Predation may also play a role

Question 29

Why are coral reefs important?

Answer 29

Biodiversity
Economic importance, tourism, food, etc.
Protect shorelines
Medical Benefits